Training Report On Telecom Networks

Summer Training Report

ON Telecom Networks Taken at (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Jaunpur)

(Session- !"#-"$)

Su%mitted %&
'ishal (lectronics (ngg)

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training report in numerous ways, People who gave unending support right from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am extremely grateful to BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED for providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer training for the duration of four weeks. I express my effusive thanks to Mr. R. P. Singh (S.D.E.) and the other technical staff members. With their expert guidance and kind help this training would have been a distant dream. I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. S.K. Shukla (J.T.O.) for providing me the required information for completion my job.

ishal !lectronics !ngg. ". .I.#. $mnaway%&artingaj, $'amgarh

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

PREFACE

In u!"rial "raining i! #u!" $%r &'&r( !"u &n" )&ru!ing )r%$&!!i%nal &gr&& *&+au!& "h& ul"i#a"& g%al %$ &'&r( !"u &n" i! "% g&" "h& in$%r#a"i%n "h& in u!"rial "raining h&l)! u! "% g&" an i &a %$ "hing!. ,& !h%ul kn%-n in %r &r "% g&" a g%% .%* i.&. ha'& a g%% )r%$&!!i%nal +arri&r. In u!"rial "raining "&a+h&! u! a l%" %$ "hing!. I" h&l)! u! "% kn%- "h& kin %$ &n'ir%n#&n" -& -%ul *& g&""ing in an in u!"r( an h&l) u! "% g&" -i"h "h& kin %$ &n'ir%n#&n". In u!"rial "raining h&l)! u! "% kn%- -ha" kin %$ gra & an &ngin&&r %$ !)&+i$i+ *ran+h )la(! in an in u!"r(. I" h&l) u! "% g&" u!& "% -%rking in gr%u)! %$ kn%-n )&%)l& in i" "&a+h u! "&a# -%rk *&+au!& #( -%rk in in u!"rial i! a++%#)li!h& *( a gr%u) an n%" an in i'i ual. In "%"ali"( "h& in u!"rial "&a+h&! u! in u!"rial &"hi+!. S%#& a 'an+& "&+hni+al kn%-l& g& h%- an h&l) u! "% a+/uir& -i"h in u!"rial -%rking !"(l&.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

ABOUT BSNL
"harat (anchar )igam *td. +ormed in oct. ,---, is world.s /th largest telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India0 wire line, 12&$ mobile, 3(& mobile, internet, broadband, carrier services. Within a span it has become the one of the largest public sector unit in India. "()* is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the rural 4urban digital divide I1# sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat it reach with its wide network giving services I every nook 5 corner of country and operates across India except 2elhi 5 &umbai. "()* cellular service cellone, has more than ,-./ million cellular customers, garnering ,6 7 of all mobile users as its subscribers. #hat means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a "()* connection. In basic services, "()* is miles ahead of its rivals, with 89.: million "asic Phone (ubscribers i.e. ;9 7 share of the subscribers and <, 7 share in revenue terms.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

"()* has set up a world class multi%gigabit, multi%protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same "ackbone and broadband access network. $t present there are -.= million 2ata one broadband customers. #he company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and &aintenance of (witching 5 #ransmission )etworks and also has a world class I(> <--certified #elecom #raining Institute. "()* plans to expand its customer base from present /8 millions lines to :,9 million lines and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of ?s. /88 crores @A(B :=.=/ millionC in the next three years. #oday, "()* is IndiaDs largest #elco and one of the largest Public (ector Andertaking with estimated market value of B :-- "illion. #he company is planning an IP> with in = months to offload :-7 to public in the ?s 8--%6-range valuing the company at over B:-- billion.

