Drylie Quesnelle Introduction All metals have different properties that allow scientists to better define what they

y are and how they differ from other metals. Some of these properties include density, specific heat, and linear thermal expansion. All of these intensive properties differ based on different metals. In an experiment where a researcher is determining the identity of a metal, these types of properties are important. he purpose of this experiment was to determine if an un!nown metal sample was a sample of a !nown metal, "inc, by using intensive properties. Specific heat and linear thermal expansion were used to ma!e the determination. Specific heat was calculated using two calorimeters and temperature probes. After the calculations were made, the specific heats of the un!nown metal were compared to the specific heats of a sample !nown to be "inc. #inear thermal expansion was calculated using # $ %igs. Studies using specific heat and linear thermal expansion greatly affect our society, in industry and other fields. $ven though these tests are basic experiments in modern society, they are still important, and are used often. &oth specific heat and linear thermal expansion have applications in real life. 'eople have always been affected by heat, in themselves and their surroundings. (any products have to be able to withstand great heats to do what is needed of them. )ne example of this is in space travel. *hen exiting and reentering the $arth+s atmosphere, a space craft must withstand very high temperatures. ,ot all metals would be able to withstand this heat and not burn

Drylie Quesnelle up. .eramic tiles are used because they have a very high specific heat. Specific heat is also used to test heat resistant materials in many other cases. In hot temperatures, many materials tend to expand. Some materials should not expand because of what they are used for. /or example, doors expand in high heat. In these hot places, doors can stic! in the heat because they expanded into the door frame. Since linear thermal expansion tells how far a material expands when heated, linear thermal expansion can be used to find a material that would better suit the situation, to be used for these doors. If a material was to be discovered as having a low linear thermal expansion rate, it could be better for products that cannot expand. 'roperties li!e specific heat and linear thermal expansion are very critical, and it is necessary to !eep studying. $xperiments li!e this can give a better understanding of intensive properties to those who perform them. /urther advances in these tests will help better the science community and the 0uality of everyday research. Advances will also better the overall community. *ith better testing, 0uality standard can increase and create better, longer lasting products.

Drylie Quesnelle &ac!ground 2inc is a metal that has a uni0ue history and properties that set it apart from other elements. 2inc is the 13th most abundant element in the universe, and it has been !nown and studied for many centuries 452inc6 *olframAlpha7. $ven before "inc was discovered in its metallic state, its ore was being used to ma!e brass and "inc compounds. &rass was first being made from "inc between 18 &... and -9 A.D. &y -:;9, "inc was the <th !nown metal in India. In the -=th century, Agricola 4-9>8?-3337 ac!nowledged "inc as a separate metal in $urope. 2incum was the original name. he first "inc smelter was established in &ristol in the @nited Aingdom in -;9:. 'roduction of "inc in the @nited States began in -<38 45Bistory of 2inc67. 2inc ore is mined using a combination of surface mining and underground mining. 2inc ore is mined in .hina, Australia, 'eru, .anada, and the @nited States in Alas!a, ennessee, and (issouri 452inc6 hin!Quest7. )nce the ore is mined as "inc sulfide, 2nS, they use a process called flash smelting to heat the 2nS to produce "inc oxide, 2n), a compound of "inc, 2n, and oxygen, ) 1 4see /igure - below7. After the first reaction occurs, the 2n) undergoes a second reaction, which forms pure li0uid 2inc, which is then changed to its solid form in most cases. 1 2nS4s7 C :)14g7 2n)4s7 C .)4g7 1 2n)4s7 C 1S)14g7 2n4l7 C .)14g7

/igure -. $xtraction Deactions he melting point of the element "inc is =>1.=< A 49->.3:E.7. his is much higher than the melting point of water, which is 1;: A, so "inc stays solid at

Drylie Quesnelle higher temperature than water can. he boiling point of "inc is --<8 A 4>8;E.7 which is higher than water+s boiling point of approximately :;: A, but is lower than the boiling point of many other metals. 2inc is a solid at room temperature that has a density of about 9.-9 gFcm 3 . Since the density of water is approximately - gFcm 3 , solid "inc sin!s when placed in water. he thermal expansion coefficient of "inc, which has to do with change of linear dimension
1 due to temperature change, is approximately :.8 x -8 ?3 A . 2inc has a specific

heat of 8.:<< GF4gHA7. his means that it ta!es 8.:<< G of heat to raise the temperature of - g of "inc by - A 4Iagnon7. -s11s11p=:s1:p=:d-89s1 /igure 1. $lectron .onfiguration he atomic number of "inc is :8, and the atomic weight of the element is =3.:< amu. he element is a transition metal in group -1 and period 9 of the periodic table. he atomic structure of "inc is a hexagonal crystal structure. /igure 1 above shows the electron configuration of the element. 2inc has two valence electrons, and a small electron cloud due to minimal nuclear shielding. he uni0ue atomic and intensive properties of "inc ma!e it special for using in industry and products. )ver half of all collected "inc is used for galvani"ing, or protecting steel. 2inc is good for galvani"ing because when exposed to oxygen, it forms "inc oxide, which eventually forms "inc carbonate, an impermeable layer that affectively protects the steel. 2inc is also used in processes such as die?casting, because "inc is easy to cast, strong, and highly ductile. )ne of the other common uses for "inc is in the creation of brass, a 9

Drylie Quesnelle mixture of "inc and copper 45Involvement of &ritish67. .ompounds of "inc are used in many household items, such as "inc oxide, 2n), which is used in sunscreen 45$vidence hat ,anoparticles67. 2inc is also used in industry to form products which are used in fields such as engineering and transport, and in household items such as paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, medical products, plastics, in!, soap, and batteries.

