Q1.What is the need for computer graphics? Explain the different hardwares required for Graphics Programming. Ans.

In this time 21st century people doesnt have time to read huge number of pages. Todays world is of information technology, as the volume of information increases, problem to storage arises. So problem to solve computer graphics, Old hineses saying! One picture is worth of thousand words! can be modified. In this computer era into "One picture is worth of many #ilobytes of data!. $icture can represent a huge database li#e bar charts, pie charts etc. Suppose, we have to show the performance of some factory related with profit since 1%&'. One re(uires large number of pages to store this huge information related with financial, numerical and statistical information. ) common man re(uires a lot of time to understand it. )nd in this time same re(uires show with the help of computer graphic, such as bar chart or pie chart diagram i.e.. that we can e*press this data in pictorial form. So need for computer graphics. ) number of devices li#e +), cards, -a*./odem, 012om interfaces, stereo sound ards, and /ultimedia video support are put in e*pansion slots to add functionality to personal computers. The user fined it difficult to handle the co, plesities of I23s, 0I$ switches, 4umpers, and drivers. )pple has plug and play 5$n$6 as standard since 1%7& to #eep users free from configuration problems. $n$ as proposed by /icrosoft and Intel will ma#e $ s easy to set up and configure, ease the tas# of installing new hardware and software, and ability to change configurations set up dynamically on a configuration event. Q .!ustif" the statement #Windows $% is so popular#? Ans. The 8indows OS is popular because it supports a graphical user interface 59:I6, in which users can perform operations with the help of graphical ob4ects such as windows and buttons. )part from an intuitive 9:I, it supports various other features such as support for integrated application environment, multitas#ing, multimedia, and networ#ing.

Q&.What are the strengths of '()* operating s"stem? Ans.The :ni* operating system has been #nown and popular as a simple, small, portable, powerful, time1sharing operating system. ;owever, now it has also gained commercial strength. It is still the most portable and configurable of all operating systems. :ni* has adopted to the new hardware architecture and application re(uirements by incorporating new functionalities such as distributed file system, <11 base 9:Is, /ulti threading, disreputability and so on. :,I< became (uite popular within =ell +abs. Q+.,riefl"- narrate the histor" of graphics hardware technolog"? Ans. In early days, the high cost of the hardware for computer graphics remained the obstacle, which prevented their widespread use. omputers have been getting progressively more ine*pensive and it has become a household article these days. The microelectronics revolution and the subse(uent reduction in the price of the digital hardware have completely changed the situation. 0ue to this price reduction, it is now realistic to e*pect that all computers with graphic display hardware capability will be ma#ing e*tensive use of computer graphics. The announcement of the I=/ personal computer using 1>1bit Intel 7'77 microprocessor on )ugust 12, 1%71, can be regarded as a historic event, which had a profound effect in the world of computers. These computers significantly improved the state of display technology in the world of computers. The ne*t ma4or change in $ display technology was announced by )pple ompany in 1%7?, when it introduced the /acintosh $ . It was the first $ that did not include a te*t1based display but provided only a graphic display. The application programs developed for the /acintosh advocated 8@SI8@9 58hat @ou See Is 8hat @ou 9et6 style of interface. This concept has become a basic re(uirement in the area of des#top publishing 50T$6. The $ower$ As from I=/, )pple, and other vendors created a new standard for 0T$ computers. 8ith such a development, computer graphics and multimedia has become a necessity for all types of users.

Q.. /ow to ma0e graphics processing faster? Ans. Bideo.9raphic processing can be made faster in two waysC by using a graphic co1processor and a graphic accelerator. The graphic co1processor boosts video performance by assuming tas#s normally handled by the $:. )n accelerator ta#es control of graphic tas#, which are otherwise performed by the $:. ;owever, an accelerator is not programmable. It is a functioned processor, which caries out specific tas#s hard1coded into the chip. Q1. What is graphics processor? Wh" it is needed? Ans.9raphics processor helps in managing the screen faster with an e(uivalent software algorithm e*ecuted on the $:. Through the use of these processors certain amount of parallelism can be achieved for e*ecuting graphic commands. Several manufacturers of personal computers use a proprietary graphics processor. 9raphics processor provides interface additional processing capability to the e*isting $:. Some graphics processor areC Intel 5$entium, class $D E $>6, entaur 5I0T1 >, class $D6, yri* 5>*7>, class $>6,)/0 5F>, class $>6. 9raphics processor helps in managing the screen faster with an e(uivalent s.w algorithm e*ecuted on $: and certain amount of parallelism for completing the graphic command. Q2.3efine computer graphics and )nteracti4e computer graphics? Ans. omputer graphics can be defined as the use of computers to define, store, manipulate, interrogate, and present pictorial output of the data.Interactive computer graphics refers to devices and systems that facilitate the man1machine graphic communication. Q15.Gi4e the different applications of 6omputer Graphics. Ans.There are many different application of computer graphics. 1.,uilding 3esign and 6onstructionC1 omputer graphics are very useful tool for generating architects drawings and visualiGing structures. The architect can "8al# through! building, loo#ing at images on the computer

2. Electronics 3esign78In this time electric e(uipments li#e radio, television and computers are made up of many small electric devices and components. These parts are mounted on $ =s 5printed circuit board6 and interconnected by copper trac#s on boards. :ntil few years ago the design of $ =s was done entirely by hand. Today this procedure is completely computeriGed. +. 9echanical 3esign788e #now machines are simply comple* arrangement of mechanical parts. Today, constructive solid geometry techni(ue 5 S96 is used to design different parts on computer. .. Entertainment and Animation78 omputers are used in ma#ing cartoon animation films. It re(uires tedious calculation for which computers are ideally suited. 1. Aerospace )ndustr"78 )ircraft designer use computers to simulate the airflow over the wings. The air patterns around the wings are displayed on the graphics monitor. The patterns of the shoc# waves around the aircraft give the designer an idea about the area that may create unwanted turbulence. It is possible by using super computer such as 2)@ or HT). :. 9edical ;echnolog"78Today, omputeriGed a*ial Tomography 5 )T6 are used to compose the three dimensional model of the brain by ta#ing multiple <1rays of it. )T scan is very useful in detecting various problems li#e brain tumors etc. . 6artograph"78 omputer graphics is used to produce accurate and schematic representation of geographical and other natural phenomena from measurement data. &. Art and 6ommerce78 omputer graphics is used to produce pictures that e*press a message and attract attention. $ersonal computers and telete*t and videote*t terminals in public places such as museums, transportation terminals, supermar#ets and hotels, as well as in private homes, offer much simpler but still informative pictures that let users orient themselves, ma#e choices, or even "teleshop! and conduct other business transactions. Q:. (ame some graphics processors. Ans. Some graphics processors areC Intel 72&7> Te*as Instruments ?I'1'