#he turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of the telecom services and the desire to excel has made "()* the no. : telecom company of India.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

In!"i"u"i%nal M&+hani!# an R%l& In"r% u+"i%n0 $ll industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and the firms in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. *ike minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. >ther stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. 3overnments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citi'ens. #his handout gives exposure on the #elecom !nvironment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardi'ing and promoting #elecom 3rowth in the world. In!"i"u"i%nal 1ra#&-%rk0 It is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio%economic activity and behaviour. In India, #he Indian telegraph act of :;;9 amended from time to time governs the telecommunications sector. Ander this act, the government is in%charge of policymaking and was responsible for provisioning of services till the opening of telecom sector to private participation. #he country has been divided into units called 1ircles, &etro 2istricts, (econdary (witching $reas @(($C, and *ong 2istance 1harging $rea @*21$C and (hort 2istance 1harging $rea @(21$C. &ajor changes in telecommunications in India began in the :<;-s. #he initial phase of telecom reforms began in :<;6 with the creation

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

of 1enter for 2epartment of #elematics @1%2>#C for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. (oon after, the &ahanagar #elephone )igam *imited @&#)*C and idesh (anchar )igam *imited @ ()*C were set up in :<;=.

#he #elecom 1ommission was established in :<;<. $ crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in :<</ % the #elecom ?egulatory $uthority of India @#?$IC, to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In ,---, 2o# corporati'ed its services wing and created "harat (anchar )igam *imited. +urther changes in the regulatory system took place with the #?$I $ct of ,--- that aimed at restoring functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was set up called T&l&+%# 2isputes (ettlement and $ppellate #ribunal @#2($#C to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service provider, between service provider and a group of consumers. In >ctober ,--8, Anified $ccess (ervice *icenses regime for basic and cellular services was introduced. #his regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile services under one license. (ince then, Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing =-million connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in $sia after 1hina, Eapan and (outh Forea. #he Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among emerging economies. $ brief on telecom echo system and various key

elements in institutional framework is given below0

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

D&)ar"#&n" %$ T&l&+%##uni+a"i%n!0 In India, 2o# is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government. Its basic functions are0 Policy +ormulation ?eview of performance *icensing Wireless spectrum management $dministrative monitoring of P(As ?esearch 5 2evelopment (tandardi'ationG alidation of !quipment

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

International ?elations

Main -ing! -i"hin D%T0 #elecom !ngineering 1enter @#!1C A(> +und Wireless Planning 5 1oordination Wing @WP1C #elecom !nforcement, ?esource and &onitoring @#!?&C 1ell #elecom 1enters of !xcellence @#1>!C

Pu*li+ S&+"%r 2ni"!0 "harat (anchar )igam *imited@"()*C Indian #elephone Industries *imited @I#IC &ahanagar #elephone )igam *imited@&#)*C #elecommunications 1onsultants India *imited@#1I*C

R 3 D 2ni"0 1enter for development of #elematics @1%2o#C

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

#he other key governmental institutional units are #?$I 5 #2($#. Important units are briefed below0

T&l&+%# Engin&&ring C&n"&r (TEC)0 It is a technical body representing the interest of 2epartment of #elecom, 3overnment of India. Its main functions are0 (pecification of common standards with regard to #elecom network equipment, services and interoperability. 3eneric ?equirements @3?sC, Interface ?equirements @I?sC. Issuing Interface $pprovals and (ervice $pprovals. +ormulation of (tandards and +undamental #echnical Plans. Interact with multilateral agencies like $P#, !#(I and I#A etc. for standardi'ation. 2evelop expertise to imbibe the latest technologies and results of ?52. Provide technical support to 2># and technical advice to #?$I 5 #2($#. 1oordinate with 1%2># on the technological developments in the #elecom (ector for policy planning by 2>#.

2ni'&r!al S&r'i+& O*liga"i%n 1un (2SO)0 #his fund was created in ,--,. #his fund is managed by A(> administrator. $ll telecom operators contribute to this fund as per government policy. #he objective of this fund is to bridge the digital divide i.e. ensure

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

equitable growth of telecom facilities in rural areas. +unds are allocated to operators who bid lowest for providing telecom facilities in the areas identified by A(> administrator.