Drylie Quesnelle Specific Beat Deview of #iterature )ne of the properties used to identify the metal in this experiment was specific heat. he specific heat of a substance is the heat energy that is re0uired to raise the temperature of one unit of the substance by -E. or -A. his relationship between the change in energy and the change in temperature is expressed using the formula for specific heat, in which the heat energy, Q, is e0ual to the specific heat, s, times the mass, m, times the change in temperature, J . Q K smJ o find the specific heat of an un!nown substance, another e0uation for specific heat is used, in which the !nown values for one substance, in this case, water, are compared to the !nown values of another substance, the metal sample, to find the specific heat of the second substance. 4Swater74(water74L
water

7K4Smetal74(metal74L

metal

his e0uation uses the specific heat of water, S water, the mass of water, (water, the change in temperature for water, L and the change in temperature for the metal, L heat of the metal. (ass is often measured in grams 4g7, but other units can be used, and specific heat is measured in Goules per gram Aelvin 4GFgHA7. In example, the specific heat of water is 9.-<9 GFgHA, and the specific heat of "inc is approximately 8.:<< GFgHA. *hen using the formula, it is important to remember that according to the /irst #aw of hermodynamics, the law of conservation of
water

, the mass of the metal, ( metal, , to find the un!nown specific

metal

Drylie Quesnelle energy, energy lost is e0ual to energy gained. his is one of the reasons why the formula for specific heat is relevant. In endothermic reactions, heat energy that is absorbed by the system is released by the surroundings in an e0ual amount. In exothermic reactions, heat energy that is released by the system is absorbed by the surroundings in an e0ual amount. herefore, Q has a single valid value and the smJt K smJt e0uation can be used to find the un!nown specific heat of a substance, the metal sample. Specific heat is ta!en into account in the fields of research and industry. *hen engineers are ma!ing something out of a metal, they often need to ta!e specific heat into account to ma!e sure the material they have chosen will wor! for their particular needs. he higher the specific heat, the more resistant it is to temperature change. (etals often have low specific heats, and are therefore easy to heat up or cool down. In industry, engineers need to !eep specific heat in mind or the product may malfunction or cause in%ury to the user. In things li!e spaceships, that need to stay intact while entering the atmosphere under extremely high temperatures, specific heat is very important when considering what materials to ma!e the items out of. Specific heat is applicable to the design of this research pro%ect because every element has its own specific heat, therefore, this property can be used to identify metals. his property is a physical property that does not affect the chemical ma!eup of the element, and 5an intensive property of matter because it depends on - g of material used6 4DMAmelia7 It can be used to identify metals because each metal has a uni0ue specific heat, and the specific heat remains

Drylie Quesnelle approximately constant for any given substance. Also, there are methods that can be easily used to find the specific heat of a sample in a classroom setting 45Bow to Determine67. )ne common method that is used to find the specific heat of a substance is experiments using calorimetry. .alorimetry measures the heat change in chemical reactions 4&lauch7. he process uses calorimeters, which are isolated systems used to establish the heat of a reaction. .alorimeters can be anything from a double Styrofoam cup system to a highly precise scientific apparatus. .alorimeters can be used to find the specific heat of a substance because the heat capacity of the calorimeter itself is constant, so the experimental value is the heat capacity of the reaction ta!ing place in the system 45.alorimetry67. )ne example of an experiment used to measure specific heat in a classroom setting is 5$xperiment N1, he Specific Beat of Aluminum6 which was conducted at he .ollege of Science and (athematics at the @niversity of (assachusetts &oston. In this experiment, the mass of a sample of aluminum was found, along with the mass of a Styrofoam cup calorimeter. *ater in a bea!er was heated to boiling, and tap water was placed in the calorimeter. he initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter was measured. he sample of aluminum was placed in the boiling water to heat up to the temperature of the water, and then placed in the water of the calorimeter. As the metal heated the water in the calorimeter, the temperature was measured. At the highest point, when the metal and water reached e0uilibrium temperature, the measurement was recorded as the final temperature, which was then used to find J . he

<

Drylie Quesnelle results of the experiment were computed using the mathematic formulas, and the results were compared to the !nown specific heat of Aluminum 45$xperiment N167. Another experiment related to specific heat was conducted at the @niversity of ennessee .hattanooga by (r. Barold A. .limer, a professor at the university. In this experiment, a sample of metal was put into a cup and heated over boiling water until it reached thermal e0uilibrium with the steam. A calorimeter was filled with water. he initial temperature was recorded, and the metal was placed in the calorimeter. he final temperature was recorded after the sample came to thermal e0uilibrium. (asses were recorded, and formulas were used to find the specific heat to identify the metal 4.limer7. In this research pro%ect, similar experimental procedures were used to chec! the identity of our metal sample against !nown specific heat values. .alorimeters were constructed and used as isolated systems to find the e0uilibrium temperature of a heated metal rod and a set mass of water, and the specific heat of the metal samples were found in -3 trials of the experiment. he data was then analy"ed to aid in the decision of whether or not the un!nown metal sample is "inc.

>

Drylie Quesnelle #inear hermal $xpansion Deview of #iterature #inear thermal expansion tests the change of length as temperature rises. his happens on a molecular level because as the metal is heated up, the molecules begin moving more rapidly. A number of experimental techni0ues such as mechanical dilatometry, optical interference, optical imaging, and O?ray diffraction can be used to measure the expansion coefficient of solids 4.orsepius7. his occurs in all molecules, and causes the sides to be pushed out and the metal then expands. his is called linear thermal expansion and is measured in A?- 4 ipler7. he formula for linear thermal expansion is based on the original length, #o, change in length, L#, and the change in temperature, L .
=
L Lo (T )

#inear thermal expansion can be used to identify a metal because each metal is different An example of an experiment that can be used in a classroom setting is 5.oefficient of hermal #inear $xpansion,6 which was conducted at the St. #ouis .ommunity .ollege. In this experiment, water was heated to boiling. he length of the metal rod was measured 4initial length7, and the temperature of the room was measured 4initial temperature7. An apparatus was constructed that trac!s the expansion of the rod, to find the change in length. he measured values were put into the formula to find the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for the metal rod. his is simple to use in a lab setting available to us. Another experiment for this involves a thermal expansion apparatus, thermistor, steam generator, metal stic!s, s0uirt bottles, a funnel, and a holder.

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Drylie Quesnelle he thermal expansion apparatus measures the change in the length of the metal. he thermistor will be used to measure the temperature change while the steam generator will create this temperature change. he metal will be placed in the thermal expansion apparatus and the steam generator will heat the metal. he thermal expansion apparatus then measures the change of length for this metal. his experiment was conducted at .lemson @niversity. his is applicable in our experiment because it is a good test of linear thermal expansion. It is not as applicable as the other experiment, though. It involves more e0uipment than the other experiment, which ma!es it harder to apply in a classroom setting. #inear thermal expansion is used in both industry and science. 'roducts need to be tested for how much they will expand in high temperatures. Some products are stored and used in high temperatures. (any buildings along the e0uator are built with materials that can withstand the temperature extremes. hese buildings cannot shift and change in the heat of summer.

