Linear Regression Inference for GPA and SAT score Hypotheses: Ho: The slope of the regression line

is zero, indicating no correlation between GPA and SAT score Ha: The slope of the regression line is greater than zero, indicating a positive correlation between GPA and SAT score. The significance level is set at the industry standard of 0.05

SAT Score vs. GPA

2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

SAT Score

GPA

Residual Plot
400 300 200

Residuals

100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0 1 2 3 4 5

GPA

Normal Probability Plot

2500 2000

SAT Score

1500 1000 500 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sample Percentile
Conditions Linear: The relationship between GPA and SAT score appears roughly linear according to the scatter-plot of GPA vs. SAT score; met Independent: A sample size of 56 was collected from the 2012 FHS senior class. It is safe to assume that there were more than 500 seniors; met Normal: The Normal Probability plot shows linearity; met Equal Variance: The residual plot has a random scatter; met Random: The sample of 50 2012 FHS seniors were randomly selected from the population; met Least Squares Regression and t test for Slope of Population Regression The following chart is the computer output from a regression analysis of GPA and SAT scores from the sample data, with 54 degrees of freedom. Coefficients 702.2341734 284.7854176 Standard Error t Stat 96.58298337 7.270786 29.93967815 9.511973 P-value 1.5E-09 3.9E-13

Intercept GPA

We reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is less than the significance level of 0.05. There is enough statistical evidence to conclude a positive association between GPA and SAT score for 2012 FHS seniors.

95% Confidence Interval 224.760 < B < 344.811 We can be 95% that the interval from 224.760 to 344.811 captures the true slope of the regression line of the association between GPA and SAT score for 2012 FHS seniors. We can conclude that there is a positive association because the interval does not contain zero nor any negative values. -----Two-Sample t Test for Difference between Male GPA and Female GPA Hypotheses: Ho: The difference between the mean GPA's of males and females is zero. Ha: The difference between the mean GPA's of males and females is not zero. The significance level is set at the industry standard of 0.05 Conditions Random: 50 FHS seniors of class of 2012 randomly selected Normal:

GPA of Females
6 5 Frequency 4 3 2 1 0 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 GPA

GPA of Males
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 GPA 4 4.25 4.5

Histograms for both groups show a roughly symmetrical shape. No major skew-ness. No outliers. Independence: The sample of 50 is one-tenth the total population of 2012 FHS seniors. Assume that individual's GPA's are independent from one-another. Female = 3.204 Male = 3.123 SxFemale = 0.651 SxMale = 0.708 t= 0.426 P= 0.672 df= 48.000 We fail to reject the null because the P-value is greater than 0.05. There is not enough statistical evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the means of GPA for males and females of FHS 2012 seniors. 95% Confidence Interval -0.305 < Female - Male < 0.469 We can be 95% that the interval from -0.305 to 0.469 captures the true mean difference between means of GPA for females and males. This interval provides additional evidences on top of the significance test that there is no significant difference between the two means because zero in included in the interval.

Frequency

Two-Sample t Test for Difference between Male GPA and Female GPA Hypotheses: Ho: The difference between the mean GPA's of males and females is zero. Ha: The difference between the mean GPA's of males and females is not zero. The significance level is set at the industry standard of 0.05 Conditions Random: 50 FHS seniors of class of 2012 randomly selected Normal:

GPA of Females
6 5 Frequency 4 3 2 1 0 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 GPA 4 4.25 4.5

GPA of Males
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 GPA 4 4.25 4.5

Histograms for both groups show a roughly symmetrical shape. No major skew-ness. No outliers. Independence: The sample of 50 is one-tenth the total population of 2012 FHS seniors. Assume that individual's GPA's are independent from one-another. Female = 3.204 Male = 3.123 SxFemale = 0.651 SxMale = 0.708 t= 0.426 P= 0.672 df= 48.000 We fail to reject the null because the P-value is greater than 0.05. There is not enough statistical evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the means of GPA for males and females of FHS 2012 seniors. 95% Confidence Interval -0.305 < Female - Male < 0.469 We can be 95% that the interval from -0.305 to 0.469 captures the true mean difference between means of GPA for females and males. This interval provides additional evidences on top of the significance test that there is no significant difference between the two means because zero in included in the interval.

Frequency

Two-Sample t Test for Difference between Male SAT Score and Female SAT Score Hypotheses: Ho: The difference between the mean SAT scores of males and females is zero. Ha: The difference between the mean SAT scores of males and females is not zero. The significance level is set at the industry standard of 0.05 Conditions Random: 50 FHS seniors of class of 2012 randomly selected Normal:

SAT Female
12 10 8 Frequency 6 4 2 0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 SAT Score 2000 2200 2400

SAT Male
10 9 8 7 Frequency 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 SAT Score 2000 2200 2400

Histograms for both groups show a roughly symmetrical shape. No major skew-ness. No outliers. Independence: The sample of 50 is one-tenth the total population of 2012 FHS seniors. Assume that individual's SAT scores are independent from one-another. Female = 1589.630 Male = 1606.552 SxFemale = 258.449 SxMale = 261.633 t= -0.230 P= 0.819 df= 47.769 We fail to reject the null because the P-value is greater than 0.05. There is not enough statistical evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the means of SAT scores for males and females of FHS 2012 seniors. 95% Confidence Interval -164.900 < Female - Male < 131.070

We can be 95% that the interval from -164.900 to 131.070 captures the true mean difference between means of SAT scores for females and males. This interval provides additional evidences on top of the significance test that there is no significant difference between the two means because zero in included in the interval.