,ir&l&!! Planning 3 C%%r ina"i%n (,)+)0 #his unit was created in :<9, and is the )ational ?adio ?egulatory $uthority responsible for +requency (pectrum &anagement, including licensing and caters for the needs of all wireless users @3overnment and PrivateC in the country. It exercises the statutory functions of the 1entral 3overnment and issues licenses to establish, maintain and operate wireless stations. WP1 is divided into major sections like *icensing and ?egulation @*?C, )ew #echnology 3roup @)#3C and (tanding $dvisory 1ommittee on ?adio +requency $llocation @($1+$C. ($1+$ makes the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation of the frequency allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to International #elecom Anion @I#AC, to sort out problems referred to the committee by various wireless users, (itting clearance of all wireless installations in the country etc.

T&l&+%# En$%r+&#&n"4 R&!%ur+& an M%ni"%ring (TERM) C&ll0 In order to ensure that service providers adhere to the license conditions and for taking care of telecom network security issues, 2o# opened these cells in ,--6 and at present 86 cells are operating in various 1ircles and big districts in the country. Fey functions of these units are Inspection of premises of #elecom and Internet (ervice Providers, 1urbing illegal activities in telecom services,

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

1ontrol over clandestine G illegal operation of telecom networks by vested interests having no license, #o file +I? against culprits, pursue the cases, issue notices indicating violation of conditions of various $cts in force from time to time, $nalysis of callGsubscriptionGtraffic data of various licensees, arrangement for lawful interception G monitoring of all

communications passing through the licenseeDs network, disaster management, network performance monitoring, ?egistration of >(Ps and #elemarketers in *icense (ervice $reas etc..

T&l&+%# C&n"&r! %$ E5+&ll&n+& (TCOE)0 (www.tcoe.inC #he growth of Indian #elecommunications sector has been astounding, particularly in the last decade. #his growth has been cataly'ed by telecommunications sector liberali'ation and reforms. (ome of the areas needing immediate attention to consolidate and maintain the growth are0 1apacity building for industry talent pool 1ontinuous adaptation of the regulatory environment to facilitate inductionGadaptation of high potential new technologies and business models "ridging of high rural % urban teledensity Gdigital divide +aster deployment of broadband infrastructure across the country 1enters of !xcellence have been created to work on0 @iC !nhancing talent pool,

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

@iiC @iiiC @ivC

#echnological innovation, (ecure information infrastructure and "ridging of digital divide.

#hese 1>!s are also expected to cater to requirements of (outh $sia as regional leaders. #he main sponsor @one of the telecom operatorsC, the academic institute where the 1enters are located and the tentative field of excellence are enumerated in the table below0 1i&l %$ E5+&ll&n+& in T&l&+%#
)ext 3eneration )etwork 5 )etwork #echnology #elecom #echnology 5 &anagement #echnology Integration, &ultimedia 5 1omputational &ath #elecom Policy, ?egulation, 3overnance, 1ustomer 1are 5 &arketing #elecom Infrastructure 5 !nergy 2isaster &anagement of Info systems 5 Information (ecurity ?ural $pplication (pectrum &anagement @ProposedC

A!!%+ia"& In!"i"u"&
II#, Fharagpur II#, 2elhi II#, Fanpur II&, $hmadabad II#, 1hennai II(c, "angalore II# &umbai WP1, 1hennai

S)%n!%r
odafone !ssar "harti $irtel "()* I2!$ 1ellular ?eliance $ircel #ata #elecom 3ovt with Industry consortium

T&l&+%# R&gula"%r( Au"h%ri"( %$ In ia (TRAI)0 #?$I was established under #?$I $ct :<</ enacted on ,;.-8.:<</. #he act was amended in ,---. Its >rgani'ation setup consists of >ne 1hairperson, #wo full%time members 5 #wo part%time members. Its primary role is to deals with regulatory aspects in #elecom (ector 5 "roadcasting and 1able services. #?$I has two types of functions as mentioned below0 &andatory +unctions 0