--

Drylie Quesnelle 'roblem Statement 'roblemP o determine whether or not the unidentified metal sample is "inc by calculating the specific heat and coefficient of the linear thermal expansion and comparing these values to the !nown values of "inc. BypothesisP If the specific heat and the coefficient of the linear thermal expansion of the unidentified metal are calculated with a ;Q error and compared to that of the !nown metal, it will be determined that the unidentified metal will be the same as the !nown metal, "inc. Data (easuredP o measure the specific heat, water was heated, and the temperature was measured using a thermometer in degrees .elsius 4E.7. .ooler water was used to fill a calorimeter, and the temperature was again measured 4E.7. he mass of the water in the calorimeter was measured using a graduated cylinder in milliliters 4m#7. he mass of the metal rod 4g7 was found using a scale. he metal was placed first in the hot water, and then in the cold water. he temperature was again measured in E. during the experiment when the metal was at its warmest 4initial temperature7 and at its coolest 4final temperature7, when the water and metal reach e0uilibrium temperature. he specific heat was found in %oules per gram Aelvin 4GFgHA7. o measure linear thermal expansion, the initial temperature of the metal rod was found by finding the room temperature in degrees .elsius 4E.7. he initial length of the metal rod in millimeters 4mm7 was found using a caliper. he change in length

-1

Drylie Quesnelle of the metal rod was trac!ed in mm using the %ig, and the change in temperature in E. was trac!ed using a thermometer. he thermal expansion coefficient was calculated in mm x -8?=.

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Drylie Quesnelle $xperimental Design Specific BeatP (aterialsP 417 .alorimeters hermometer 48.8-E.7 417 (etal Dods ongs -88 m# Iraduated .ylinder #oaf 'an Scale 48.888-g7 Bot 'late #ab Quest 417 emperature 'robe 48.8E.7 I?,spire calculator imer 'roceduresP -. 1. :. 9. 3. .onstruct calorimeters using procedures given in Appendix A. @se the I?,spire calculator to assign rod A or & to each of the -3 trials. @se the scale to measure the mass of the metal rod. Decord in data table. @se the hot plate to heat B1) to approximately -88E. in the loaf pan. @se the thermometer to measure the exact temperature of the boiling water. Decord in data table. =. 'ut the metal rod in the boiling water for 3 minutes. Assume the metal and water are at the same temperature and record. ;. <. >. -8. 'ut =8 ml of B1) in the calorimeter. Decord as mass of water. Set up lab0uest. .hange mode to time?based data collection for -888 s. Start data collection. Decord initial temperature of water in data table.

-9

Drylie Quesnelle --. -1. Demove metal from loaf pan using the tongs. 'lace in calorimeter @se the #ab Quest with temperature probe to trac! the temperature. Stop #abQuest and record the highest temperature. his is the e0uilibrium temperature of the water and metal rod. -:. -9. @se formulas in data tables to calculate specific heat. Depeat steps 1 -: for -3 trials of both the un!nown and !nown metal rods. DiagramP

emperature 'robe .alorimeter Iraduated .ylinder Scale #abQuest I?,spire hermometer ongs Bot 'late #oaf 'an

imer

/igure :. Specific Beat (aterials /igure : above shows materials used in the experiment and rough experimental set?up. a!e note of the calorimeter, which will be filled with water to find the specific heat of the metal rod. /or procedures on how to construct the calorimeter, refer to Appendix A.

-3

Drylie Quesnelle #inear hermal $xpansionP (aterialsP #oaf 'an Bot 'late ongs .aliper 48.8- mm7 417 (etal Dods 417 #inear hermal $xpansion Gigs 48.88- in7 hermometer 48.-E .7 I?,spire .alculator imer 'roceduresP -. @se I?,spire calculator to randomly assign rod A or & to each of the -3 trials. 1. :. @se caliper to measure initial length of the metal rod. Decord in table. @se thermometer to measure initial temperature of room. Decord in table as initial temperature of metal. 9. Beat B1) in bea!er on hot plate to approximately -88E.. (easure temperature of boiling water and record as final temperature of metal. 3. =. 'lace metal rod in water. Beat metal rod in water for 3 minutes. Assume metal has reached the same temperature as the boiling water. ;. <. >. -8. --. )ne person hold lever bac! on #inear hermal $xpansion Gig. Demove the rod from the water with tongs. 'lace rod in %ig. Quic!ly ad%ust dial to line up with 8. #et rod contract. Decord change in length in data table. -=

Drylie Quesnelle -1. -:. .alculate linear thermal expansion coefficient using data tables. Depeat steps 1 to -1 for -3 trials of both the un!nown and !nown metal rods. DiagramP

.aliper # $ Gig Bot 'late

#oaf 'an

I?,spire .alculator imer

(etal Dods

hermometer

ongs

/igure 9. #inear hermal $xpansion (aterials. /igure 9 above shows the materials that were used in the linear thermal expansion experiment and a rough experimental setup.

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Drylie Quesnelle Data and )bservations able Specific Beat Anown Dods Data Initial Temp. (C) Water 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP 18.->.8 18.-<.; ->.1:.> -<.3 1<.1 1=.; 19.: 1-.< 1;.3 1=.1 1;.: 1:.< 1:.8 Metal ><.> ><.> ><.> ><.< ><.> >>.><.< >>.><.9 ><.9 >;.= >=.; >;.= ><.3 ><.3 ><.3 Equilibrium Temp. (C) 11.; 11.8 11.= 1-.= 1-.< 1=.3 1-.9 1>.> 1<.; 1=.; 19.= 1>.9 1>.= 1>.> 1=.< 13.= Change in Temp. (C) Water 1.= :.8 1.3 1.> 1.; 1.= 1.> -.; 1.8 1.9 1.< -.> :.9 1.= :.8 1.= Metal ;=.1 ;=.> ;=.: ;;.1 ;;.;1.= ;;.9 =>.1 =>.; ;-.; ;:.8 =;.: =<.8 =<.= ;-.; ;1.> Mass Metal Water (g) (m ) 1<.9<3< =8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.=31=8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.=31=8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.=31=8 1<.=31=8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.=31=8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.9<3< =8 1<.=31=8 1<.=31=8 1<.=31=8 1<.3;93 =8 Specific Heat (!"gC) 8.:88.:99 8.1<; 8.::8.:8; 8.:-= 8.:1< 8.1-3 8.13: 8.1>: 8.::< 8.19> 8.9:< 8.::1 8.:=; 8.:-:

Trial

able - above shows the data collected from the specific heat experiment in which the !nown metal rods were used. he column on the far right shows the specific heat which was calculated using the formula for specific heatP smJt K smJt Defer to Appendix & for a sample calculation.

able 1 -<

Drylie Quesnelle Specific Beat )bservationsP Anown (etal

Trial #bser$ati%ns Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - measured the mass of the metal rod. his mass was used for all other RDod AR trials. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. *ater splashed, so some mass was lostP measurement in spreadsheet approximate. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - measured the mass of the metal rod. his mass was used for all other RDod &R trials. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, and heated the metal. Desearcher 1 transferred metal to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. #abQuest may have been stopped before e0uilibrium temperature was reached. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. *ater splashed, so some mass was lostP measurement in spreadsheet approximate. Dod & was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal, and Desearcher - transferred metal to calorimeter. (etal rod was left in boiling water for over 3 minutes because researchers were distracted. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, Desearcher 1 heated metal and transferred to calorimeter. (etal rod was left in boiling water for over 3 minutes because researchers were distracted.