Q11. (ame the 6omputer languages that support 6omputer Graphics. Ans.Some languages that support computer graphics areC 1.-O2T2),,2.=)SI ,I.$)S )+,?. Q21. What are pointing de4ices? Gi4e examples. Ans. ) pointing device is a hardware peripheral that allows user to point to ob4ects on the screen and perform operations on them, such as selecting, clic#ing, moving, and dragging. /ouse is an e*ample of pointing device. Q1..3efine the term Pixel- Aspects <atio and <esolution. Ans7 Pixel7 $i*el is defined as the smallest siGe ob4ect or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a monitor. )ny image that is displayed on the monitor is made up of thousands of such small pi*els. Aspects ratio7 The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of < pi*els to the number of @ pi*els. The standard aspect ratio $ s is ?CI and some use DC?. /onitors are calibrated to this standard so that when we draw a circle it appears to be a circle and not an ellipse. <esolutionC Image resolution refers as the pi*el spacing i.e. the distance from one pi*el to the ne*t pi*el. ) typical $ monitor displays screen images with a resolution somewhere between 2D pi*els per inch and 7' pi*els per inch. Q11. Explain the principle of drawing pictures on 6<;. Ans. In 2T, an electron gun produces a stream of electrons. This electron beam can be switched on.off through a heating system. The electron beam is focused towards the phosphor coated screen. The point where the beam hits the screen becomes phosphorent and produces a spec# of light. ) pair of focusing grids, focus the beam to a particular point on the screen. The grid controls the focusing with the help of magnetic.electric fields. In this way a whole picture can be drawn by illuminating the points on the screen. Q.+.What is sampling? Ans. The process of transfer of information from analog to digital is

called sampling. In other words the capture of a continuously varying (uantity at a precisely defined instant in time. Q12.Wh" 6 language is popular for graphics programming? Ans. has become a choice for todayAs professionals, developers for graphics programming. is a structured language and is rich in e*pressive power and applicable to a wide variety of users. =ecause of the rich set of graphical functions available, this language helps in designing for graphical applications. The code is small, fast, portable, and fle*ible. Q1+. 6ompare =etween <aster scan and <andom scan. Ans. <aster scan78 The raster scan display based on television technology . The electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time form top to bottom in a raster scan system. 2efreshing on raster scan display is carried out at the rate of >' to D' frames per second. <andom scanC1In 2andom scan the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where the picture is to be show. 2andom scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and for this reason they are also referred as vector display. 2efresh rate on random scan system depends on the number of lines to be displayed Q1:.Explain =riefl" the wor0ing principle of %hadow mas0 6<;. Ans.The Shadow /as# 2T is based on the principle of combining the basic colors 1 red, green and blue. The shadow mas# 2T, instead of using one electron gun, uses three different guns placed ad4acent to each other to form a triangle or a J0eltaJ. Hach pi*el point on the screen is made up of three types of phosphors to produce red, blue, and green colors. Kust in front of the phosphor screen, is a metal screen, called a Jshadow mas#J. This plate has holes placed strategically, so that the beams from the three electron guns are focused on particular color1 producing pi*el only. ,ow, unli#e the beam penetration 2Ts, the acceleration of the electron beam was being monitored, one can manipulate the intensity of the three beams simultaneously. If the red beam is made more intense, we get more of red color in the final combination etc. Since fine1

tuning of the beam intensities is comparatively simple, we can get much more combination of colors than the beam penetration case. Q1 . Explain the wor0ing principle of 3>%; s"stem. Ans.The 0irect Biew Storage Tube 50BST6 behaves li#e a 2T with highly persistent phosphor. $ictures drawn on this screen will be seen for several minutes 5?'1D' minutes6 before fading. It is similar to a 2T as far as the electronic gun and phosphor1coated mechanisms are concerned. ;owever, instead of the electron beam directly writing the pictures on the phosphor coated 2T screen, the writing is done with the help of a fine1 mesh wire grid. The grid made of very thin, high (uality wire is located with a dielectric and is mounted 4ust before the screen on the path of the electron beam from the gun. ) pattern of positive charges is deposited on the grid and this pattern is transferred to the phosphor coated 2T by a continuous flood of electrons. This flood of electrons is mounted by a Jflood gunJ, which is separate from the electron gun that produces the main electron beam.

Q22. Explain the wor0ing principle of 9ouse. )ns.) mouse is a small handled bo* used to position the screen cursor. It has two wheels at right angles to each other. Hach of these wheels is connected to the shaft encode. -or every incremental rotation of the wheel, an electrical signal

is produced by the shaft encode. )s the device is moved on a flat surface, the movement is coded in the * and y directions by counting the number of pulses received from the shaft encoder. These values are held in separate registers and the computer can sample them at a suitable rate. The device can, therefore, be used for a moving cursor around the display screen Q1&.(ame and explain 4arious graphical input interacti4e techniques. Ans. There are many name of graphical input interactive techni(ue. Positioning78This operation is used for locating or introducing a symbol at a desired location on the display, for defining end points of a straight line, and.or for generating polygons, circular arcs or other geometric figures. 6onstraintsC1) constraint is a rule for altering input co1ordinate values to produce a specified orientation or alignment of the displayed co1ordinates. ) horiGontal or vertical constraint is implemented by determining whether any two input co1ordinate end points are more nearly horiGontal or vertical. Grids78This is use to rectangular lines displayed in some part of the screen area, it is also #ind of constraint. Spacing between grid lines is often an option that can be set by user. Gra4it" ?ield78 onnecting between position and endpoints for constriction of figure. This conversion of in put position is accomplish by creating a gravity field area around the line. <u==er =and methods782ubber band method use to straight lines can be constructed and positioned. 8hich stretch out a line from a starting position as the screen cursor is moved, we first select a screen position for one endpoint of line. 3ragging78) techni(ue that is often used in interactive picture construction is to move ob4ects into position by dragging them with the screen cursor. )t a first we select the item the move to the cursor in direction, we want to ob4ect move . 3imensioning ;echniques78It is often desirable to display the coordinate position or the dimensions along with the ob4ect. This would be helpful in ascertaining the location of the ob4ect, when mere visible accuracy of location may not be enough. %election of $=@ects78One of the important points to be addressed is to