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

o #ariff policies o Interconnection policies o Huality of (ervice o !nsure implementation of terms and conditions of license ?ecommendatory +unctions )ew license policies (pectrum policies >pening of sector T&l&+%# Di!)u"& S&""l&#&n" A))&lla"& Tri*unal (TDSAT)0 #2($# was established in year ,--- by an amendment in #?$I act by transferring the functions of dispute handling to new entity i.e. #2($#. #he organi'ation setup consists of one 1hairperson 5 two full%time members. Its functions are0 :. $djudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee two or more licensees group of consumers ,. Iear 5 dispose off appeal against any direction, decision or order of the $uthority under #?$I $ct

K&( In"&rna"i%nal S"an ar i6a"i%n B% i&! $%r T&l&+%# !&+"%r0

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

IT20 It is the leading Anited )ations agency for in$%r#a"i%n an

+%##uni+a"i%n

"&+hn%l%g( i!!u&!, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. +or nearly 789 (&ar!, I#A has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems and addressed the global challenges of our times, such as mitigating climate change and strengthening cyber security. ast spectrum of its work area includes

broadband Internet to latest%generation wireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite%based meteorology, from convergence in fixed% mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice and # broadcasting to next%generation networks.

I#A also organi'es worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as I#A #!*!1>& W>?*2, bringing together the most influential representatives of government and the telecommunications and I1# industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and in particular the developing world. I#A is based in 3eneva, (wit'erland, and its membership includes :<: &ember (tates and more than /-(ector &embers and $ssociates. >n : Eanuary ,--<, I#A employed /-, people from ;8 different countries. #he staff members are distributed between the AnionDs Ieadquarters in 3eneva, (wit'erland and eleven field offices located around the world. Www.itu.int

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

A!ia Pa+i$i+ T&l&+%##uni"(0 Ieadquartered at "angkok, the $P# is a unique organi'ation of 3overnments, telecom service providers, manufactures of communication equipment, research 5 development organi'ations and other stake holders active in the field of communication and information technology. $P# serves as the focal organi'ation for

communication and information technology in the $sia Pacific region. #he $P# has 86 &embers, 6 $ssociate &embers and :,: $ffiliate &embers. #he objective of the

#elecommunity is to foster the development of telecommunication services and information infrastructure throughout the region with a particular focus on the expansion thereof in less developed areas. $P# has been conducting I?2 Program for developing the skills of $P# &embers to meet the objectives of $P#. #he topics include Information 1ommunication #echnologies @I1#C, )etwork and Information &obile (ecurity, +inance and "udget, (atellite

#elecommunication

&anagement,

communications,

&ultimedia,

1ommunication, #elecommunications and I1# Policy and ?egulation, "roadband #echnologies, e%$pplications, ?ural #elecommunications #echnologies, IP )etworks and (ervices, 1ustomer ?elations, etc. Www.aptsec.org

Th& Eur%)&an T&l&+%##uni+a"i%n! S"an ar ! In!"i"u"&0 @!#(IC produces globally% applicable standards for Information and 1ommunications #echnologies @I1#C, including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. It is officially recogni'ed

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

by the !uropean Anion as a !uropean (tandards >rgani'ation. !#(I is a not%for% profit organi'ation with more than /-- !#(I member organi'ations drawn from =, countries across 9 continents world%wide. !#(I unites &anufacturers, )etwork operators, )ational $dministrations, (ervice providers, ?esearch bodies, Aser groups, 1onsultancies. #his cooperation has resulted in a steady stream of highly successful I1# standards in mobile, fixed, and radio communications and a range of other standards that cross these boundaries, including (ecurity, (atellite, "roadcast, Iuman +actors, #esting 5 Protocols, Intelligent transport, Power%line telecoms, e%Iealth, (mart 1ards, !mergency communications, 3?I2 5 1louds, $eronautical etc. !#(I is consensus%based and conducts its work through #echnical 1ommittees, which produce standards and specifications, with the !#(I 3eneral $ssembly and "oard. Www.etsi.org

BSNL0 "harat (anchar )igam *imited was formed in year ,--- and took over the service providers role from dot. #oday, "()* has a customer base of over < crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom operator in the country. "()* is the market leader in "roadband, landline and national transmission network. "()* is also the only operator covering over 9 lakh village with telecom connectivity. $rea of operation of "()* is all India except 2elhi 5 &umbai.

