Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
e 4
0 rg
'78
(ACCESSION NUMBER
03
r0
CT' Fr
(CODE)
12
z
X
Y
(CATEGORY)
Olaf Volkersen
Translation of "Neuere Untersuchungen z u r Theorie der Klebverbindungen." Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft f G r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Gologne pp . 1-28, 1963.
3.P
..,
~.
. . . . . . . . .
. .
. .._ ..
. . ~. . .. . . . . . . . .
..
.. .
.........
..
"..
r l , r
fU3STRACT Bonded overlap j o i n t s can be used f o r p a r t s such as t o r s i o n t u b e s h e e t s t h a t a r e s u b j e c t t o shearing s t r e s s , as w e l l as f o r tension-loaded p a r t s . The s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e bonding l a y e r depends upon t h e p r o p e r t i e s of r i g i d i t y of t h e s h e e t s and of t h e adhesive. I n t h e f i r s t p a r t of t h e s e invest i g a t i o n s t h e l a w of stress d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e shear-loaded overlap i s developed. I n t h e second p a r t , c a l c u l a t i o n i s made f o r t h e tension-loaded double-bonded j o i n t with a formula derived from earlier work i n which l i m i t i n g conditions are t e r accounted f o r than formerly.
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4 .
5. 6.
Introduction Symbols Shearing stress-loaded overlap Tension-loaded double-bonded j o i n t 4.1 Without consideration of p e e l s t r e s s e s i n t h e adhesive 4.2 With consideration of t h e p e e l stresses i n t h e adhesive 4.3 Variable p e e l stresses, a l s o i n t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n Summary References
Section 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e adhesive l a y e r s of bonded overlap j o i n t s w a s f i r s t discussed by Arnovljevic (Ref. 11,1909, w i t h t h e assumption of an adhesive e l a s t i c only w i t h r e s p e c t t o shear, and l a t e r elaborated by von F i l l u n g e r ( R e f . 2) and by t h e author (Refs. 3, 4, 5 ) , and applied among o t h e r t h i n g s t o r i v e t j o i n t s and p l a s t i c deformation. Goland and Reissner (Ref. 6) i n simple overlap bonding f i r s t considered t h e bending moment i n t h e bond and calculated t h e p e e l stresses i n t h e adhesive.
'.
A l l works heretofore known present an e s s e n t i a l drawback; they negl e c t l i m i t i n g conditions on t h e load-free edges a t t h e j o i n t ends and thereby a r r i v e a t a s u b s t a n t i a l l y erroneous evaluation of t h e l e v e l of maximum peel s t r e s s e s . The present work eliminates t h i s d e f e c t by assumption of v a r i a b l e normal stress over t h e thickness of t h e l a y e r .
I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e heretofore s o l e known problem of overlap bonding of tension-loaded members, a strong s o l u t i o n i s possible by simple means f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of adhesive s t r e s s e s i n shear-loaded members. This s o l u t i o n i s discussed i n t h e f i r s t p a r t of t h e present paper. I n t h e second p a r t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of adhesive stresses for t h e tension-loaded symmetrical double-bonded j o i n t w i l l be presented. Section 2.
X
Symbols
= Coordinates
=
, $
I
T o t a l length of t h e overlap Sheet thickness Binder l a y e r thickness Related coordinates Adhesive shearing stress
L i m i t value of t h e v a r i a b l e supplementary p e e l s t r e s s over t h e l a y e r thickness
4
A'
A,
= = = =
i3 'E = A ? .
C Y
P-
/2
L, ,
r2
G; ,G2 , 6 ,
Y
4n
?=
= 6,
.A.
cL! = Related L;
=
stress
Related stress
= = = =
0
Modulus of e l a s t i c i t y and modulus of shear of t h e sheet Modulus of e l a s t i c i t y and modulus of shear of t h e adhesive
Opposed displacement of t h e bond Load increase f a c t o r
s
L
m a '
? =
k4
hL
= Sheet thickness r a t i o
YL-
- AL =
7;
=
R e l a t e d l a y e r thickness f o r symmetrical j o i n t
Coefficient of r i g i d i t y of t h e j o i n t Coefficient of r i g i d i t y of t h e j o i n t
&;a'
GY
Section 3.
