Plane Strain

Each strain is acting independent of one another

Due to normal strain
x
Due to normal strain
y

x
=
dx
du
dy
dv
y

dx
x
du dy dv
y

Due to shear strain xy

1
dx
du1
dv1
dv2
x
y
du2
dv3
x
du3
dy
x
Negligible
2
xy

2
xy

y
General Equations of Plane Strain Transformation
Sign Conventions
1! Normal strains are " ve# if they cause elongations along x and y axes# respectively$
2! Normal strains are % ve# if they cause shortening along x and y axes# respectively
3! Shear strains are " ve# if the interior angle &'( becomes less than )*
*
$
+! Shear strains are , ve# if the interior angle &'( becomes greater than )*
*
$
2
x
2
xy

2
xy

y
dx
dy
du = x dx
dv = y dy
'
&
(
x
y
x
y

dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
'
-rom the figure

sin
cos

x d
dy
x d
dx

sin
cos ! tan
cos
cos

y d
x d
y d
dx
y d
dy
Problem
.sing the above orientations of axes# determine the strains along xoy axes due to xy y x
and #
# defined /$r$t$ xoy axes$
Effect of normal strain
x
# along x axis
Effect of normal strain
y
# along x axis
3
x
y
x
y

dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
dv1
du1
du
du
=xdx
x
y
x
y

dy
dx
dy
dx
du1 =dv sin = x dysin
dv1 = y dycos
dv = ydy

Effect of shear strain

xy
# along x % axis
0&ssume that dx remains fixed in position# and the shear strain
xy
is represented by the change
in angle of dy1

1 1
du du u d
"du
1

=
( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin cos dy dy dx
xy y x
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

x d
dy
x d
dy
x d
dx
x d
u d
xy y x x
cos sin cos
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) sin cos sin sin cos cos
xy y x
+ +
cos sin sin cos
2 2
xy y x
+ +
2!

1 1
dv dv v d
"dv
1

=
( ) ( ) ( ) sin cos sin dy dy dx
xy y x
+
+
x
x
y

dy
dx
dx
xy
dv1=xydysin
du1=xydycos
xy dy
( ) ( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

x d
dy
x d
dy
x d
dx
x d
v d
xy y x
sin cos sin
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) sin sin sin cos cos sin
xy y x
+

2
sin sin cos !
xy y x
+
= the angle of shear distortion along x axis!
(y rotating the angle through )*
*
# in the cloc3/ise direction# the rotation of elemental length
dy can be obtained$
! )* sin ! )* sin ! )* cos !
2
+ + + +
xy y x
( )( )( ) ( )
2
cos cos sin
xy y x
+
( )
2
cos cos sin
xy y x
+
%! = rotation of the right angle xoy
( ) ( )
2 2
sin cos cos sin 2 + +
xy y x
( ) 2 cos 2 sin
xy y x
+ +
y x

22!
-rom E4uation 2#
cos sin sin cos
2 2
xy y x x
+ +

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1 xy
y x

2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
+

,
_

,
_

222!
-rom E4uation 22#
5

2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2

,
_

,
_

,
_

xy y x y x
26!

y
can be obtained by introducing )*"! for in

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + + +

)* cos )* sin )* sin )* cos

2 2
xy x y
=
( ) ( )( )( ) sin cos cos ! sin
2 2
+ +
xy y x
cos sin cos sin
2 2
xy y x
+
=

2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
xy
y x

,
_

+
+
,
_

2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
xy y x y x
7o find the principle strain
*

dx
d
x

i$e$#
( ) * 2 cos 2 sin +
xy y x
y x
xy
p

2 tan 2 tan
2 2
2 2
2
2 sin

,
_

,
_

xy y x
xy
p

,
_

2
y x

,
_

2
xy

2 2
2 2

,
_

,
_

xy y x

2p
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 cos

,
_

,
_

xy y x
y x
p

2 2 2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

xy y x
xy xy
xy y x
y x y x
y x
x






=
2 2
2 2 2

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
xy y x y x

2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

xy y x
xy xy
xy y x
y x y x
y x
y






=
2 2
2 2 2

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
xy y x y x

2 2
2 1 max
2 2 2 2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

xy y x
plane in


9
= p
= p
Similarity Between Stress and Strain Transformation Equations
Stresses at a point Strains at a point
Principle Stresses Principle Strains
( ) * 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
+