MTNL0 &ahanagar #elephone )igam *imited, formed in :<;6 is the market leader in

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

landline and broadband in its area of operation. Www.mtnl.net.in

TCIL0 #1I*, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned 3overnment of India Public (ector !nterprise. #1I* was set up in :</; for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, 1ivil and I# to developing countries around the world. It has its presence in over /- countries. Www.tcil%india.com

ITI0 Indian telephone Industries is the oldest manufacturing unit for telephone instruments. #o keep pace with changing times, it has started taking up manufacturing of new technology equipment such as 3(&, >+1 equipment, Invertors, Power plants, 2efense equipments, 1urrency counting machines etc. Www.itiltd%india.com

C&n"r& $%r D&'&l%)#&n" %$ T&l&#a"i+! (+ %")0 #his is the ? 5 2 unit under dot setup in :<;6. #he biggest contribution of this centre to Indian telecom sector is the development of low capacity @:,; portC ?ural automatic !xchange @?$JC which enabled provisioning of telephone in even the smallest village. #his was specially designed to suit Indian environment, capable of withstanding natural temperature and dusty conditions.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

Pr%#in&n" Li+&n!&! )r%'i & *( D%T0

o A++&!! S&r'i+& (CMTS 3 2ni$i& A++&!! S&r'i+&)0 #he 1ountry is divided into ,8 (ervice $reas consisting of :< #elecom 1ircle (ervice $reas and 6 &etro (ervice $reas for providing 1ellular &obile #elephone (ervice @1&#(C. 1onsequent upon announcement of guidelines for Anified $ccess @"asic5 1ellularC (ervices licenses on ::.::.,--8, some of the 1&#( operators have been permitted to migrate from 1&#( *icense to Anified $ccess (ervice *icense @A$(*C. )o new 1&#( and "asic service *icenses are being awarded after issuing the guidelines for Anified access (ervice *icense @A$(*C. $s on 8: &arch ,--;, 8< 1&#( and ,6- A$(* licenses operated. o :G 3 B,A (Br%a *an ,ir&l&!! A++&!!)0 2epartment of #elecom started the

auction process for sale of spectrum for 83 and "W$ @Wi&axC in $pril ,-:- for ,, services areas in the country. "()* 5 &#)* have already been given spectrum for 83 and "W$ and they need to pay the highest bid amount as per auction results. "()* 5 &#)* both are providing 83 services. "()* has rolled out its "W$ service by using Wi&ax technology. o M%*il& Nu#*&r P%r"a*ili"( (MNP) S&r'i+&0 *icenses have been awarded to two operators to provide &)P in India. 2o# is ensuring the readiness of all mobile operators and expects to start this service any time after Eune ,-:-. o In$ra!"ru+"ur& Pr%'i &r0 #here are two categories IP%I and IP%II. +or IP%I the applicant company is required to be registered only. )o license is issued for IP%I.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks

1ompanies registered as IP%I can provide assets such as 2ark +iber, ?ight of Way, 2uct space and #ower. #his was opened to private sector with effect from :8.-;.,---. $n IP%II license can lease G rent out Gsell end to end bandwidth i.e. digital transmission capacity capable to carry a message. #his was opened to private sector with effect from :8.-;.,---. Issuance of IP%II *icense has been discontinued w.e.f. :6.:,.-9 #his results in substantial saving of bandwidth mid also permits the use of low power amplifiers. Please refer +ig. :. +2& techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. $n analogue transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying signals.