select parts of the picture for further operations. Once the selection is made properly, tas#s li#e moving, deletion, copying can be done. Q1&. Explain the get imageAB and put imageAB functions with a suita=le example. Ans7 get image5 6C This function captures the image inside the rectangle whose diagonal is specified by 5*1, y16 and 5*2,y26 . The captured image is stored in the array buf. H*ampleC11 get image5?7,?7,1D2,1D2,buf6L $ut image 5 6C This function copies the image captured using get image starting at location 5*,y6. H*ampleC put image5 I,D',buf, O$@M$:T6L Q2+. Explain the wor0ing of Cight pen along with a diagram. Ans. +ight pen has a very simple wor#ing. Hvery pi*el on the screen that is a part of the picture emits light. )ll that the light pen does is to ma#e use of this light signal to indicate the position. ) small aperture is held against the portion of the picture to be modified and the light from the pi*els falls on a photocell, after passing through the aperture. This photocell converts the light signal received from the screen to an electrical pulse to be sent as a signal sent to the computer. Since the electrical signal is rather wea#, an amplifier amplifies it before being sent to the computer. ) Jtrac#ing softwareJ #eeps trac# of the position of the light pen always. Through the use of the trac#ing software, a signal received by the light pen at any point indicates the portion of the picture that needs to be modified. ,ote when the pen is being moved to its position, to the position where the modification is re(uired, it will encounter various other light sources on the way. These light sources should not trigger the computer to accept the signal. So the aperture of the light pen is normally #ept closed till the final position is reached, and then it can be opened by a switch. Q+2.What is multimedia? Ans./ultimedia can be defined as presentation of information with integration of multiple media elements that can be used on and manipulated by computer. This media includes graphic software, video, audio, animation software, and computer hardware such as 0 players, scanners and cameras.

Q++.What are the main components of 9ultimedia? Ans. The components of /ultimedia are as followsC Te*t 9raphics Sound )nimation Bideo Q21.With the help of an illustrationexplain how initgraphAB function wor0s. Ans.The initgraph56 function is used to initialiGe the graphics system to load appropriate graphics dri4e and video mode used by the graphics functions. The synta* of this function isC initgraph5int Ndriver, int Nmode, char Npath6 )s its parameters, you must specify the graphics mode such as H9), or B9) 5depends on the graphics adapter being used6, the graphics driver 5a program that interfaced between the hardware and your program6, and path of the graphics driver. -or e*ample, to initialiGe graphics mode in 9) high resolution modeC int gdriver O 1, gmodeO?L initgraph5Egdriver, Egmode, JdCPPtcPPbgiJ6L -or e*ample, to select the best driver and mode possible on a computerC int gdriver O 0HTH T, gmodeL initgraph5Egdriver, Egmode, JdCPPtcPPbgiJ6L Q2D.Cist the different graphics functions along with example. Ans. supports various graphics functions, such asC line5int *1, int y1, int *2, int y26C This draws a line from position 5*1, y16 to 5*2, y26 H*ampleC line51',D',1',1''6L bar5int *1, int y1, int *2, int y26C This draws a filled rectangle with diagonal from 5*1, y16 to 5*2,y26 bar51',2D,1'',&D6 circle5int *, int y, int r6C This draws a circle with center at 5*, y6 and radius of r. H*ampleC circle5D',D',1'6 arc5int *, int y, int start, int end, int r6C This draws an arc of circle with the center at 5*,y6, radius r and start and end specified in degrees to mention

the portion of the circle that forms the arc. H*ampleC arc51'',1'',',%',2'6 draws the first (uarter of the circle, arc with center 51'',1''6 and radius 2'. Q25. (ame the different positioning de4ices Agraphic di4ecesB. Ans.The various positioning devices areC 1./ouse 2.Tablet I.Koystic# ?.0igitiGer D.+ight pen >.Trac# ball 9ouse7 ) mouse is a small handled bo* used to position the screen cursor. It has two wheels at right angles to each other. Hach of these wheels is connected to the shaft encode. -or every incremental rotation of the wheel, an electrical signal is produced by the shaft encode. )s the device is moved on a flat surface, the movement is coded in the * and y directions by counting the number of pulses received from the shaft encoder. These values are held in separate registers and the computer can sample them at a suitable rate. The device can, therefore, be used for moving a cursor around the display screen. ;rac0 ,all7 Two orthogonal wheels controlling the potentiometers are driven by the trac#er ball. If the ball is moved at right angles to the direction of one of the wheels then that wheel is not affected. The trac#er ball is useful when the cursor on the screen is to be moved by a small amount. This device is (uite slow for large movements of the cursor. !o" %tic07 The prototype of the mouse is a 4oystic#. The name suggests, we have a stic# that can be moved in allpossible directions and amount of movement in that direction controls the curser movement. Once the curser arrives at the desired position, clic#ing the buttons can choose the picture and any modification can be made. In fact, the 4oystic#s were originally used for video games, but later on modified for the more accurate graphics re(uirements. ;owever, both the mouse and 4oystic#s may appear a bit cumbersome for the new users. They find some difficulty in aligning the curser to the precisely desired positions. 3igitiEer7 ) ommon device for drawing, painting or interactively selecting co1 ordinate positions on an ob4ect is a digitiGer. These devices can be used to input co1ordinate values in either 210 or in I10 space. One type of digitiGer is the graphics tablet, which is used to input two

dimensional co1ordinates by activating a hand cursor or stylus at selected positions on a flat surface.

