Supranationalism & Intergovernmentalism Supranationalism above national governments, interest of EU community seen as erosion/pooling of sovereignty.

gnty. QMV, single mar et, !"#, !entral $an an% E!& 'ntergovernmentalism bet(een governments, acting in national interest. Security, %efence, )*e !ouncil. Unanimous %ecision ma ing. !ontrasting principles, reflecte% in %ifferent organisations, %ecision ma ing process an% %ecisions ta en in t*e EU. European Commission Supranational. E+ecutive arm ,implements #arliaments %ecision- manages bu%get .ig*t of 'nitiative ,propose la(s- presents to #arliament an% clarifies//ustifies .epresents EU on national stage ,spea (it* one voice-. 0uar%ian of t*e )reaties. 1ot transparent. Un%ermines sovereignty ,pooling234 !ommissioners ,prointegrationalists2 3n% rate2- unelecte%. $arroso #ortugal "ppointe% by #arliament ,not accountable to electorate34,555 civil servants ,e+pensive2 6ess t*an most-

Council of Ministers 7ecision ma ing bo%y of EU. 34 members. ,eac* minister accountable to electorate8pen met*o% of coor%ination ,intergovernmental-. 8fficially signs agreements !o %ecision (it* #arliament to %eci%e bu%get. #revents international crime. !8.E#E. permanent team 7ecisions by vote. QMV (ea ens sovereignty. #resi%ent rotation ,U9 %isli es-

European Parliament :ontellas ; #resi%ent. Semicircular c*amber. $ottom up la(s 7irectly electe% by citi<ens. 4 years. =>3 members. = political groups !o%ecision (it* !ouncil of Ministers ,bu%get, po(er of purse- granting a %isc*arge "pproves !ommission / %ismisses ,motion of censure-. E+amines reports/?uestions

European Court of Justice 6u+embourg Supranational EU la( ta es prece%ence ,U9 can leave t*o'nsures legislation is interprete% t*e same. Settles legal %isputes, an% annuls illegal la(s ,Sno(%rop-. !an be use% by in%ivi%uals .epresents ma/or transfer in sovereignty from %omestic legislatures an% courts.

"s role of EU e+pan%s, as (ill role of E!&

European Court of Auditors !*ec s fun%s are spent/collecte% properly. Economically soun% financial management. 'nvestigates paper(or . Spot c*ec s. "ppointe% by !ouncil of Ministers ,34 members'n%epen%ent. Must not be influence%. 1o legal po(ers @elps ensure EU system is efficient an% transparent "u%it report presente% to #arliament/!ouncil about bu%get

European Central Bank Supranational 'n%epen%ent. Must not be influence%. Manages A an% implements economic/monetary policy. Maintains price stability, prevent purc*asing po(er erosion by inflation, prices increase by less t*an 3B, controls money supply, sets interest rates. S)"$'6')C #"!) Evidence of a Super State/Integration #e/orative term. #olitical union po(ers become supranational )ra%e, single mar et, regional/social policy, .api% .eaction, E!&, E@'! car%s )a+ *armonisation ,*ig* ta+es businesses not come to U9 Doul% *ave to a%opt A More beurocracy / inefficiency 7efence more muscle against US. !on%emnations. @ave 1")8. 7ifferent vie(s 6egal crime ; international. 7ifferent vie(s/cultures Environmental #ollution ; international. More beurocracy EU !8M#E)"1!C

Preservation of Sovereignty Economic E U9 veto against A. !an al(ays leave EU. 'ncome ta+/spen%ing variable. 6oss of antiEtrust la(s !onstitutional EU la( ta es prece%ence. 1o co%ifie% constitution, :#)# electoral system. Unanimous voting on some issues. Social 1o *ealt* policy. 7o *ave E@'! an% Social #olicy.

Su sidiary !entrali<ation of po(er avoi%e%. 0overnment at lo(est level.

Encourage% at Maastric*t FGG3

!emocratic !eficit #arliament ; active forum for #0s. 7emocratic ,%irectly electe% every 4 years-. 0rante% more po(ers at Maastric*t ,co %ecision, motion of censure-. )ransparent. 0reater use of *ol%ing !ommission to account ,FGGG, 355H "ttempte% creation of a !onstitution EU see s greater %emocratic legitimacy. #. voting ; more pluralistic. Subsi%iary encourage% at Maastric*t

#arliament ; relatively (ea . Election turn outs lo( ,34B- %emocratic legitimacy ?uestionable / lo( public a(areness. 1o legislative po(er. QMV (ea ens %emocracy ,larger countries %ominateE!$ %iminis*e% sovereignty. !annot control interest rates. !ommission not %irectly electe%/accountable, not transparent .e/ection of constitution. 1o clear man%ates.