xy
y x
x
d
d
( ) * 2 cos 2 sin +

xy y x
x
dx
d
( ) 2 :
2 tan
y x
xy
p

( ) 2 :
2 tan
y x
xy
p

for
p1# 2
2
1
2
2 sin
xy
y x
xy
p

,
_

2
2
2 # 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

,
_

t
+

2
2
1
2
2
2 cos
xy
y x
y x
p

,
_

,
_

2
2
2 # 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

,
_

t
+

)
Maximum in-plane shear
stress
Principal stress plane and
maximum shear stress
planes are inclined at +5
*
$
;onse4uently#
t/ice the values of these
angles /ill be inclined at
)*
*
$
( )( ) 1 2 tan 2 tan
s p

&s a result
( )
xy
y x
s

2 :
2 tan

2
2
max
2
xy
y x
plane in


+

,
_

2
y x
avg

Maximum in-plane
Shear Strain
Principal strain plane and
maximum in%plane! shear
stress planes are inclined
at +5
*
to one another$
;onse4uently# t/ice the
values of these angles /ill
be inclined at )*
*
$
( )( ) 1 2 tan 2 tan
s p

&s a result
( )
xy
y x
s

2 :
2 tan

2 2 2
2
max
xy y x plane in

,
_

2
y x
avg

1*
11
<ohr=s ;ircle
-or Plane Stress -or Plane Strain
2
1
Material Property elationships
!1 0
1
!1 0
1
!1 0
1
y x z z
x z y y
y x x x
E
E
E



+
+
+
>hen only shear stresses are acting
( )
( )
E E E E
xy xy
xy xy
xy
xy

,
_

,
_

t
2 1
max 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 2
#
#
( )
( )
G
E
xy xy
xy
2 2
1

i$e$#
( )
G E 2
1 1

+
i$e$#
( )G E + 1 2
&!
>hen a body is sub?ected to normal stresses
# p
z y x

the body under goes only
change in volume$
6olume change =
V
z y x
+ + !
( )
( )
( )
E
p
p p p
E
E
p
p p p
E
E
p
p p p
E
z
y
x

2 1
!1 0
1
2 1
!1 0
1
2 1
!1 0
1

+
( )
p
p p p
p
z y x

+ +

+ +

3
!
3

volume change!:unit volume =
!
z y x
+ +
=
e
E
p
p
E

,
_

! 2 1 3
3
2 1
p:e = bul3 modulus = @ =
p
E p
! 2 1 3

=
! 2 1 3
E
Theories of !ailure
2n the design of structural members# it becomes important to place an upper limit on the
state of stress that defines the materialAs failure$
Ductile <aterials (rittle <aterials
Stress Stress

B
% Bield stress steel!

ult
, .ltimate stress
ult
, .ltimate stress
- Not used since strain is very
high at this stress level
*$1C Proof stress
stress at o$1C elongation!
&luminum!
Strain Strain

y
, Bield strain *$15 to *$2
ult
, .ltimate strain *$2C to
for mild steel! *$3C for ;&S7 2D'N!

ult
, .ltimate strain 2* to 25C
for mild steel!
7he material behaviour , either ductile or brittle , does not remain a constant one for
any material$ 2t is dependent onE
7emperature
Date of loading
;hemical environment
-orming:shaping methods
2n order to apply the theories of failureE
i! 7he state of stress in a structure# at a point /here the maximum stresses
are expected % zx yz z xy y x
# # # # #
% are determined first$
ii! 7hereafter# the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses are
determined %
3 2 1

( ) ( ) ( )
max 31 max 23 max 12
# #
-ailure 7heories
-or ductile materials -or brittle materials
1$ <aximum shear stress theory 1$ <aximum normal stress theory
Proposed by 7resca
2$ <aximum distortion energy 2$ <ohr=s failure criterion
theory , Proposed first by Fuber % Proposed by 'tto <ohr
and refined later by 6on <ises and
Fenc3y
- Fuber,<ises,Fenc3y theory
1$ <aximum Shear Stress 7heory
G-ailure by yielding! /ill occur in a material at a point! /hen the maximum shear
stress in the material is e4ual to the maximum shear stress that /ill occur /hen the
material is sub?ected to an axial tensile test=$
P =
B
! &