Q2..6ompare the features of text and graphics mode? Ans.The following table compares the te*t and graphics modesC Text mode Graphics mode You can only You can display, handle text. capture, and animate figures. You can display in You can display 16 colors on a various colors. color monitor. Text mode display The resolution of is in two forms, 25 the graphics mode rows of ! depends on the columns or 25 adapter. rows of "! columns. Q11./ow man" colors are there in <G, 6olor mode? )ns. 29= images use three colors, 2ed, 9reen, and =lue. These colors are #nown as primary colors. Q+ ./ow do graphics help in digital imaging? Ans. In digital imaging, film less camera may capture an image electronically, or an image may be traditionally created and scanned, or it may be created directly on the computer using graphics pac#ages. The last option is where graphics help digital imaging. 0irect graphics can be created on a computer in sophisticated, feature1rich pac#ages such as $hotoshop. These graphics editing pac#ages allow creation of realistic digital images for use in multimedia applications. In addition, graphics pac#ages also help to edit digital images, which have been scanned or captured in digital cameras. Q+1.Gi4e different applications for multimedia? Ans./ultimedia finds application in the field of entrainment, mar#eting, broadcasting, advertising, publication, telecommunications, training, collaborative engineering, and design manufacturing process because of its user1friendly operation.

Q2 .3e4elop a 6 program to draw a structure of a fish and gi4e animation. Ans. QincludeRgraphics.hS QincludeRstdio.hS QincludeRstdlib.hS QincludeRconio.hS QincludeRdos.hS void main56 T int gdriverO0HTH T,gmodeL int iL initgraph5Egdriver,Egmode,JeCPPtcPPbgiJ6L int ma*MyOgetma*y56.2L iO'L setcolor5=+:H6L while5U#bhit566 T line5'Vi,ma*MyVI','Vi,ma*My1 I'6L .NtriangleN. line5'Vi,ma*MyVI',I'Vi,ma*My6L line5'Vi,ma*My1 I',I'Vi,ma*My6L ellipse5%'Vi,ma*My,',I>',>',ID6L circle512'Vi,ma*My1D,D6L iOiVIL if5iSO>ID6 iO'L delay51''6L cleardevice56L W getch56L closegraph56L W Inform the students that the path "eCPPtcPPbgi! should be changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has been tested on Turbo I.'. Q+:.What are sound cards? Ans.Sound card is the hardware for sound input and output. It is used with spea#ers, headphones, and microphones to record and play sound. Some sound cards also include /I0I, .8av, and /$I.

Q2&.3e4elop a 6 program to draw a car shape and mo4e the car using animation functions. Ans. QincludeRgraphics.hS QincludeRconio.hS QincludeRdos.hS QincludeRstdlib.hS void carMwheel5int *,int y6 T setcolor58;ITH6L setfillstyle5SO+I0M-I++,8;ITH6L circle5*,y,1'6L floodfill5*,y,8;ITH6L circle5*,y,2D6L W void carMbody56 T carMwheel5D',2''6L carMwheel52'',2''6L setcolor52H06L line52D,2'',',21'6L line5?',1>',&',1I'6L bar51'D,11',12D,1I'6L line5',1>',?',1>'6L line5&',1I',1&',1I'6L line51&',1I',2'',1>'6L line51&D,2'',&D,2''6L line52'',1>',2>',1>'6L line52>',1>',2>',2''6L line52>',2'',22D,2''6L arc5D',2'',',17',2D6L arc52'',2'',',17',2D6L setfillstyle5SO+I0M-I++,2H06L floodfill51D',1&',2H06L W void main56 T int gdriver O 0HTH T,gmodeL int iL void NbuffL initgraph5Egdriver,Egmode,JeCPPtcPPbgi J6L carMbody56L buffOmalloc5imagesiGe5',1'',2&',2I'66L getimage5',1'',2&',2I',buff6L putimage5',1'',buff,<O2M$:T6L iO'L while5U#bhit566 T if5iSD''6 iO'L putimage5i,1'',buff,O2M$:T6L delay5&D6L putimage5i,1'',buff,<O2M$:T6L putimage5iVD,1'',buff,O2M$:T6L delay5&D6L putimage5iVD,1'',buff,<O2M$:T6L i OiV1'

W closegraph56L restorecrtmode56L getch56L W Inform the students that the path "dCPPtcPPbgi! should be changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has been tested on Turbo I.'. Q1..(ame the different selections tools. Ans. The selection tools in $hotoshop include the +asso tool, $en tools, /ar(uee Tool, and $ath selection tool. Q+5.What is the use of mallocAB function in 6. Ans. The malloc56 function allocates memory for an ob4ect. The number of bytes of memory to be allocated is specified as its parameter. Q+1.Explain the use of getimageAB and putimageAB with a suita=le examples? Ans.The getimage56 function captures the image inside the rectangle whose diagonal is defined by 5*1, y16, and 5*2,y26,where *1, y1, *2, and y2 are the first four parameters of getimage56. The captured image is stored in an array, which is specified as the last parameter of getimage56. -or e*ample, to capture a rectangle whose diagonal is defined by 51', D'6 and 5D', 12D6, you can use the getimage56 function asC int area O imagesiGe51',D',D',12D6L unsigned char N buf O malloc5arear6L getimage51',D',D',12D, buf6L The putimage56 function copies the image captured using getimage56, starting at location 5*, y6, where * and y are the first two parameters of this function. The image to be captured is specified as the third parameter. The fourth parameter of this function specifies how the image has to be copied and ta#es any of the following valuesC O$@M$:T or ', which copies the image as it is <O2M$:T or 1, which performs an e*clusive O2 between the bac#ground pi*els and the image pi*els O2M$:T or 2, which performs an inclusive O2 between the bac#ground pi*els and the image pi*els

),0M$:T or I, which performs an ),0 between the bac#ground pi*els and the image pi*els ,OTM$:T or ?, which inverts the pi*els of the image. -or e*ample, animate a rectangle as it is you can use the O$@M$:T option in putimageC putimage51',D', buf, O$@M$:T6L

Q+..With illustration =riefl" narrate the origin and de4elopment of multimedia technolog"?

