The Physics of Glueballs

Vincent Mathieu
Universit e de Mons, Belgique

Zakopane, February 2009

Vincent Mathieu (UMons)

The Physics of Glueballs

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Outline
Introduction Lattice QCD AdS/QCD QCD Spectral Sum Rules Gluon mass Two-gluon glueballs C = + Three-gluon glueballs C = Helicity formalism for transverse gluons Conclusion References

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Vincent Mathieu (UMons)

The Physics of Glueballs

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References

V. Mathieu, N. Kochelev, V. Vento The Physics of Glueballs invited review for Int. J. Mod. Phys. E arXiv:0810.4453 [hep-ph] V. Mathieu, F. Buisseret and C. Semay Gluons in Glueballs: Spin or Helicity ? Phys. Rev. D 77, 114022 (2008), [arXiv:0802.0088 [hep-ph]] V. Mathieu, C. Semay and B. Silvestre-Brac Semirelativistic Potential Model for Three-gluon Glueballs. Phys. Rev. D77 094009 (2008), [arXiv:0803.0815 [hep-ph]] N. Boulanger, F. Buisseret,V. Mathieu, C. Semay Constituent Gluon Interpretation of Glueballs and Gluelumps. Eur. Phys. J. A38 317 (2008) [arXiv:0806.3174 [hep-ph]]

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The Physics of Glueballs

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Introduction - QCD

QCD = gauge theory with the color group SU (3)

X 1 Tr G G + q ( D m)q 4 A A ig [A , A ]

LQCD G

= =

Quark = fundamental representation 3 Gluon = Adjoint representation 8 Observable particles = color singlet 1 Mesons: Baryons: Glueballs: =18 33 3 3 3 = 1 8 8 10 8 8 = (1 8 27) (8 10 10) 8 8 = 1 8 ... Colored gluons color singlet with only gluons

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The Physics of Glueballs

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Introduction - Glueballs
Prediction of the QCD Production in gluon rich processes (OZI forbidden,...) Closely linked to the Pomeron: J = 0.25M 2 + 1.08 Mixing between glueball 0++ and light mesons Candidates: f0 (1370) f0 (1500) f0 (1710)

One scalar glueball between those states [Klempt, Phys. Rep. 454].

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The Physics of Glueballs

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Physical States
Pure states: |gg , |nn , |ss |G = |gg + Analysis of Production: Two mixing schemes Cheng et al [PRD74, 094005 (2006)] Close and Kirk [PLB483, 345 (2000)] J/ f0 , f0 , f0 Decay: f0 , K K, ss |gg nn |gg |nn + |ss Mgg Mnn Mgg Mss

Mnn < Mss < Mgg

Vincent Mathieu (UMons) The Physics of Glueballs

Mnn < Mgg < Mss

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Lattice QCD

Investigation of the glueball spectrum (pure gluonic operators) on a lattice by Morningstar and Peardon [Phys. Rev. D60, 034509 (1999)] Identication of 15 glueballs below 4 GeV M (0++ ) M (0+ ) M (2
++

= = =

1.730 0.130 GeV 2.590 0.170 GeV 2.400 0.145 GeV

Quenched approximation (gluodynamics) mixing with quarks is neglected Lattice studies with nf = 2 exist. The lightest scalar would be sensitive to the inclusion of sea quarks but no denitive conclusion.

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AdS/QCD
AdS/CFT correspondance: Correspondance between conformal theories and string theories in AdS spacetime QCD not conformal breaking conformal invariance somehow

Introduction of a black hole in AdS to break conformal invariance Parameter adjusted on 2++ Same hierarchy but some states are missing (spin 3,...)

[R. C. Brower et al., Nucl. Phys. B587, 249 (2000)]

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The Physics of Glueballs

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QCD Spectral Sum Rules

a JS (x) = s Ga (x)G (x)

Gluonic currents:
Z

(Q2 ) = i Theoretical side (OPE):

d4 x eiqx

ea JP (x) = s Ga (x)G (x) Z 1 Im(s) ds 0|T JG (x)JG (0)|0 = 0 s + Q2

a b b JG (x)JG (0) = C(a)+(b)+(e) 1 + C(c) Ga Ga + C(d) fabc G G G +

Connement parameterized with condensates 0|s Ga Ga |0 , . . .