I n a shear-loaded j o i n t t h e bonded p a r t s of t h e j o i n t exchange shearing s t r e s s e s . The t o r s i o n tubes i l l u s t r a t e d i n Figure 1 may serve as a model. I n t h e a r e a of t h e overlap, t h e angle of s l i d e Y of t h e j o i n t p a r t s decreases and t h e opposed displacement 6 of t h e two s h e e t s becomes unequal. If 6, i n d i c a t e s t h e displacement a t t h e l e f t end of
4
.*
r e l
Figure 1. Shear-loaded overlap t h e j o i n t and t h e displacement a t point z, t h e r e then results t h e general equation of displacement:
631
or
Furthermore, for t h e j o i n t p a r t s :
" I .%
(4)
By s u b s t i t u t i o n i n equation 1 we obtain:
z z f f
z =
-
and
t h e r e r e s u l t s t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation:
Therein
6
and
and w i t h l i m i t i n g conditions
+ L.,ere i s f i n a l l y ob a i n e d :
and
Thereby t h e problem i s solved. The g r e a t e s t adhesive shearing s t r e s s e s appear a t t h e ends o f t h e overlap. They a t t a i n ' a magnitude, e s p e c i a l l y i n symmetrical j o i n t s w i t h s = s2, o f : 1
>
expressed i n t h e form:
7
I n long overlaps, therefore, the load increase f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s i n proportion t o overlap length, i . e . , t h e absolute value of t h e adhesive s t r e s s e s remains independent of it. I f t h e m a x i m u m adhesive shearing s t r e s s i s derived n o t from t h e median shear stress, am, b u t from t h e shear stress, T , present i n t h e sheets, f o r long overlaps it can a l s o B1 be w r i t t e n as:
Ac-cordingly, a s i d e from t h e r a t i o of s t r e n g t h of t h e adhesive t o sheet material, t h e f i n a l value of t h e bonded j o i n t , i . e . , t h e m a x i m u m shearing s t r e s s t r a n s f e r a b l e from one j o i n t p a r t to t h e o t h e r depends upon t h e r a t i o of t h e moduli of s l i d e as w e l l a s t h e r a t i o of adhesive l a y e r thickness t o sheet thickness. The optimal j o i n t , therefore, req u i r e s g r e a t s t r e n g t h , g r e a t l a y e r thickness and s l i g h t adhesive rigidity. Section 4. Tension-Loaded Double-Bonded J o i n t
4.1
I n disregarding t h e e c c e n t r i c i t y of t h e shearing s t r e s s e s with respect t o t h e o u t e r sheets, t h e s l i d i n g of t h e adhesive l a y e r of t h e j o i n t i n Figure 2 a t point z can be expressed as follows:
After s u b s t i t u t i o n of t h e expressions f o r elongation of t h e bond as i n equation (3) i n t h e preceding section, t h e following d i f f e r e n t i a l equation i s obtained :
c-i,*s
E -
8,
.s
e Displacement Displacement
layers
~.
Deformation of t h e adhesive
Figure 2.
There i n :
1 :
z A t t h e edge, with z =
1 = f1 2 '
t h e maximum v a l u e of shearing s t r e s s ,
i . e . , t h e load increase c o e f f i c i e n t :
or w i t h s u f f i c i e n t l y long overlap:
This value of maximum shear s t r e s s a t t h e end o f t h e bond can again be d e r i v e d from t h e sheet s t r e s s and i s then
F i n a l l y , t h e q u a l i t y f a c t o r of t h e j o i n t w i l l again be:
10
4.2
I n 4.1, f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e adhesive s t r e s s e s , only t h e shear e l a s t i c i t y of t h e adhesive w a s taken i n t o consideration. The e c c e n t r i c a t t a c k of t h e shearing f o r c e s on t h e o u t e r bond was ignored. From t h e e c c e n t r i c i t y of t h e s t r e s s a t t a c k , however, as may be seen i n Figure 2b, t h e following equation of moments for a s e c t i o n i n t h e middle adhesive l a y e r i s obtained and therewith t h e equation f o r t h e bending l i n e of t h e o u t e r bond :
and a f t e r normalization w i t h
as w e l l a s introduction of t h e r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s
z = - 2c
A second equation, as i n 4.1, i s obtained from t h e shear deformat i o n of t h e adhesive; a f t e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of equation 1 7and w i t h r e s p e c t t o equation 3,
/8
11
LS'
-a.2
After introduction of elongation values i n equation 30 and carrying out t h e required d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s as w e l l as normalization, t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation of shear s t r e s s e s of the adhesive i s :
Equations 29 and 33 are coupled. For s o l u t i o n i.t i s advisable to solve equation 29 f o r 5' and t o introduce it i n t o equation 33. There i s thus obtained a homogeneous equation 6. Ordering f o r 2 can be performed without s p e c i a l d i f f i c u l t y . Thereafter, t h e inhomogeneous equation 33 can b e solved f o r T a l s o . The formula corresponds f a i r l y w e l l with t h a t of Goland and Reissner (Ref. 6) f o r t h e simple overlap method. The complete c a l c u l a t i o n i s not presented here because t h e same problem i s t r e a t e d i n t h e following sect i o n w i t h an elaborated formula.