-or a t/o%dimensional stress system#

2
min max
max

2!
+5
*
7hin mild steel
strip Huder=s lines
.nder simple tension test#
2
*
*
max
min
max

Y
Y

max
2
$ $

,
_

Y
e i
22!
.sing in E4n$ 2
2 2
min max

Y
Ioverning criteria
Y

min max
222!
;onsidering a three%dimensional element /ith t/o%dimensional stress state!
&rranging the stresses in the order of decreasing magnitudes#
i! ;ase a!E
! *
3 2 1

Fence 1 max

! *
3 min

1
3
2
1
3 = *
2
-ailure /ill occur first in the 3 1

plane$
Y
*
1
i$e$#
Y

1
26!
-ailure in shear /ill occur# /hen the maximum principal stress is e4ual to
B
$
ii! ;ase b!E
! ! *
3 2 1
ve
1 max

!
3 min
ve
Y

3 1 6 a!
-ailure /ill occur in the plane containing
3 1
#
stresses
IeneraliJing this for a plane%stress failure /herein
2 1
# act along x%y axes and
3
acts
along J%axis# Jero stress!# one can re/rite E4uation 6 a!! as
Y

2 1
6 b!
B
B
B
B
2
1
1# %2
"ve %ve
%1# "2
%ve "ve
2
2
2
1
Y
Y

+
2
2
2
1
Y
Y

+

-ailure occurs in
1# 2! plane
-ailure occurs in
1# 2! plane
"ve!
%ve!
%ve!
"ve!
2 = B# 3 =*
%-ailure in this plane
1# 3!
1 = B 3 =*!
%-ailure in this plane
1 # 3!
%-ailure occurs in
plane 1# 3!
-ailure envelope or Bield loci
2$ <aximum Distortion Energy 7heory
G-ailure by yielding! /ill occur /hen the shear or distortion energy in the material
at a point! reaches the e4uivalent value that /ill occur /hen a material is sub?ected
to uniaxial tensile testK$
Het us say that the principal stresses in an element# at a point# is given by 3 2 1
# #

7otal strain energy stored in the given system = 7otal volumetric strain energy "
7otal distortion strain energy
u
t
= u
v
" u
d
62!
=
1
3
2
1
2
3
3
2

"
1
3 3
1
2 2
1
1 1



+
+
+
3
3 2 1

+ +
622!
( )
( )
( )
2 1 3
1
3
1
1
3 2 1 1
3 3
1 3 2
1
2
1
2
3 2 1 1
2 2
3 2 1
1
1
1
1
3 2 1 1
1 1
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3

+
,
_

+ +
+

+
,
_

+ +
+

+
,
_

+ +
+
&lso
!1 2 ! 2 ! 2 0
3
1
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1
1
3
1
2
1
1
+ + + +
= * 6222!
.sing the earlier stress%strain relationships
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
( )
( )
( )1 0
1
1 0
1
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1



+
+
+
E
E
E
;onsidering the volumetric strains due to
1
3
1
2
1
1
# and
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
! 2 1
2
1
1

+ +

+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ +
E
E
E
v
= * 2L! 0Since *
1
3
1
2
1
1
+ + according to E4n$ 6222!1
E4uation 2L! states that no volumetric change occurs in the material due to the stresses
1
3
1
2
1
1
# and but it does produce a change of shape!$ Due to the three stresses
1
3
1
2
1
1
# and #
7otal strain energy!