Common Agricultural Policy System of subsi%ies to prevent unstable mar ets, *ig* prices, income for farmers. E+pensive ,=5B E >5B bu%get-, protect inefficient, prices artificially *ig*, (asteful, re(ar%s inefficiency, enlargement ; greater strain, ey contributors small rural, %ifficult to reform. 6ess primary sector (or ers ,35B E =B- *elp survival of rural economies, foo% *ygiene. "gen%a 3555 reforms %iversification, environmental protection, attention to *ygiene, eliminate e+port subsi%ies ,*elp 6E7!s E Caoun%I-, organic rules Economics and t"e Euro :8. logical step for single mar et, no unfair a%vantage for %evalue% currency, price transparency, en%ing commission c*arges, re%ucing foreign e+c*ange ris , investment ,appreciate convenience-, less pressure on 0ovs ,speculation-, in%epen%ent E!$ insure inflation maintaine%, lo( interest rates, more a%opt ; increase EUs influence, better position to influence ot*er economic policies. "0"'1S) cost borne by ta+payers, interest rates set ,asymmetric s*oc nee%s specific policies-, U9 economies performing better, ero%e sovereignty, lea% to furt*er integration, 0ro(t* J Stability #act ,prevent policy t*at *arms ot*ers- constraints borro(ing, confining, not enterprise culture.

Entry criteria ; 3 years of E.M ,interest rates, bu%get %eficit not e+cee% >B 07#, inflation rate, %ebt307# EK5B-

#egional Policy $ %&&% Soli%arity positive benefits for all ,tra%e increase, stop e+tremists- >4B bu%get !o*esion ,stic ing toget*er- everyone *as place in society 'relan% ; e+ample of success. Maastric*t E subsi%iary !"USES remoteness, mafia, %eprivation, infrastructure, in%ustry leave 8b/ective F improving infrastructure/investment, 8b/ective 3 economic/social re*ab, 8b/ective > /ob creation sc*emes Enlargement e+pan%e% by 35B, 07# by 4B. :inancial programme for ne( members ,pre accessionSocial C"apter S?uas* !apitalist !lub vie(. )ra%e Unions li e. Stop a( (ar% member vie(. !entral to 6isbon agen%a ,EU attractive to (or /invest-. &ob creation, labour reform, employment security/(or ers rig*ts, e?ual opportunities, (or more attractive, avoi% social %umping, )a ing on role of national gov2222 superstate

!efence / 'oreign Policy .api% .eaction :orce E$lair, permanent force of troops rea%y for action, ,%ifficult to create comman% structure, %ifferent vie(s, no nee% for 1")8!ommon :oreign #olicy e+iste% since Maastric*t ,%ifferent allegiances, lac of co*esion ,,'ra?--, unanimous voting %ifficult to conclu%e, 1")8 relations*ip, loss of sovereignty, peace stability. Stan%ing "rmy %ominate% by main contributors, loss of sovereignty, comman% structure, (ea en 1")8. Enlargement Sell more ,boosts economic gro(t*/tra%e-, %emocracy encourage%, free labour movement ,U9 L 'relan% only countries not nee%ing transition-, *uman rig*ts/peace, competition increase%, formi%able (orl% po(er. "$S8.#)'81 !"#"!')C Di%er not %eeper *ar%er to integrate. Dea en :rances %omination US" een for )ur ey to /oin. Strain on !"#, illegal immigration opportunities

Copen"agen Criteria $ %&&( Stable institutions guar%ing %emocracy .ule of la(, respect for *uman rig*ts, minorities, in%epen%ent /u%iciary/elections :unctioning mar et economy, able to cope (it* competitive pressures "bility to ta e on monetary union. 1o antiEtrust la(s, European "?uis communitaire. !ivil Service ; capable

E)*s Affect on )+ Constitutional #eform "?uis !ommunitaire ; pooling of sovereignty. 8nly referen%um on EU @of6or%s abolis* *ere%itary peers, %ue to 6abour 0ov 7evolution no Europe regional policy, pressure from region, %ue to national %evelopment, subsi%iary encourage% at Maastric*t Electoral .eform "MS for %evolve% bo%ies. 9eep balance bet(een religions @uman .ig*ts act part of U9 la(, not entrenc*e%. !onstitutional .eform encompasses c*anges in structure of political institutions, principles country governe% by, relations*ip bet(een state/citi<en EU some impact. May increase (it* EU !onstitution. Main %rives for reform ; baste% on %omestic political %evelopments ,labour victory FGG=E), Political Parties and Pressure -roups 7ivi%e% parties. !ontribute% to !ons election %efeats. Spa(ne% .eferen%um/U9'#. :e( votes, split !ons vote. !ooperate (it* political groupings, %evolve% parties please% subsi%iary. 6o( voter priority EU more open to pressure groups ,!ommission, E!&- t*an parties reliant on #arl. Sensitive to supranationalness pressure on EU institutions. 'ntergovernmental bot* U9 an% EU. Social !*apter ; unions more attention. 8perate at national level still too. 'nsi%ers/outsi%ers.