Fig. 1 FDM Principle

Ti#& Di'i!i%n Mul"i)l&5ing "asically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing

a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

of time slots during which individual channels @circuitsC can be transmitted. #hus the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. )ormally all time slots: are equal in length. !ach channel is assigned a time slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame interval. #his is illustrated in +ig. ,.

Fig.

Ti!e Di"i#i$n M%l&iple'ing

!ach channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. $ll channels are sampled one by, the cycle is repeated again and again. #he channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one by one in a fixed sequence. $t the receiving end also similar gates are opened in unison with the gates at the transmitting end. #he signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. #hus, at a given instant of time, only one channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling a number
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Training Report On Telecom Networks

of channels can be staggered in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel at the same time as in !2& systems. #his staggering of channels in time sequence for transmission over a common medium is called #ime 2ivision &ultiplexing @#2&C.

Pul!& C% & M% ula"i%n

It was only in :<8;K &r. $.&. ?eaves @A($C developed a Pulse 1ode &odulation @P1&C system to transmit the spoken word in digital form. (ince then digital speech transmission has become an alternative to the analogue systems. P1& systems use #2& technique to provide a number of circuits on the same transmission medium vi'. open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or satellite system. Ba!i+ R&/uir&#&n"! $%r PCM S(!"&# #o develop a P1& signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are required * +iltering * (ampling * Huanti'ation * !ncoding * *ine 1oding

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

Signaling In T&l&+%##uni+a"i%n!
#he term signaling, when used in telephony, refers to the exchange of control information associated with the establishment of a telephone call on a telecommunications circuit. $n example of this control information is the digits dialed by the caller, the callerDs billing number, and other call%related information. When the signaling is performed on the same circuit that will ultimately carry the conversation of the call, it is termed 1hannel $ssociated (ignaling @1$(C. #his is the case for earlier analogue trunks, &+ and ?, digital trunks, and 2((:G2$(( P"J trunks. In contrast, ((/ signaling is termed 1ommon 1hannel (ignaling @11(C in that the path and facility used by the signaling is separate and distinct from the telecommunications channels that will ultimately carry the telephone conversation. With 11(, it becomes possible to exchange signaling without first sei'ing a facility, leading to significant savings and performance increases in both signaling and facility usage.

(. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS) DWDM In"r% u+"i%n

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

#he revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet, however, have created capacity demands that exceed traditional #2& limits. #o meet growing demands for bandwidth, a technology called 2ense Wavelength 2ivision &ultiplexing @2W2&C has been developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber. 2W2& systems being deployed today can increase a single fiber.s capacity sixteen fold, to a throughput of 6- 3bGs. #he emergence of 2W2& is one of the most recent and important phenomena in the development of fiber optic transmission technology. 2ense wavelength% division multiplexing @2W2&C revolutioni'ed transmission technology by increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber. >ne of the major issues in the networking industry today is tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth. "efore the introduction of optical networks, the reduced availability of fibers became a big problem for the network providers. Iowever, with the development of optical networks and the use of 2ense Wavelength 2ivision &ultiplexing @2W2&C technology, a new and probably, a very crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. #he existing (>)!#G(2I network architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than today.s high%speed data traffic. #o upgrade the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the development of an intelligent all%optical network. (uch a network will bring intelligence and scalability to the optical domain by combining the intelligence and functional capability of (>)!#G(2I, the tremendous bandwidth of 2W2& and innovative networking software to spawn a variety of optical transport, switching and management related products.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

In traditional optical fiber networks, information is transmitted through optical fiber by a single light beam. In a wavelength division multiplexing @W2&C network, the vast optical bandwidth of a fiber @approximately 8- #I' corresponding to the low%loss region in a single% mode optical fiberC is carved up into wavelength channels, each of which carries a data stream individually. #he multiple channels of information @each having a different carrier wavelengthC are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. #he reason why this can be done is that optical beams with different wavelengths propagate without interfering with one another. When the number of wavelength channels is above ,- in a W2& system, it is generally referred to as 2ense W2& or 2W2&. 2W2& technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks, which includes the backbone networks, the residential access networks, and also the *ocal $rea )etworks @*$)sC. $mong these three areas, developments in the 2W2&%based backbone network are leading the way, followed by the 2W2&%based *$)s. #he development on 2W2&%based residential access networks seems to be lagging behind at the current time.