/9
6)
calcuthe true
12
I f , on t h e contrary, t h e assumption i s made t h a t t h e peel stresses a l t e r l i n e a r l y over t h e layer thickness, then equation 34, as w e l l as t h e e q u i librium of moments i n h o r i z o n t a l s e c t i o n s i s s a t i s f i e d , and t h e shear s t r e s s e s can disappear a t t h e load-free edges of the bonded l a y e r a t t h e ends of t h e j o i n t .
The p e e l stress i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e adhesive l a y e r , i . e . , i n i t s while a t t h e upper and lower edge n e u t r a l f i b e r s , i s now designated (r Y' ( r y -Iof t h e adhesive l a y e r , on t h e contrary, it i s designated , corresponding to Figure 2b and e . Hence, equation 34 can b e w r i t t e n :
, . zI G;- - 5 2
L
(35)
Since t h e shear s t r e s s e s m u s t disappear a t t h e bond ends, t h e opposed displacement of t h e bond here a c t u a l l y reaches i t s maximum value and t h e deformation of t h e adhesive l a y e r from normal s t r e s s components can no longer be ignored. According t o Figure 2c, t h e elongations (rr
as a r e s u l t of
(rr
i n t h e lower h a l f of t h e adhesive l a y e r y i e l d t h e
deformation value:
(rr
and t h e r e
/10
tion
r ,
(39)
1 7and 40
there
Therein c
and
adhesive described i n equations 31 and 32. A f t e r introduction of t h e s e equations and execution of two f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s , as w e l l as normalization according t o equations 26 to 28, t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation f o r t h e adhesive shearing s t r e s s e s i s obtained: -. .. . . ..
,
Now equation 29 i s solved f o r T ' , f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d and i n t r o duced i n t o equation 42. Thereby, f i n a l l y , t h e following homogeneous equation f o r d i s developed:
14
/ I I
with
(44)
I n t h e s o l u t i o n of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c equations r e l a t e d t o equation The minor expressions r e l a t i n g t o t h e temporary p r i n c i p a l member were disregarded.
44 t h e
2 '
or a f t e r normalization
2)
For
5;
1 9 '
L
3) By d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of equation 24 t h e r e i s obtained
= 0 and t h e However, since i n place of T = - - t h e shear s t r e s s T 2 ' LO i n t e g r a l of t h e l e f t side disappears, y'" = 0 m u s t a l s o be obtained,
/12
4) From
_I
Because of t h e antisymmetrical s t r u c t u r e of t h e s o l u t i o n f o r 0 t h e sign of t h e r i g h t s i d e must be reversed a t Z = +-. 1 Then, a t t h i s point 2 a f t e r introduction of equation 29 and a f t e r normalization
After introduction of t h e l i m i t i n g conditions t h e following schema of equations for determination of t h e four i n t e g r a t i o n constants C of equation 44 are obtained i
16
Therein for c o e f f i c i e n t s a
ik
(53.2)
(53.3)
( 5 3 4)
"
With s o l u t i o n of t h e matrix of equation 52, t h e peel s t r e s s e s in t h e midplane of t h e adhesive l a y e r a r e known. N o w t h e shearing stresses can a l s o be c a l c u l a t e d from equation 42. This equation i s f i r s t w r i t t e n w i t h equations 45 t o 47 and with abbreviations
i n t h e described form
It i s :
1 8
I
form:
f,
FL
(57)
36 by
comparison of c o e f f i c i e n t s :
36 m u s t
/15
e/,
o r normalized
2)
For
1 = -: 2
for
a)
o r a f t e r normalization
with t h e coefficients:
20
~.