9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -:

-9

-3

able 1 above shows observations that were ta!en throughout the specific heat experiment using the !nown metals.

->

Drylie Quesnelle able : Specific Beat @n!nown Data Initial Temp. (C) Water 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP 18.->.3 ->.-<.; 18.1 18.< 11.-<.; ->.-<.9 -<.3 ->.> 1-.9 -<.1 ->.9 ->.= Metal ><.; >>.><.; >>.8 >>.><.; >;.9 ><.: ><.3 ><.; ><.< ><.: ><.3 ><.< ><.: ><.= Equilibriu m Temp. (C) 13.< 13.8 13.19.1=.8 1=.1=.> 13.= 13.8 19.9 19.1 13.; 1;.3 19.13.9 13.9 Change in Temp. (C) Water 3.; 3.3 =.8 3.9 3.< 3.: 9.< =.> 3.> =.8 3.; 3.< =.3.> =.8 3.< Metal ;1.> ;9.;:.= ;9.> ;:.;1.= ;8.3 ;1.; ;:.3 ;9.: ;9.= ;1.= ;-.8 ;9.; ;1.> ;:.1 Mass Metal (g) 3:.3=93 3-.98<1 3:.9;<; 3-.98<1 3-.999= 3:.3=93 3-.9993 3-.9938 3:.3=93 3:.9;<; 3:.3=93 3:.3=93 3:.9;<; 3:.9;<; 3:.9;<; 31.<199 Water (m ) =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =8 Specific Heat (!"gC) 8.:== 8.:=1 8.:<: 8.:31 8.:<; 8.:91 8.::1 8.9=: 8.:;= 8.:;> 8.:3< 8.:;9 8.98: 8.:;8.:<= 8.:;=

Trial

able : above shows the data that was collected throughout the specific heat experiment in which the un!nown metal rods were used. he far right column shows the specific heats which were calculated using the formula. Defer to Appendix & for a sample calculation.

18

Drylie Quesnelle able 9 Specific Beat @n!nown )bservations

Trial #bser$ati%ns Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - measured the mass of the metal rod. his mass used for some other RDod &R trials. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal, and transferred to calorimeter. *ater splashed, so some mass was lostP measurement in spreadsheet is approximate. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - measured the mass of the metal rod. his mass was used for some other RDod AR trials. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod & was used. .alorimeter & was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. H his trial was redone, due to the original data point being an extreme outlier. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter. Dod A was used. .alorimeter A was used. Desearcher - set up calorimeter and #abQuest, heated the metal rod, and transferred to calorimeter.

1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3

able 9 above shows observations that were ta!en during the specific heat experiment in which the un!nown metal rods were used.

1-

Drylie Quesnelle able 3 #inear hermal $xpansion Anown Data engt Initial )inal ( h Trial &%' Temp. Temp. (mm) (C) (C) (mm) a 8.-31 -1<.>< 19.1 ><.; a 1 8.-31 -1<.>< 19.; ><.1 : b 8.-;< -1>.-19.1 ><.; 9 a 8.-31 -13.98 11.3 >>.1 3 b 8.-;< -1>.-19.; ><.1 = b 8.-1; -13.=: 11.: >>.1 ; a 8.-31 -1>.8= 13.: ><.1 < b 8.-;< -1>.113.: ><.1 > b 8.-;< -1>.-< 19.1 ><.= -8 b 8.-;< -1>.-= 19.9 ><.3 -a 8.-31 -1>.83 19.1 ><.= -1 a 8.-31 -1>.8< 19.9 ><.3 -: b 8.-;< -1>.-1 11.; >;.= -9 a 8.-31 -1<.3> 1:.>;.= -3 b 8.-;< -1>.8> 1-.: >=.; AvgP 8.-=: -1<.3< 1:.< ><.:

TE C%efficient (mm * +,-.) -3.<=8 -=.8;= -<.9<3 -3.<93 -<.;:= -:.-9= -=.->< -<.<;= -<.388 -<.3;; -3.<;: -3.>:: -<.:<3 -3.>8< -<.1=; -;.818

able 3 above shows the data collected during the experiment for linear thermal expansion using the !nown metal rods. he far right column shows the alpha coefficient for linear thermal expansion which was calculated using the formula for linear thermal expansion.
=
L ( Li )(T f Ti )

/or a sample calculation, refer to Appendix &.

able =

11

Drylie Quesnelle #inear hermal $xpansion )bservations Anown

Trial 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 #bser$ati%ns Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -1 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig > was used.

able = above shows observations that were ta!en throughout the linear thermal expansion experiment for the !nown metal sample.

able ; #inear hermal $xpansion @n!nown Data 1:

Drylie Quesnelle

Trial

&%'

( (mm) 8.8;= 8.838.8;= 8.8;= 8.8;= 8.8;= 8.8;= 8.8;= 8.838.8;= 8.8;= 8.838.8;= 8.8;= 8.-81 8.8;:

engt h (mm)

Initial Temp . (C) 11.; 11.; 13.1 11.9 13.1 11.9 1:.8 1:.8 1-.< 1-.< 1:.: 1:.: 11.< 11.< 11.> 1:.8

)inal Temp . (C) >;.< >;.< ><.1 >;.1 ><.1 >;.1 >=.> >=.> >;.: >;.: >;.1 >;.1 ><.8 ><.8 ><.: >;.=

TE C%efficient (mm * +,-.) <.1-= 3.9;> <.99: <.19<.9;8 <.138 <.:=: <.:9= 3.939 <.-=> <.:31 3.3=; <.->< <.18< -8.>8> ;.>-8