)ns. /ultimedia is an effective medium

to e*press information in a more attractive way. It ma#es use of te*t, pictures, audio, animation, and video. It was started more then 2D years ago. ;owever, it only became popular with the advent of des#top computers.)udio was the first multimedia data incorporated into des#top computing, with the introduction of soundboards built around the tone1 synthesis chips. In addition, video could also be captured, displayed and stored on a computer dis# with the help of digital overlay and capture boards installed on any ordinary computer. ;owever, the use of audio and video on des#top computers was limited due to their large siGe and high computing power re(uirements. These limitations were overcome through the introduction of compression.decompression engines for reducing the siGes of these files. )s the demand increased for multi standard compression on the same system, several manufacturers introduced a new generation of compression chips that supported software programming. These chips contained hardware engines for operations re(uiring high computing power and also integrated processors that can be programmed to control data flow within the chip. Such technologies made audio and video boards capable of transferring data to computer systems efficiently, in some cases, in real time.The advent of 2IS technology, parallel

processing architecture, high speed hard dis#, optical dis# drives and a variety of interfacing devices made it possible to design computer systems that have multimedia features as standards. The latest brea#through in the field of multimedia was the advent of the Internet and other high1speed networ#ing technologies. These have presented new opportunities such as video conferencing, medical imaging, and scientific visualiGation. Q.2.Explain how sound helps in multimedia. What are the ma@or t"pes of sound files? Ans.Sound in multimedia can include speech, special effect sounds, and music. Sound is an essential component of a multimedia production, such as video or animation, and presentations. It helps to ma#e a multimedia application, entertaining, easy to understand, and more presentable. -or e*ample, a presentation used for computer1based training can be more effective for students, if the te*t is also read out as it is displayed. The ma4or types of sound file formats include 8ave files and /I0I files. Q+&.What are the different choices for digital imaging? Ans.There are three different choices for digital imagingC ) film less camera may capture an image electronically The image may be created within the computer using various paints and illustration programs The image may be created traditionally and than scanned into digital form Q. . Wh" do we use a scanner? (ame the different t"pes of scanners? Ans. Scanner is a peripheral device, which captures real ob4ect or image and saves it in a digital file as a graphic. 0ifferent types of scanner are as followsC The different types of scanners areC11 ?lat=ed or %heet8fed %cannerC )lmost everyone feels comfortable with flatbed scanner because they li#e and function familiarly li#e a small des#top $hotoshop machine. $ainting s or prints to be scanned are placed face downward on a

glass platen, the cover in closed and the user starts the scan. The unit and the page remain stationary as a 01 Tipped are steadily moves down the platen and systematically "reads! every s(uare inch, simultaneously transferring the data to the computer. ) sheet1fed scanner is similar to a flatbed scanner, e*cept the individual pages are fed into a thin slot and then pulled alo'ng past a stationary 0 by system of rollers, gears and steppers motors. /andheld %canner7 ;andheld scanner is used to import 21dimensional paper, photos prints, illustrations or anything flat into a computer. The user carefully pushes the handheld scanner down the page as if he painting a wall in slow motion.Theadvantages of a handheld scanner is that it is one of the least e*pensive and faster way to scan in visuals, especially small photographs or illustrations. ?ilm scanner7 -latbed, sheet1fed and handheld scanners are all designed to read reflected light of an opa(ue of paper. They are inappropriate for transparencies or negatives, which re(uire a much higher resolution and scanned by passing light through them. ) des#top film scanner shines light directly through a stationary negative or transparencies onto slow moving still that contains a 0. +ine by line, the image is digitiGed and fed into the computer. The physical movement of the 0 is much more precise than that of a flatbed scanner, and the scan for more detailed. +83 %canners7 ) I10 scanner 5 which is sometimes also called an array scanner6 is specifically designed to image a three dimensional ob4ect. /ost I1 0 scanners loo# li#e miniature television security cameras and use a lens that resembles a high (uality camera lens. Some I10 scanners are fi*ed copy stand devices designed to scan ob4ects with limited depth or height.

Q12.What is gamut in Photoshop? )ns. The series of colors that a color system can demonstrate or print is called gamut in $hotoshop. ) color that can be displayed in 29= may be out of gamut, and therefore unprintable, for your /@F setting.

Q+D.What are the different 0inds of film less cameras a4aila=le in the mar0et?

)ns. There are five different types of film

less cameras suitable for digital imaging available in the mar#et7 Bideo floppy dis# ameras 0igital ameras $ / I) ameras -ilmless amera bac#s Still Bideo ameras

Q1 .What is ?ile ?ormat? (ame the different image file formats? Ans. The method by which the software organiGes the data in the saved file is called the file format. The file name e*tension or suffi*es indicate the format or usage of a file and a brief description of that format. Several different types of file format are used by various #ind of software to save files. -or e*ample, the 9I- file format used for 8eb page images is standard formats that can be opened by any program that supports it. The various image file format are as followsC Tagged1Image -ile -ormat 5TI--6 9raphics Interchange -ormat 59I-6 Koint $hotographic H*perts 9roup 5KH$96 Hncapsulated $ostScript 5H$S6 $ortable 0ocument -ormat 5$0-6 $ortable ,etwor# 9raphics 5$,96 T9)1 Targa ,9P78 =/$ is the standard 8indows bitmap image format on 0OS and 8indows1compatible computers.) graphics file format used as a standard