Phenomenological side: Im(s) =

Vincent Mathieu (UMons)

X
i

2 2 Cont m4 fG Gi (s mGi ) + (s s0 )Im(s) i

The Physics of Glueballs

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Sum Rules Constituent models

Sum rules calculation by Forkel [Phys. Rev. D71, 054008 (2005)] M (0++ ) = 1.25 0.20 GeV M (0+ ) = 2.20 0.20 GeV (1)

Two gluons in interaction

Two gluons C = +

Three gluons C =

Works on constituent models by Bicudo, Llanes-Estrada, Szczepaniak, Simonov,...

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Gluon Mass

Gluons massless in the Lagrangian Non-perturbative eects dynamical mass Cornwall [PRD26 1453 (1982)] 2  q2 +m2  3 0 ln 2 4  2 5 m2 (q 2 ) = m2 0 m ln 20 Gluons heavy quarks

Gluonium models for the low-lying glueballs with Spinless Salpeter Hamiltonian p Hgg = 2 p2 + m2 + V (r) p bare mass m = 0 and eective mass = | p2 | state dependent (Simonov 1994) Gluons spin-1 particles with the usual rules of spin coupling
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Two-gluon glueballs C = +
Brau and Semay [Phys. Rev. D70, 014017 (2004)] Two-gluon glueballs C = + and P = (1)L J = L + S with S = 0, 1, 2.
p 9 s H 0 = 2 p2 + r 3 . 4 r

Cornell potential does not lift the degeneracy between states with dierent S Corrections of order O(1/2 ), with p = | p2 | Structures coming from the OGE "    1 1 5 2 Voge = + S 2 U (r) 2 (r ) S 4 4 3 2   # U (r) 3 U (r) 1 LS 2 U (r) T 22 r 6 r with = 3S and U (r) = exp(r)/r.
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Two-gluon glueballs C = +
JPC 0++ 0+ 2++ 2+ 3++ 4++ 1++ 1+

Smearing of the attractive (r ) by a gluon size (r , ) = exp(r/ )/r Replacement of potentials by convolutions with the size function Z e (r , ) = V (r ) V V (r + r )(r , )dr Parameters = 0.21 GeV2 s = 0.50 = 0.5 GeV1

(L, S ) (0,0) (1,1) (0,2) (1,1) (2,2) (2,2) (2,2) (1,1)

(2,2) (1,1) (2,0) (1,1)

(0,0) (2,2)

(1,1)

Good agreement with lattice QCD Gluons = spin 1 spurious J = 1 states and indetermination of states For instance, 0++ can be (L, S ) = (0, 0) or (2, 2)

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Three-gluon glueballs C =
The Model Extension of the model to three-gluon systems H=
3 q X i=1

p2 i +

3 9 X |ri Rcm | + VOGE 4 i=1

Same parameters (, S , ) as for two-gluon glueballs

    3 X 3 1 1 2 5 2 S + Sij U (rij ) 2 (rij ) + Sij 2 4 3 6 i<j =1

VOGE

3 1 d 9 S X Lij Sij U (rij ) 42 i<j =1 rij drij

with U (r) =

er r

We nd the eigenvalue of this operator thanks to a Gaussian basis

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Three-gluon glueballs C =
The results Gluons with spin J = L + S Good results for 1 and 3 but higher 2 symmetry Disagreement with lattice QCD for P C = + This model cannot explain the splitting 2 GeV between 1+ and 0+ 0+ , 1+ , 2+ , 3+ are L = 1 and degenerate in a model with spin JPC 1 2 3 0+ (L, S ) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,1) JPC 0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ (L, S ) (1,1) (1,1) (1,1) (1,2)
b c dabc Aa A A b c fabc Aa A A

[(88)8s 8]1 [(88)8a 8]

1

C= C=+ JPC 0+ 1 2 3

S 0 1 2 3

Sint 0 0, 1, 2 1, 2 2

Symmetry 1A 1 S, 2 MS 2 MS 1S

Solution: Implementation of the helicity formalism for three transverse gluons.