1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP

a b a a b b b a b a a b a b b

-1:.9> -1:.9; -1:.=: -1:.=-1:.19 -1:.9< -1:.1> -1:.39 -1:.:; -1:.33 -1:.9= -1:.9> -1:.=8 -1:.93 -1:.31 -1:.9<

able ; above shows data collected during the linear thermal expansion for the un!nown metal rods. he far right column lists the alpha coefficients which were found using the formula for linear thermal expansion. /or a sample calculation, refer to Appendix &.

able < #inear hermal $xpansion @n!nown )bservations

19

Drylie Quesnelle
Trial 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 #bser$ati%ns Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. (etal missed %ig and had to be reheated slightly. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. 're?trial. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. 're?trial. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig -8 was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used. Desearcher 1 measured. Desearcher - pulled bac! %ig trigger and Desearcher 1 placed in %ig. Gig < was used.

able < above shows observations that were ta!en during the linear thermal expansion experiment using the un!nown metal rods.

Data Analysis and Interpretation Specific BeatP

13

Drylie Quesnelle o find the specific heat of the metal samples, the mass of the metal rod and water were found, and the initial and e0uilibrium temperatures were recorded. he change in temperature was determined, and the specific heat was calculated using the formula in which the specific heat, s, of the metal, times the mass, m, of the metal times the change in temperature, t of the metal is e0ual to the same calculation for water. smt = smt /or a sample specific heat calculation, refer to Appendix &. Data was collected from trials using both the un!nown metal rods and the rods !nown to be "inc. he trials performed using the metal rods !nown to be "inc served as a control in this experiment. /or both the un!nown and !nown metal rods, -3 trials were performed. Dandomi"ations were carried out using a calculator to determine which metal rod was used for each trial 4Dod A or Dod &7. hree of the main aspects of determining if data is reliable are control, randomi"ation, and repetition. he data collected in this experiment could be valid because a control was used, along with repeated, randomi"ed trials. /or each trial of the experiment, the percent error was calculated to see how close the results of the experiment were to the !nown specific heat value of "inc. his was used as another way to chec! consistency, and to aid in ma!ing the decision as to whether or not the metals were the same. /or an example percent error calculation, refer to Appendix &. able > 'ercent $rrorP Anown Specific Beat

1=

Drylie Quesnelle 'ercent $rror ?1>.8: ?-1.<= ?:3.-3 ?-;.18 ?1=.93 ?11.>9 ?-<.-> ?<8.1= ?3:.9: ?:1.:8 ?-9.;< ?33.>3 --.9: ?-=.<9 ?3.<9 ?1;.:1 able > above shows the percent error calculations for the specific heat experiment using the !nown metal rods. hese percent errors are relatively high, considering the metal sample was !nown to be "inc. he large, inconsistent percent errors show that the experiment may not have been done very accurately.

rial 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP

able -8 'ercent $rrorP @n!nown Specific Beat 'ercent rial $rror ?3.33 1 ?=.3< 1;

Drylie Quesnelle : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP ?-.:; ?>.1= ?8.1?--.<1 ?-9.:; ->.:; ?:.89 ?1.:8 ?;.;?:.38 :.>9 ?9.99 ?8.91 ?:.-3 able -8 above shows the percent errors that were calculated for the specific heat experiment that used the un!nown metal samples. hese percent errors are much lower than those of the trials using the !nown metal. he low

percent errors may not be conclusive, however, because the same e0uipment was used on the !nown metal that had notably high percent errors. Since the data collected in the experiment could be valid, it can be analy"ed using statistical tests to determine whether the !nown sample and the un!nown sample were the same metal, "inc.

1<

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure 3. Specific Beat Bistograms /igure 3 above shows histograms of the specific heats found in the experiment for both the !nown and un!nown sample. he top histogram shows the data collected from the un!nown metal sample. his data has a relatively small spread, with an outlier at approximately 8.9= GFgHA. he mode of the data appears to be around 8.:; GFgHA. he small spread of the data shows that the experiment had consistent results. his implies that the data could be a good representation of the measured value, if the experiment was done correctly. he bottom histogram shows the data collected from the !nown metal sample. his data has a larger spread than the un!nown metal sample. he mode of the data appears to be around 8.:9 GFgHA, and there is an outlier at 8.99 GFgHA. here is a slight left s!ew, but it is not large enough to deter the use of statistical tests. he larger spread of the data means the results of the experiment were not very consistent. he data may not be the best representation of the measured value, and the experiment may not have been done precisely.

1>

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure =. Specific Beat &ox 'lots /igure = above shows comparative box plots for the results of the specific heat experiment for both the !nown and un!nown metal sample. As shown in /igure 3, the data from the un!nown metal trials has a smaller spread than the data from the !nown metal. Again, data from the un!nown metal sample has one outlier at approximately 8.9= GFgHA, and the !nown metal sample has one outlier at approximately 8.99 GFgHA. here is some overlap between the data from the !nown and un!nown metal experiments. he first and second 0uartile of the data for the un!nown metal overlap with roughly the third and fourth 0uartile of the data for the !nown metal experiment. he median of the data from the un!nown metal is approximately 8.:< GFgHA, and the median of the data from the !nown metal is approximately 8.:1 GFgHA. hese medians are neither close enough, nor far enough apart to draw conclusions from raw data alone. o help draw conclusions from the data, statistical tests were performed to determine whether or not the

:8

Drylie Quesnelle results from the !nown metal and the results from the un!nown metal were statistically different. A two?sample t test was performed on the data. his test was appropriate because two?sample t tests are used when comparing two different treatments or when comparing samples from two independent populations. his statistical test was used to compare two sample means from two independent populationsP the un!nown metal trials, and the !nown metal trials. he assumptions for a two?sample t test are that two simple random samples 4SDS7 from two distinct populations are being compared, the samples are independent, both populations are normally distributed, and the population means and population standard deviations are not !nown. he first assumption was met, since randomi"ed data from two populations 4!nown and un!nown7 were being compared. he second

assumption was met since the samples are independent from each other, in that results of one experiment had no effect on results of the other experiment. o determine if the data is normally distributed, normal probability graphs were used, since the sample si"e is less than :8 data points.

:-

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure ;. Specific Beat ,ormal 'robabilityP Anown Sample /igure ; above shows the normal probability plot of the results of the specific heat experiment for the !nown metal sample. Since the data points roughly follow the normal probability line, the data collected in this experiment may be normal.