for the /icrosoft windows graphics user interface. It stores raster graphics images. !PEG or AG)?B7 Koint $hotographic H*perts 9roup 5K$H96 format is commonly used to display photographs and other continuous1tone images in hyperte*t mar#up language 5;T/+6 documents over the 8orld 8ide 8eb and other online services. K$H9 images give us the best color and the smallest file siGe. If our image contains line art or needs to have transparent areas, use the 9I-7%a H*port command. To #eep file siGe to a minimum, choose ImageS /odeS Inde*ed olor, and use the fewest number of colors that still give good results. ?ilmstrip7 The -ilmstrip format is used for animation or movie files. Only images that were e*ported from )dobe $remiere in the -ilmstrip file format can be saved in the -ilmstrip file format in )dobe $hotoshop. I--C1 The )miga Interchange -ile -ormat 5I--6 is used for wor#ing with Bideo Toaster and transferring files to and from the ommodore )miga system. In addition, this format is supported by a number of paint programs on I=/11 compatible computers, including 0elu*e $aint from Hlectronic )rtsL I-- is the best e*port format to use with that program. P3?7 $0- can represent both vector and bitmap graphics. -or the purpose of representing pages, $0- pages are identical to $ostScript pages, but $0files can also contain electronic document search and navigation features. <aw7 The 2aw format is a fle*ible file format for transferring files between applications and computer platforms.2aw format consists of a stream of bytes describing the color information in the file. G)?7 The 9raphics Interchange format. ) common graphics format of storing raster graphics.This format is made popular by the computer serve and is supported by a number of hardware platforms. Q.1.Explain how mo4ing images are recorded on the hard dis0. Ans. /oving images can be captured or copied on the hard dis# with the help of a capture board. 0igital cameras 2- or audio and video ports are connected to the corresponding 2- of )udio video ports available in the capture board. 8ith the help of any Bideo

studio software live images can be captured and stored on the hard dis#. Q.5.Explain how an artist can ma0e use of multimedia software for his wor0. Ans. )n artist can create illustrations using illustration software such as )dobe Illustrator. ;e can also apply special effects to e*isting and new images through filters such as those in $hotoshop and Illustrator. In addition, he can scan hand1drawn illustrations and apply effects to or edit them. ;e can also create animation and add sound to his artwor# using such software. Q.&.What are the components of a multimedia s"stem? Ans.The components of a multimedia system are as followsC Q.:.What is the meaning of file format? Ans. The method by which software organiGes the data in the saved file is called the file format. The file name e*tension or suffi*es indicate the format or usage of the file. Several different types of file formats are used by various #inds of software. -or e*ampleC the 9Ifile format used for 8eb page images is a standard format that can be opened by any program that supports that standard format. Q.1.Explain the meaning of the following terms7 9orphing- <enderingWrapping. Ans. 9orphing7 It is the process of transformation of one image to another by the transformation and distortion of corresponding points in both the images. The best e*ample will be Fawasa#i advertisement where the motorbi#e changes into a cheetah. <endering7 The process of converting your designed ob4ects with te*turing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Wrapping7 It is the process where certain parts of the image could be mar#ed for a change and made to change to different one for e*ample legs of cheetah to be morphed with the wheels and head with head lights. ;ead can alone be mar#ed and wrapped. /onitor $: /ouse Feyboard /icrophone 0 drive and disc Spea#er 0igital camera Koystic# Scanner $rinter 8eb camera

Q1:.Gi4e the steps to use ru==er stamp tool. Ans. To use the rubber stamp tool 5 lone tool6, perform the following stepsC Open the image that you want to clone. Select rubber stamp tool. Select an appropriate brush siGe and style from the =rush drop down in the options bar at the top. )lso set values for other options such as blending mode, opacity, and flow. 0etermine how you want to align the sampled pi*els. If you select )ligned, you can release

the mouse button without losing the current sampling point. )s a result, the sampled pi*els are applied continuously, no matter how many times you stop and resume painting. If you deselect )ligned, the sampled pi*els are applied from the initial sampling point each time you stop and resume painting. Select :se )ll +ayers to sample data from all visible layersL deselect :se )ll +ayers to sample only from the active layer. $ress )lt and clic# the image that you want to clone, to select the source point for cloning. :se the brush to clone the image by dragging the mouse on another area. The image will be cloned in that area. Q...What is animation? Explain different t"pes of animation techniques. Ans. )nimation is the process in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually and viewed in rapid succession to give an illusion of continuous movement. On $ s the two main types of animation techni(ues are as followsC $=@ect animationC Ob4ect animation is the moment of unchanged te*t, and ob4ect around the screen. This type of animation is relatively easy to develop. -or e*ample, a multimedia presentation is a software programmer to create a (uic# multimedia presentation. reating

an ob4ect animation usually involves specifying a path for the animated ob4ect to flow. 6ell animationF?rame animation7 -rame animation is made up of different frames or screensL they are rapidly displayed to simulate motions. -rame or cell animation ma#es it possible to appear to bend together, creating the effect of motion. )nother form of animation is /O2$;I,9. /orphing involves a transition between two ob4ects over a given number of frames. i.e. The first ob4ect appears to turn into the second ob4ect. )nimation is truly fun component in /ultimedia. Q. Wh" refreshing is required in 6<;? Ans.8hen an electron beam stri#es a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of a second and then fades. )s brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen image becomes unstable and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a stable image, the electron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and return to redraw it number of times per second. That is, the screen must be refreshed multiple times in a second.

Q.D.Explain the significance of file extensions and file formats. )ns.-ile formats organiGe and store data in a specific format. The (uality and characteristics of the format decide the (uality and usage of the data stored in the file, and the applications with which the file will be compatible. -or e*ample, a graphic can be saved as a bitmap file or a 9I- file. In the first case, the (uality of the graphic is good because bitmap format does not compress data, whereas 9Idoes. ;owever, the siGe of the file in the first case will be much more than the siGe of the file in the second case. Therefore, bitmap graphics cannot be used on web pages because they ta#e a lot of time to load, whereas 9I- graphics can be used. -ile e*tensions help a user as well as an application to identify the file format. -or e*ample, you can identify a graphic file by its e*tension such as .gif or .4pg. Similarly when you double clic# on a .gif

file, 8indows would read the e*tension and select the appropriate program for opening the file.