After solution of this system qf equations the shearing stresses are also known and there is still only the unequal factor Gr of the peel stress to be calculated from equation 35. After normalization and introduction of equation 57 there is, finally:
21
These c a l c u l a t i o n s with r e s p e c t t o d i s t r i b u t i o n of shearing stress over t h e l e n g t h of t h e seam y i e l d only s l i g h t deviations from t h e approximation repeated i n Section 4.1 (Refs. 3, 4, 5 ) . The stress i n crease f a c t o r , e s p e c i a l l y i n long j o i n t s , remains somewhat below t h e t h e o r e t i c a l value because t h e shearing s t r e s s maximum i s s e t back s l i g h t l y from t h e end of t h e bond. A t t h e bond end t h e shearing s t r e s s i n t h e adhesive zone i s zero. I n addition t o shearing s t r e s s e s , t h e r e are a l s o , however, p e e l s t r e s s e s of such notable magnitude t h a t dimensioning of bonds t o shear i s of less importance than dimensioning with respect t o peel. The g r e a t e s t p e e l s t r e s s e s occur i n a q u i t e narrow, almost punctiform region, a t t h e ends of t h e bond (Point a i n Figure 2 a ) .
A comparison of calculated results i n Figure 8 with photostress i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of S t i e r (Ref. 7) supports t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of a doublebonded j o i n t Qery w e l l .
/17
Section
5.
Summary
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of stress d i s t r i b u t i o n i n an adhesive l a y e r of overlap j o i n t s of shear-loaded j o i n t p a r t s f o r sheet connections t o spar webs o r t o r s i o n pipes l e a d s t o similar r e l a t i o n s h i p s , as they have long been recognized as approximations for tension-loaded overlap j o i n t s . The q u a l i t y grade of t h e s e j o i n t s increases with adhesive s t r e n g t h and with l a y e r thickness and decreases with r e s p e c t t o t h e modulus of elast i c i t y o r modulus of s l i d e of t h e adhesive. For symmetrical tension-loaded double-bonded j o i n t s c a l c u l a t i o n s are made with an expanded formula t h a t f u l f i l l s t h e l i m i t i n g conditions
'For t h e numerical working out of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s t h e Fa. Zuse KG kindly placed a t our d i s p o s a l i n i t s Hamburg computer center a type 223 computer. For h i s collaboration i n t h e programming i n A l c o r e t t e code, I a m g r a t e f u l to D r . Kunsemuller.
22
!'-
0., "
8.2
Shear stresses i n t h e adhesive
Q.9
0
D.Re*
ar;
Normal stresses i n
t h e adhesive
@ t Y
Q, 6
0.5
a'
04 8.3 623
o.1
Adhesive:
%k =
23
----l____l__l.-__
.,.,.
__
Shear s t r e s s e s i n t h e adhesive
I
!
Normal s t r e s s e s i n t h e adhesive
\;1.
'
I,
a'
Adhesive: '
El.
2
2
CI
Figure 4 Double-bonded j o i n t : l / s = 20 S t e e l sheet, s y n t h e t i c r e s i n adhesive: s/sL = 4
,
+-
24
- -.
Shear s t r e s s e s i n t h e adhesive
. 0.2
a'
-0
Normal s t r e s s e s i n t h e adhesive
I
Figure 5
Double-bonded j o i n t :
Dural sheet
L -
I
I
i
----------.
S t e e l sheet
\ Limiting value f o r
2/s
Figure
26
Variable
\ \'----\
- - < _ - - -
1
60
I
Constant
10
20
: / ? J
GO
50
i r -
u s
Figure 7 Double -bonded joint: .S = 0.8 ~mn Synthetic resin adhesive: sL = 0.2 m
27
Q
~
Stier's measurement
~~-. _
~
i
Araldit Muller s experiment