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Helicity Formalism for two-gluon glueballs

Yangs theorem: gg J = 1 J = L + S cannot hold for relativistic system. J is the only relevant quantum number. Solution: Helicity formalism for transverse gluons with helicity si = 1. Only two projection, i = 1. Formalism to handle with massless particles [Jacob and Wick (1959)] State J P C in term of usual (L, S ) states (with = 1 2 ): |J, M ; 1 , 2 =
X  2L + 1 1/2
L,S

2J + 1

L0S | J

s1 1 s2 2 | S

 E 2S +1 LJ . 

Not eigenstates of the parity and of the permutation operator. P |J, M ; 1 , 2 P12 |J, M ; 1 , 2
Vincent Mathieu (UMons)

= =

1 2 (1)J |J, M ; 1 , 2 , (1)J 2si |J, M ; 2 , 1 ,

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The Physics of Glueballs

Helicity Formalism for two-gluon glueballs

Construction of states symmetric (bosons) and with a good parity selection rules.   S+ ; (2k )+ 0++ , 2++ , 4++ , . . .   S ; (2k ) 0+ , 2+ , 4+ , . . .   D+ ; (2k + 2)+ 2++ , 4++ , . . .   D ; (2k + 3)+ 3++ , 5++ , . . . States expressed in term of the usual basis (useful to compute matrix elements!). Low-lying states: r r      2 S+ ; 0+ 1 S0 + 1 5 D0 , = 3 3     S ; 0 = 3 P0 , r r r        2 D+ ; 2+ 5 S2 + 4 5 D2 + 1 5 G2 , = 5 7 7 r r     5 2 5 D ; 3+  5 G3 , = D3 + 7 7 r r      2 S ; 2 3 P2 + 3 3 F3 . = 5 5
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Application

Same hierarchy as the lattice QCD Application with a simple Cornell potential
p 9 s H 0 = 2 p2 + r 3 . 4 r

Parameters: = 0.185 GeV2 s = 0.45

Addition of an instanton induced interaction to split the degeneracy between the 0++ and 0+ HI = P I J,0 with I = 450 MeV. Instanton attractive in the scalar channel and repulsive in the pseudoscalar and equal in magnitude Very good agreement without spin-dependent potential Extension for three-body systems ?
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Three-gluon glueballs with transverse gluons

SU (2) SU (3) decomposition for two gluons to the lowest J :
a b (ab)

(ab)
(abc)

[ab]

Lowest J allowed for 3 gluons with helicity:

a

(abc)

[abc]

Low-lying states are J = 1 and J = 3 with symmetric colour function and J = 0 with an antisymmetric colour function

Low-lying states are the 1 , 3 and the 0+ J = 0P are not allowed for three-gluon glueballs 0+ four transverse gluons The result should be conrmed by a detailed analysis of the three-body helicity formalism These developments are under construction

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Conclusion
Model with spin-1 gluons reproduces the pure gauge spectrum but spin-dependent potentials should be added and the spectrum is plagued with unwanted states Three-gluon glueballs with massive gluon cannot reproduce the lattice data With two transverse gluons, a simple linear+Coulomb potential reproduce the lattice QCD results. Implementation of the helicity formalism for three transverse gluons should solve the hierarchy problem

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The Physics of Glueballs

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References

V. Mathieu, N. Kochelev, V. Vento The Physics of Glueballs invited review for Int. J. Mod. Phys. E arXiv:0810.4453 [hep-ph] V. Mathieu, F. Buisseret and C. Semay Gluons in Glueballs: Spin or Helicity ? Phys. Rev. D 77, 114022 (2008), [arXiv:0802.0088 [hep-ph]] V. Mathieu, C. Semay and B. Silvestre-Brac Semirelativistic Potential Model for Three-gluon Glueballs. Phys. Rev. D77 094009 (2008), [arXiv:0803.0815 [hep-ph]] N. Boulanger, F. Buisseret,V. Mathieu, C. Semay Constituent Gluon Interpretation of Glueballs and Gluelumps. Eur. Phys. J. A38 317 (2008) [arXiv:0806.3174 [hep-ph]]

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The Physics of Glueballs

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