Q1+.What is a la"er? Ans. It is introduced in $hotoshop I.'. This totally revolutioniGed $hotoshop .) layer is simply an image stac#ed on top of another or in other words. +ayers can be visualiGed as transparent sheets placed over one another in an image. reating a layered image refers to putting different ob4ects on different levels in a se(uence. . @ou can create empty layers and add content to them, or you can create new layers from e*isting content. 8hen you create a new layer, it appears either above the selected layer or within the selected layer set in the +ayers palette. +ayer sets help you organiGe and manage layers. @ou can use layer sets to easily move layers as a group, to apply attributes and mas#s to groups of layers, and to reduce clutter in the +ayers palette. @ou cannot create a new layer set within an e*isting layer set. Q11.What are editing ;ools? Ans.Hditing tools are used to fine1tune or modify graphic elements. $hotoshop delivers high1powered image editing, photo retouching, and composition tools. It also supports features, such as /a#ing olor )d4ustments, )uto olor ommand, )d4ustment +ayers and -ill +ayers, and /as#ing +ayers to help you get professional1(uality results. There are two types of editing toolsC11 Eraser tool7 If we are wor#ing in the bac#ground, the pi*els are changed to the bac#ground color. If we are wor#ing in a layer, the color is replaced by transparency. %mudge tool7 The smudge tool simulates the actions of dragging a finger through us paint. The tool pic#s up color from where the stro#e begins and pushes it in the direction in which you drag. Q.%election tools in Photoshop7 8

A(%7 Selection tool are used to facilitate the process of ma#ing selection of shapes, colors and ob4ect inside the $hotoshop, and positioning them in wor#ing image area with tools li#e the magnetic lasso and magic wand $hotoshop pac#s a powerful array of selection gadgets. In $hotoshop selections are used to wor# in a specified area, while not alter you any of the area around it. In many regards a selection is a lot li#e a stencil. 0ifferent selection tools areC 1.2ectangle mar(uee tool, 2.+asso tool, I.$ainting tool, ?.2ubber stamp tool, D.Hditing tool.

Q1&.Gi4e the steps to use the image printing utilit" of Photoshop? Ans.In $hotoshop, you can print a complete image, selected area of an image, or even one or more layers. To print a complete image, select -ile 11S $rint from the main menu 5or press trl V $6. The $rint dialog bo* opens up as shown in the following figureC Hnsure that the )ll radio button is selected. @ou can also set the print resolution by selecting it from the $rint 3uality drop1down. )fter ma#ing the desired print settings clic# OF to print. To print a selected area, ma#e a selection in the image using the 2ectangular /ar(uee tool and select -ile S$rint. Select the Selection option button in the $rint dialog bo* and clic# OF. ,ote that by default, $hotoshop prints all visible layers and channels. If you want to print 4ust certain layers or channels, ma#e them the only ones that are visible and then print. @ou can also choose to print the filename, along with crop mar#s, registration mar#s and a caption along with the image. To set such options, select -ile S$age Setup in $hotoshop >. The $age Setup dialog bo* opens as shown in the following figureC @ou can select the chec#bo*es if you want to include the corresponding options in the printed imageC 6aption7 Selecting this chec#bo* will

print a caption with the image. This caption can be set in the -ile Info dialog bo*. To open the -ile Info dialog bo* select -ile S -ile Info, and choose aption from the Section drop1 down list. Type a caption in the aption te*t area and clic# OF. alibration =arsC Select this chec#bo* to print the calibration and color bars for your image. ) calibration bar is a row of 11 gray s(uares of different values. ) color bar is a row of 11 colors. These bars can be helpful when trying to calibrate to a specific printer. This option is available only for a $ostScript printer. 2egistration /ar#sC Select this chec#bo* to print a registration mar# such as bullAs eyes around the image. These mar#s can be helpful for aligning color separations. orner rop /ar#sC Select this chec#bo* to view horiGontal and vertical lines around the corners of the image, defining where the image should be trimmed.

enter rop /ar#sC Select this chec#bo* to view the e*act center of the image defined by two crossed lines. +abelsC Select this chec#bo* to print the file name ne*t to the image. @ou can also print the name of the appropriate color channel if you are using color separations. ,egativeC Select this chec#bo* to print an image that appears li#e a negative of the original image. 8ith this option selected, the colors are reversed. Hmulsion 0ownC Select this chec#bo* to print the image as a horiGontal mirror image of the original image. InterpolationC Interpolation refers to a printerAs ability to resample an image as they print it to improve its resolution. This option is useful in case of low1resolution images. The buttons on the left side also present some useful options such as printing a border around the image and printing a bac#ground with the image. Q+:.Write a program in G6H to draw a circle and animate it on the screen. Ans7 QincludeRgraphics.hS, QincludeRstdio.hS, QincludeRdos.hS, QincludeRconio.hS, QincludeRalloc.hS

QincludeRmath.hS, void main56 T int driverO0HTH T, modeL void NbufL unsigned siGeL int iL initgraph5Edriver,Emode,JcCPPtcPPbgiJ6L circle51'',1'',D'6L siGeOimagesiGe5D',D',1&',1&'6L bufOmalloc 5siGe6L getimage5D',D',1&',1&',buf6L for5iO'LiR?7'LiVV6 T cleardevice56L putimage5i,1'',buf,'6L delay51'6L W getch56L W

e.getpi*el5int *, int y6LThis function returns the color in which the pi*el5*,y6 is illuminated. f.moveto5int *,y6L1 This function position the cursor into the pi*el5*,y6 g.lineto5int *, int y6L This function draws a line from the current cursor position to 5*,y6. h.line5int *1, int y1,int *2, int y26L This function draws a line from 5*1,y16 to 5*2,y26 i.bar5int *1, int y1, int *2 , int y26L This draws a rectangle with diagonal from5*1,y16 to 5*2,y26. K.barId5int *1, int y1,int *2, int y2,depth,topflag6L This function provides a I dimensional view of rectangle bo*es. This draws a rectangle with diagonal from5*1,y16 to *2,y26 and with depth specified in ht variable depth. If the top flag is non Gero , a top is added to the bar, and hence1I10imensional view is possible otherwise the bar has no top.