D&'&l%)#&n" O$ D,DM T&+hn%l%g(

!arly W2& began in the late :<;-s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the :8:- nm and :99- nm @or ;9- nm and :8:- nmC regions, sometimes called wideband WDM. #he early :<<-s saw a second generation of W2&, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in which two

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

to eight channels were used. #hese channels were now spaced at an interval of about 6-- 3I' in the :99-%nm window. "y the mid%:<<-s, dense W2& @2W2&C systems were emerging with := to 6- channels and spacing from :-- to ,-- 3I'. "y the late :<<-s 2W2& systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of =6 to :=- parallel channels, densely packed at 9- or even ,9 3I' intervals. $s fig. : shows, the progression of the technology can be seen as an increase in the number of wavelengths accompanied by a decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths. $long with increased density of wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of configuration, through add%drop functions, and management capabilities.

Fig%re 1 E"$l%&i$n $* DWDM

;ari&"i&! O$ ,DM

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

!arly W2& systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced. W2& and the Lfollow%onM technologies of 1W2& and 2W2& have evolved well beyond this early limitation. ,DM #raditional, passive W2& systems are wide%spread with ,, 6, ;, :,, and := channel counts being the normal deployments. #his technique usually has a distance limitation of less than :-- km. C,DM #oday, coarse W2& @1W2&C typically uses ,-%nm spacing @8--- 3I'C of up to :; channels. #he 1W2& ?ecommendation I#A%# 3.=<6., provides a grid of wavelengths for target distances up to about 9- km on single mode fibers as specified in I#A%# ?ecommendations 3.=9,, 3.=98 and 3.=99. #he 1W2& grid is made up of :; wavelengths defined within the range :,/- nm to :=:- nm spaced by ,- nm. D,DM 2ense W2& common spacing may be ,--, :--, 9-, or ,9 3I' with channel count reaching up to :,; or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification and regeneration along such a route. NMS (N&"-%rk Manag&#&n" S(!"&#)

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

o &**) )&( o "illing and $ccounting (ystem o Web (elf%care system o We have offered #ellabs )etwork &anager ?elease :8 to meet the requirements o &**) )&( performs all the management functions on the network o (upports regional partitioning and P) capabilities o >ffered Performance &onitoring, ?ecovery, ?eporting Packages o >ffered IP >pen view and 1isco works which would reside on ()&P server for managing the servers and I# elements

Di$$&r&n" N% &! 2!& in MLLN

$ node can be described as a digital multiplexer equipped with several trunk interfaces and as a digital cross%connect device equipped with several channel interfaces. #he cluster node is used in the network as a high capacity cross%connection device with several subracks. #he basic nodes and midi nodes are used as flexible multiplexers or medium capacity cross%connect equipment. #hey have both one subrack.

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

CONCLUSION
I saw various division of 1.#.>. 1ompound Eaunpur !xchange and tried to group as much as I could, which switched my knowledge and logic as a student of !1!. I learned #elecom )etworks which is mainly concerned with my focus area. $t last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me through my training period.

THANKS<

I(I$* +inal Near !lectronics !ngg. ". .I.#. $mnaway%&artinganj, $'amgarh

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

Bi+li$gr,p-.
:. &aterial provided by "()* training center.
,. www.wikipedia.org

8. www.tec.gov.in 6. www.tcoe.in 9. www.tdsat.nic.in =. www.itu.int /. www.aptsec.org ;. www.etsi.org <. www.mtnl.net.in :-.www.tcil%india.com ::.www.itiltd%india.com

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