/igure <. Specific Beat ,ormal 'robabilityP @n!nown Sample /igure < above shows the normal probability plot of the results of the specific heat experiment for the un!nown metal sample. Since the data points

:1

Drylie Quesnelle roughly follow the normal probability line, the data collected in this experiment may be fairly normal. he normal probability plots for both populations show that the data can be considered fairly normal, and thus the third assumption was met. he fourth assumption was also met, since the means and standard deviations are not !nown for either population. B8P S- K S1 BaP S- T S1 /igure >. ,ull and Alternative Bypotheses /igure > above shows the null and alternative hypotheses for the statistical test carried out on the specific heat data. he null hypothesis, B 8, states that the average specific heat of the !nown metal, 8.:-: GFgHA, is e0ual to the average of the un!nown metal, 8.:;= GFgHA, or that the metals are the same. he alternative hypothesis, Ba, states that the average of !nown metal is not e0ual to the average of the un!nown metal, or that the metals are not the same. /or the complete 1?sample t test, refer to Appendix &. After the test was performed on the data from the specific heat experiments, the t value was found to be U ?:.>91=. he corresponding '?value is U 8.888=<1.

::

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure -8. Specific Beat '?Value /igure -8 above shows the p?value that was found after carrying out the two?sample t test. he shaded portion of the graph, meant to show the small p?value of U 8.888=<1, is negligible. he null hypothesis was re%ected. here is significant evidence that the metals are not the same. he '?value 8.888=<1 tells us that there is only a 8.8=<1Q chance of getting a difference as extreme as the data collected by chance alone if we assume B8 is true. It is therefore highly unli!ely that the metals are the same.

:9

Drylie Quesnelle #inear hermal $xpansionP o find the alpha coefficient for linear thermal expansion of the samples, the initial length and initial temperature was recorded. he final temperature was recorded, and the change in length was found using the thermal expansion %ig. @sing this data, the linear thermal expansion coefficient was calculated using the formula in which the linear thermal expansion, , is e0ual to the change in length, L#, divided by the initial length, # i, times the final temperature, the initial temperature,
i f

, minus

.
=
L ( Li )(T f Ti )

/or a sample calculation using this formula, refer to Appendix &. rials were performed on both the un!nown metal rods and the rods that were !nown to be "inc. he trials performed using the !nown "inc rods served as a control in this experiment. hree of the main aspects of determining if data is reliable are control, randomi"ation, and repetition. he data collected in this experiment could be valid because a control was used, along with repeated, randomi"ed trials. /or each trial of the experiment, the percent error was calculated to see how close the results of the experiment were to the !nown linear thermal expansion coefficient of "inc. his was used as another way to chec! consistency, and to aid in ma!ing the decision as to whether or not the metals were the same.

:3

Drylie Quesnelle able -'ercent $rrorP #inear hermal $xpansion Anown 'ercent rial $rror 1>.-; 1 1>.-= : 1>.8< 9 1>.-; 3 1>.8; = 1>.1= ; 1>.-3 < 1>.8= > 1>.8< -8 1>.8; -1>.-; -1 1>.-= -: 1>.8< -9 1>.-= -3 1>.8< AvgP 1>.-: able -- above shows the percent errors that were calculated for the trials of the linear thermal expansion experiment that used the !nown metal sample. hese percent errors are all relatively high, but very consistent with each other.

able -1

:=

Drylie Quesnelle 'ercent $rrorP #inear hermal $xpansion @n!nown rial 1 : 9 3 = ; < > -8 --1 -: -9 -3 AvgP 'ercent $rror 1>.91 1>.31 1>.91 1>.91 1>.91>.91 1>.91 1>.91 1>.31 1>.91 1>.91 1>.31>.91 1>.91 1>.:: 1>.9: able -1 above shows the percent errors that were calculated for the trials of the linear thermal expansion experiment that used the un!nown metal rods. hese percent errors are 0uite high but very consistent. hese percent errors are relatively close to the percent errors that were calculated for the !nown metal experiment, but percent errors alone are not conclusive as to whether or not the metal was the same. Since the data collected in the experiment could be valid, it was analy"ed using statistical tests and graphs to determine whether the !nown sample and the un!nown sample were the same metal, "inc.

:;

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure --. #inear hermal $xpansion Bistograms /igure -- above shows histograms of the alpha coefficients for linear thermal expansion which were found in the experiment for the !nown and un!nown metal samples. he top histogram shows the data collected from the un!nown metal sample experiment. he spread of this data is not very large. here is an obvious mode of approximately < mm x -8 ?=. his shows that the data was somewhat consistent, and the data collected may be a good representation of the measured value, if the experiment was done correctly. he bottom histogram shows the data collected from the experiment performed with the !nown metal sample. his data has a slightly larger spread than that of the un!nown metal sample. his data also seems less consistent. he mode of the data is much less obvious in this set. here also appears to be a possible outlier at approximately -: mm x -8?=. he larger spread of the data means the results of the experiment were not very consistent. he data may not be the best representation of the measured value, and the experiment may not have been done precisely.

:<

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure -1. #inear hermal $xpansion &ox 'lots /igure -1 above shows box plots for the results of the linear thermal expansion experiment for the !nown and un!nown metal samples. As shown in /igure -1, the data from the un!nown metal has a slightly smaller spread from the data from the !nown metal. A very high concentration of the data points from the un!nown set are at approximately < mm x -8?=, and the other data points are outliers at approximately = mm x -8?= and -1 mm x -8?=. here are no actual outliers in the data set from the !nown metal. he box plot for this data set shows that the data was not very normally distributed. here is no overlap between the data from the !nown and un!nown metal experiments. he median of the data from the un!nown metal is approximately < mm x -8?=, and the median of the data from the !nown metal is approximately -= mm x -8?=. he lac! of overlap along with the difference in medians could imply that the metals are different, but conclusions cannot be drawn from these graphs alone. o help draw conclusions from the data, statistical tests were

:>

Drylie Quesnelle performed to determine whether or not the results from the !nown metal and the results from the un!nown metal were statistically different. Similar to the data from the specific heat experiments, a two?sample t test was performed to compare the data from the !nown and un!nown metal samples. his test was appropriate because two?sample t tests are used when comparing two different treatments or when comparing samples from two independent populations. his statistical test was used to compare two sample means from two independent populationsP the un!nown metal trials, and the !nown metal trials. he assumptions for a two?sample t test are that two SDSs from two distinct populations are being compared, the samples are independent, both populations are normally distributed, and the population means and population standard deviations are not !nown. he first assumption was met, since randomi"ed data from two populations 4!nown and un!nown7 were being compared. he second

assumption was met since the samples are independent from each other. o determine if the data is normally distributed, normal probability graphs were used, since the sample si"e is less than :8 data points.