Q 1D.Cist and explain an" four Graphics ?unctions of G6H Canguage. Ans7 9raphics functions of Xc +anguages areC11 a. initgraph 5int driver, int mode, char path6L 1This function is used to initialiGe the graphics system to load the appropriate specified graphics driver and video mode used by the graphics function. b.restorecrtmode56L This function restores the screen to the mode that it had prior to the call to initgraph56. c.setpalatte5int inde*, int color6L This function chooses an inde* for palette and matches the color with the inde* and this color sets the bac#ground of 9) mode. d.putpi*el5int *, y, int color6L This function illuminates the pi*el represented by * and y coordinates in the color represented by color.

F.circle5int *, int y,radius6L This function draws a circle centered at 5*,y6 with the radius specified by the variable radius 5in terms of number of pi*els 6 in the current drawing color. +.arc5int *, int y, int start, int end, int radius6L This function draws an arc of the circle with radius as specified in the variable radius and with center at 5*,y6. start and end given in degrees to mention the portion of he circle that form the arc. H*ampleC11 arc51'',1'',',%',2'6L m.pieslice5int *, int y, int start, int end, int radius6L1 This function wor#s in the same way as are but it provides the 2 radii from center to start and end H*ampleC pieslice51'',1'',%',17',D'6L n.ellipse5int *, int y, int start, int end, int *rad, int yard6L This function draws an ellipse with *rad as radius along * a*is and yard as radius along y a*is. The start and end should be ' and I>' for full

ellipse. )rc of ellipse can also be drawn by changing the start and end values as used in the function arc56. H*ampleC11 ellipse51'',D',',I>',I',1D6C Q.)f we use + =its for primar" colorshow man" different colors are possi=le? /ow man" different choices of colors are possi=le if we ha4e 2. =its for a pixel? )ns. 5a6 If I bits for primary colors are used then 7 different colors are possible. I bit representation allow each primary to vary independently between two intensity levelsC ' E 1. ;ence, each pi*el can ta#e any one of the 7 colors. 5b6 If we have 2? bits for a pi*elC Since, with one byte for each primary color results in 2D> different intensity levels for each primary colors. Y Thus a pi*el can ta#e on a color from 2D> N2D> N2D> O 1>.& million possible colors. Q.With the help of an example- explain text mode AB Ic function. Ans. Te*t mode 56 1C te*t mode handle te*t only. It display in two form 2D rows of ? column or 2D rows of 7' columns. Te*t mode can have 2 color in monochrome monitor and 1> colors in color monitor. $rint f 56 function helps the te*t so that can they display on the monitor. Te*t mode 5te*t mode Zint mode[ function sets the no of 2ow and columns of the screen. /ode variable have ? value ', 1, 2, I where ' represent ?' column with blac# and 8hite , 1 represent ?' column with color , 2 represent 7' column with blac# and white , I represents 7' column with color. H.g. 1 te*t mode 5I6 it means set the screen to 7' columns with color. 3.What are color models? (ame the different color models. Q+5. 6ompare <G,- /%, and 69JK color models. Ans7 PhotoshopLs <G, mode uses the 29= model, assigning an intensity value to each pi*el ranging from ' 5blac#6 to 2DD 5white6 for each of the 29= components in a color image. 29= images use three colors, or channels, to

reproduce up to 1>.& million colors on1 screenL the three channels translate to 2? 57 * I6 bits of color information per pi*el. )lthough 29= is a standard color model, the e*act range of colors represented can vary, depending on the application or display device. PhotoshopLs 69JK mode, each pi*el is assigned a percentage value for each of the process in#s. The lightest 5highlight6 colors are assigned small percentages of process in# colors, the dar#er 5shadow6 colors higher percentages. :se the /@F mode when preparing an image to be printed using process colors. 8e can also use /@F mode to wor# directly with /@F images scanned or imported from high1end systems. )lthough /@F is a standard color model, the e*act range of colors represented can vary, depending on the press and printing conditions. PhotoshopLs /G, mode7 =ased on the human perception of color, the ;S= model describes three fundamental characteristics of colorCHue is the color reflected from or transmitted through an ob4ect. It is measured as a location on the standard color wheel, e*pressed as a degree between '\ and I>'\. In common use, hue is identified by the name of the color such as red, orange, or green. Saturation- sometimes called chroma, is the strength or purity of the color. On the standard color wheel, saturation increases from the center to the edge. Brightness is the relative lightness or dar#ness of the color, usually measured as a percentage from '] 5blac#6 to 1''] 5white6.

Q.(ame and explain the different tools a4aila=le in Photoshop. Ans. Z1M <ectangle 9arquee ;ool Y this tools let us select rectangular or elliptical areas by dragging over an area of the image. N2M lasso tool Y it allows us ma#e a selection by dragging a freehand outline around an image. N+M ?ocus tool Y it include the blur tool, which lets us blur hard edges or areas in

an image to reduce detail and the sharpen tool. N.M %electing tool Y we select this tool by clic#ing its icon in the toolbo* or dragging to select its icon from a pull out menu. N1M Editing tool Y it includes the eraser tool and smudge tool. N:M painting tool Y it includes the airbrush tool, paint brush tool, pencil tool, line tool, rubber stamp tool , gradient tool, paint brush tool. N M $ther tools Y it includes cropping an image, eyedropper tool. Q2:.'se graphics function to draw concentric circles? Ans. QincludeRconio.hS QincludeRgraphics.hS

The process of removal of e*traneous noise that inevitable creeps into a recording is called filtering.

Q includeRstdio.hS main 56 T int gdriver O 0HTH T, gmodeL .N initialiGe graphics mode N.initgraph5Egdriver, Egmode, JdCPPtcPPbgiJ6L
circle51'',1'',%'6L circle51'',1'',D'6L circle51'',1'',I'6L getch56L restorecrtmode56L W Inform the students that the path "dCPPtcPPbgi! should be changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has been tested on Turbo I.'.
Q15.?ill in the ,lan0s A(% 1. /ultimedia constitutes an integration of multiple media such as te*t, graphics, audio, video, and animation elements. 2. K$H9 uses lossy compression techni(ues. I. 8ave or .wav files are /icrosoft standard file format for storing waveform audio data. ?. The amount of data that can be transmitted from one computer to another in a given time frame is called bit rate.