+ +
3
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
1
!
2
1
i
i i
t
dv
dv u


Fence strain energy per unit volume
=

3
1 i
i i

;onsidering only
and
0the mean stresses and strains due to
3 2 1
# and
! and

3 2 1
# and
!1#
( )
2
! 2 1
2
3
2 1
2
1
3
2
1
3
1 0
2
1

E
E
u
v

1
]
1

'


,
_

+ +
[ ]

E
E
! 2 1
!
1
3
3 2 1

+
+ +

( )
2
3 2 1
3
!
2
2 1 3
1
]
1

+ +

E
2
3 2 1
1 0
8
! 2 1

+ +

L!
;onsidering the normal or principal! stresses and strains#
[ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
1
]
1

'

,
_

+ +

'

,
_

+ +

'

,
_

+
+ +
2 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1 1 1
2
1
2
1


E E E
u
t

( ) ( ) [ ]
2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
+ + + + + + +
E

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + +
E
L2!
Since s v t
u u u +
#
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ + + + + + + + +

+ +
,
_

+ + + +

3
! 2 2 2 ! 2 1 8 3
2
1
8
2 1
2
2
1
1 3
2
3 3 2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1

E
E E
u u u
v t s
!1 2 ! + + + 8 8 8
! 2 ! 3 3 3 0
8
1
1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1


+ + + +
+ + + + +
E
!1 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 0
8
1
1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + + + + +
E
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
8
! 1

+ +
+

E
L22!
>hen the specimen is under uniaxial tension#
*
3 2
1

y
-rom e4n$ L22!#
[ ] [ ] ! 2
M ! 1 2 N 8
! 1
2
8
1
*
8
1
2 2 2 2
Y Y Y Y s
G E E
u

+
+

,
_

+
+ +
,
_

G
u
Y
s
8
2

L222!
-or a general state of stress#
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
M ! 1 2 N 8
! 1

+ +
+
+

G
u
s
=
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
12
1
+ +
G
L26!
-rom E4ns$ L222! and L26!# e4uating the distortional energies due to an uniaxial state
of stress and that due to a multiaxial state of stresses#
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
Y
+ + L6!
-or a t/o%dimensional state of stresses#
*
3

Fence e4uation reduce to
( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
Y
+ +
i$e$#
2
2
2 2 1
2
1 Y
+ L62!
7his is an e4uation to an inclined ellipse$
Plot of E4n$ L62! gives the failure envelope or yield loci for a system sub?ected to a
t/o%dimensional state of stress$
Brittle Materials
&pplicable to cast iron that tends to fail suddenly by fracture# /ithout any /arning$
"# Maximum normal stress Theory$
B
B
B
B
2
1

,
_

+
3
#
3
Y Y

,
_

3
#
3
Y Y

<aximum
distortion%energy
theory <aximum shear
stress theory
+5
*
+5
*
+5
*
2n a tension or compression! test# brittle fracture occurs /hen the normal stress reaches
the ultimate stress
ult
$
2n a torsion test# brittle fracture occurs due to a maximum tensile stress in a plane +5
*
to
the shear direction! /hen it reaches the ultimate stress
ult
$
-ailure criteria or failure lociE
Statement
>hen the maximum principal stress
!
2 1
or
in the material reaches a limiting
value that is e4ual to the ultimate normal stress the material can sustain# failure by
fracture occurs$
;ompression
7ension
7orsional
shear
ult
ult
1
2
ult
ult

2
1
%Eg$ ;hal3E under tension# under bending and under torsion$
%# Mohr&s !ailure Criterion
-or materials brittle! those have different fracture properties in tension and
compression# this criterion holds good$
%Specially for metals
%-or nonmetals li3e concrete Doc3# concrete# soils! another
theory is applicable /e /ill briefly deal /ith this later!
7hree tests done to determine failure criteria ,
% 7ension test that gives
ult
!
t
- ;ompression test that gives
ult
!
c
- 7orsion test that gives
ult
;ircle (
1 = ult
2 = *
3 = %ult
;ircle ;
1 = ult!t
2 = *
3 = *

ult!c
&
(
;
<ohr=s circle for each test
<ohr=s failure criteria
-ailure occurs /hen the absolute value of either one of the principal stresses reaches a
value greater than
ult
!
t
or
ult
!
c
or in general# if the stress at a point is defined by the
stress coordinate
1
#
2
!# /hich is plotted on the boundary or outside the shaded area$
;ircle &
1 = *
2 = *
3 = %ult!c
ult

-ailure
envelope
1
2
ult!t
ult!t
ult!c
ult!c
x 1# 2! material has
failed
<aterial is under
limiting condition
1
1
# 2
1
!