98

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure -:. #inear hermal $xpansion ,ormal 'robabilityP Anown (etal /igure -: above shows the normal probability plot for the trials of the linear thermal expansion experiment that used the !nown metal sample. If the data was normal, it would roughly follow the line. his data does not seem to follow the line very well, so it is not very normally distributed.

/igure -9. #inear hermal $xpansion ,ormal 'robabilityP @n!nown (etal /igure -9 above shows the normal probability plot for the linear thermal expansion experiment using the un!nown metal sample. Similar to the data set

9-

Drylie Quesnelle form the !nown metal, these data points do not follow the normal probability line very well, and the data set is therefore not very normally distributed. Although the normal probability plots show that the data sets may not be distributed very normally, the statistical test was still performed. Bowever, the results of the test may not be conclusive, since an assumption was not met. B8P S- K S1 BaP S- T S1 /igure -3. ,ull and Alternative Bypotheses /igure -3 above shows the null and alternative hypotheses for the statistical test carried out on the linear thermal expansion data. he null hypothesis, B8, states that the average of the !nown metal, -;.818 mm x -8 ?=, is e0ual to the average of the un!nown metal, ;.>-8 mm x -8 ?=, or that the metals are the same. he alternative hypothesis, B a, states that the average of !nown metal is not e0ual to the average of the un!nown metal, or that the metals are not the same. After the test was performed on the data from the linear thermal expansion experiments, the t value was found to be U -3.>=1<. he corresponding '?value is U 1.:>8>:::1;=>--x -8?-3.

91

Drylie Quesnelle

/igure -=. #inear hermal $xpansion '?Value /igure -= above shows the p?value for the two?sample t test that was carried out on the linear thermal expansion data. he p?value is so small that no portion of the graph appears to be shaded. he null hypothesis was re%ected. here is significant evidence that the metals are not the same. he '?value 1.:>8>:::1;=>--x -8 ?-3 tells us that there is basically no chance of getting a difference as extreme as the data collected by chance alone if B8 is assumed to be true. It is therefore highly unli!ely that the metals are the same. he results of these statistical tests may not be conclusive, however, due to errors that may have resulted during experimentation, inconsistence, and other lur!ing variables.

9:

Drylie Quesnelle .onclusion he research concluded that the metals were not the same. After carrying out the two?sample t test, the p?values were found to be U8.888=<1 for specific heat and U1.:>8>:: x -8?-3 for linear thermal expansion. &oth of these values suggest that there was significant evidence that the metals were not the same. /or both sets of data, there is a less than -Q chance of getting the results by chance alone if it is assumed that the metals are the same. his, along with the large difference in percent error values for the specific heat experiment and the total lac! of data overlap, meaning that the data for the !nown and un!nown was not at all the same, for the linear thermal expansion experiment made it clear that the un!nown metal sample was not "inc. he original hypothesis that the un!nown metal could be determined to be the same as the un!nown metal, "inc, when percent error was inside the given range, was accepted. he un!nown metal was determined to be different than "inc, since the percent errors were outside of the 8Q to ;Q error range. he experiments that were carried out allowed the specific heat and the linear thermal expansion coefficients to be calculated. Since each metal has an intensive specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient, these measurements can be used to identify metals. 2inc has a specific heat of 8.:<< GFgHA and a linear thermal expansion coefficient of 1>.; x -8?= mm. hese !nown values were used as a basis of comparison and percent error was calculated against these !nown values.

99

Drylie Quesnelle Quite a few errors occurred during the experiments. /irst, in the specific heat tests, the calorimeters may have had too much water. *ater, also, occasionally splashed out of the calorimeter, which changed the mass of water slightly, and may have s!ewed data. In the linear thermal expansion experiment, we occasionally missed the %ig. In both experiments, the researchers only assumed the metals were actually at the temperature of the boiling water and sometimes the metal was left in for too long. Since the temperature was only being assumed, this would have changed the calculations if the metal was not actually at the same temperature. )ccasionally, different thermometers seemed to have slightly different temperature readings. (asses were only ta!en once for each metal rod, beyond that they were assumed to be the same. Something must have happened because the !nown metal had a higher percent error than the un!nown. It is still un!nown as to why this occurred. here are a few ways for the experiment to be improved. )ne way was to ta!e time and ma!e sure all of the trials were done correctly. his might have caused our data to be more consistent. If more observations had been ta!en, it may have been easier to analy"e why our percent errors weren+t how they should have been. (ore experiments could support the wor! done in this experiment. $xperiments could be conducted that teach more about both specific heat and linear thermal expansion. Data that more accurately proved the specific heat and linear thermal expansion could correct the experiment that was performed. If studies were done in this by more repetitively chec!ing the linear thermal

93

Drylie Quesnelle expansion and specific heat of metals, the results of this experiment could be bac!ed by further scientific research. /urther experimentation could be used to determine the actual identity of the un!nown metal, by comparing the metal to other !nown samples with similar specific heats and linear thermal expansion coefficients. Advancements in the research and experimentation performed will give a better understanding to the importance and relevance of intensive properties li!e specific heat and linear thermal expansion in the correct identification of metal samples, and the other uses of these properties.

9=

Drylie Quesnelle Appendix A .onstructing .alorimetersP .alorimeters were used in the specific heat experiment to act as isolated systems that allowed the metal and water to reach e0uilibrium temperature. wo calorimeters were constructed for use in the experiment. (aterialsP 16 'V. 'ipe W6 'V. 'ipe W6 'ipe Insulation 497 W6 'V. Slip .aps 417 16 'V. est .aps (easuring ape Duct ape 'V. 'rimer 'V. .ement 'ipe .utters $lectric Drill Sharpie (ar!er 'roceduresP -. 1. :. 9. 3. @se pipe cutters to cut the 16 'V. pipe into two ;6 lengths. @se pipe cutters to cut the W6 'V. pipe into two ;X6 lengths. Apply 'V. primer to slip caps and one end of each W6 pipe. @se 'V. cement to attach one end cap to one end of each W6 pipe. 'lace 'V. est .aps on one end of each of the 16 pipes. Secure with duct tape. =. Insert W6 pipes into pipe insulation. .ut insulation to fit pipe. Seal seam with duct tape. ;. Insert the insulated W6 pipes into the 16 pipes, end cap?side down. *ith insulation, the pipes should fit inside of each other snugly.

9;

Drylie Quesnelle <. >. @se electric drill to drill hole in the center of the remaining two end caps. 'lace end caps on the open ends of the W6 pipes, which are now inside of the 16 pipes, but do not glue. -8. --. @se duct tape to secure W6 pipes inside of the 16 pipes. @se the sharpie mar!er to label one calorimeter 5A6 and the other 5&6.

DiagramP

/igure -;. .alorimeters /igure -; above shows what the constructed calorimeters loo! li!e. he calorimeters consist of the 16 outer pipe and the W6 inner pipe with insulation between. he inner pipe has an end cap so water does not escape, and the outer pipe has a test cap that gives the calorimeter a flat bottom. he test cap is secured to the outer pipe with duct tape 4blac!, shown in the diagram above7.

9<

Drylie Quesnelle Appendix &

I.7 4Swater74(water74L SmetalK

water

7K4Smetal74(metal74L

metal

( S water )( M water )(Twater ) ( M metal )(Tmetal )

( 4.184)(60)(2.6) ( 28.4858)(76.2)

K8.:8- GFgHA /igure -<. Specific Beat he formula for specific heat is shown in /igure -<. Specific heat uses the specific heat of water, Swater, the mass of water, (water, the change in temperature for water, L the metal, L II.7 = ( L
=
water

, the mass of the metal, (metal, and the change in temperature for .

metal

L initial )(T final Tinitial )

0.076 (123.49)(97.8 22.7)

K<.1-= mm x -8?= /igure ->. #inear hermal $xpansion he formula for #inear hermal $xpansion is shown in /igure ->. #inear thermal expansion uses change in length, L#, initial length, # initial, and the change in temperature,
final

initial

9>

Drylie Quesnelle III.7 %error = K

ExperimentalValue TrueValue 100 TrueValue

0.3007 0.388 100 0.388

K?11.3Q /igure 18. 'ercent $rror he formula for percent error is shown in /igure 18. 'ercent error is used to find how far the experimental value is from the expected, boo! value for the metal. 'ercent error is a good representation of data. o find the percent error, the expected value and true value is used.

IV.7
=

t=

( x1 x 2 ) ( s1 ) 2 ( s 2 ) 2 + n1 n2
(0.3133 0.3756)

(0.0532) 2 (0.0303) 2 + 15 15 K?:.>91=

/igure 1-. Statistical est he statistical test for 1 sample t?test is shown in /igure 1-. he statistical test is used to find whether or not something is significantly different. o do the t?test, the mean of the !nown and un!nown, x1 and x 2 , the standard deviation of the !nown and un!nown, s- and s1, and the number of trials for !nown and un!nown, n- and n1. After finding the t?value, a t?value table must be used to find the p?value. he '?Value for the test above is 8.888=<1. *or!s .ited

38

Drylie Quesnelle &lauch, David ,. R.alorimetry.R Virtual Chemistry Lab. Davidson .ollege, -: Apr. 188>. *eb. 8< Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.chm.davidson.eduFvceF.alorimetryFindex.htmlZ. R.alorimetry.R ChemLab. Darthmouth .ollege, 1888. *eb. 8> Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.dartmouth.eduF[chemlabFtechni0uesFcalorimeter.htmlZ. .limer, Barold. Measurement of Specific Heat. Dep. @niversity of ennessee .hattanooga. *eb. -8 Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.utc.eduF/acultyFBarold? .limerFSheatlab.pdfZ. .orsepius, ,icholas .., homas .. DeVore, &arbara A. Deisner, and Deborah #. *arnaar. R@sing Variable emperature 'owder O?ray Diffraction o Determine the hermal $xpansion .oefficient.R The Journal of Chemical Educations 4188<7P <-<. *eb. -8 Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFpubs.acs.orgFdoiFpdfF-8.-81-Fed8<9p<-<Z. DMAmelia, Donald '., Vincent Stracu""i, and *illiam /. ,irode. RIntroduction of Differential Scanning .alorimetry in a Ieneral .hemistry #aboratory .ourseP Determination of Beat .apacity of (etals and Demonstration of the #aw of Dulong and 'etit.R The Journal of Chemical Educations 4188<7P -8>. *eb. -8 Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFpubs.acs.orgFdoiFpdfF-8.-81-Fed8<3p-8>Z.

R$vidence hat ,anoparticles in Sunscreens .ould &e oxic If Accidentally $aten.R Chemical Research in To icolo!y. Chemistry for Life. American

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Drylie Quesnelle .hemical Society, 8; Apr. 18-1. *eb. -= (ay 18-1. YhttpPFFportal.acs.orgFportalFacsFcorgFcontentZ. 5$xperiment N1, he Specific Beat of Aluminum.6 Dep. @niversity of (assachusetts &oston. *eb. -8 Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.physicslabs.umb.eduF'hysicsFsum8;F$xp1\-<1\Sum8;.pdfZ. Iagnon, Steve. R he $lement 2inc.R "t#s Elemental. Gefferson #ab. *eb. 1< (ar. 18-1. YhttpPFFeducation.%lab.orgFitselementalFele8:8.htmlZ. RBistory of 2inc.R $inc. International 2inc Association. *eb. 1> (ar. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww."inc.orgFbasicsFhistory\of\"incZ. RBow to Determine the Specific Beat of a Substance.R Thermochemistry. .hem eam. *eb. -3 Apr. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.chemteam.infoF hermochemFZ. RInvolvement of &ritish (ining .ompanies in .olonial Virginia.R %ri!ins of the &merican Chemical Enterprise Jamesto'n . 188;. (ational Historic Chemical Landmar)s *ro!ram. American .hemical Society, -8 )ct. 188;. *eb. 1> (ar. 18-1. YhttpPFFportal.acs.orgFportalFacsFZ. ipler, 'aul A. *hysics +or Scientists and En!ineers. :rd ed. *orth, ->>3. Thermal E pansion E,uations. AG Design Software. *eb. -3 (ay 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.a%designer.comFphpthermalexpansionFZ. R2inc.R Thin)-uest. )racle. *eb. 1< (ar. 18-1. YhttpPFFlibrary.thin!0uest.orgF83augF889=-F"inc.htmZ. ??? .olfram&lpha. *olfram. *eb. 1> (ar. 18-1. YhttpPFFwww.wolframalpha.comFinputF]iK2incZ.

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