BIOLOGY

Characteristics of Living Things, Cell Theory and Microscopes

LEARNING GOALS
1. 2. 3.

Characteristics of Living Things Cell Theory Introduction to Microscopes

SUCCESS CRITERIA
1. 2.

List the three statements for cell theory. Identify the parts of a compound microscope and describe their purpose.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

6.
7.

Cellular Structure Response to Stimuli Growth and Development Reproduction Metabolize Adapt to their Environment Maintain Homeostasis

CELLULAR STRUCTURE
All living things are made up of one (unicellular) or multiple (multicellular) cells. These cells can be organized into more complicated structures depending upon the organism.

RESPONSE TO STIMULI
Organisms can sense stimuli in their environment and respond appropriately (either automatically or by choice).

OUCH!
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growth: organisms get more cells and/or cells get bigger in size Development: organisms develop or become more complex and gain new characteristics over their life span

REPRODUCTION
All living organisms have ways to reproduce either asexually (with one parent) or sexually (with two parents) to produce offspring.

METABOLIZE
All living things are able to breakdown food to make energy for themselves. Some make their own food while other have to eat to get food.

ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Populations of species of organisms change over time (or evolve) over many generations.

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
Organisms have ways or systems to keep their internal environments steady even if the outside environment is changing. For example, temperature or water/salt balance.

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CELL THEORY
1.

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of the organization of living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

2.

3.

The Wacky History of Cell Theory (Desktop)

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MICROSCOPE BASICS

BRIEF HISTORY
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek created a type of telescope with one lens.

Zacharias Janssen developed one of the first compound microscopes by placing several lenses in a tube.

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COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
9.

Ocular Lens (Eyepiece)

Objective Lens

RULE#1: Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the ARM and one hand under the BASE

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POWERS OF MAGNIFICATION
To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective.

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POWERS OF MAGNIFICATION
We can see better details with higher the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. The amount of an image we can see is called the field of view.

Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification?

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WARNING
RULE#2: when adjusting your microscope, do so carefully. Always WATCH it so that you do not break any part of the microscope. RULE #3: ALWAYS start viewing with the smallest objective lens (lowest power) to avoid breaking the lenses ($$$) You cannot see the entire specimen, or the lens will touch the microscope slide

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HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE

1. Turn on the microscope and then rotate the nosepiece to click the low power objective into place.
Place a slide on the stage and secure it using the stage clips. Use the coarse adjustment knob (large knob) to get it the image into view and then use the fine adjustment knob (small knob) to make it clearer. Once you have the image in view, rotate the nosepiece to view it under different powers. Draw what you see on your worksheet! Be careful with the largest objective! Sometimes there is not enough room and you will not be able to use it! When you are done, turn off the microscope and put up the slides you used. 18

2.

3.

4.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

Microscope slide: a small flat rectangular piece of glass on which specimens can be mounted for microscopic study Cover slip: a small glass or plastic piece that is used to cover a water drop on a slide.

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HOW TO MAKE A WET-MOUNT SLIDE

1. 2.

Get a clean slide and cover slip from your teacher. Place ONE drop of water in the middle of the slide. Dont use too much or the water will run off the edge and make a mess! Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water drop. Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop.

3. 4.

1.

Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the low power objective. Once you see the image, you can rotate the nosepiece to view the slide with the different objectives.

You do not need to use the stage clips when viewing wet-mount slides!

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HOMEWORK

Visit Miss Toners new website: misstoner.weebly.com Take the Learning Survey

Microscope Mania Crossword

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How to sign up for Miss Toners Grade 10 Science messages

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THOUGHT OF THE DAY

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS!

CELL DIVISION
Cell division is the process by which lost or damaged cells are replaced. When a cell becomes too large, it will also go through cell division. A single parent cell replicates itself, and you end up with two identical daughter cells. There are two stages to cell division: 1. Mitosis (division of nucleus)
a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

2. Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

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FIRST STAGE OF CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Mitosis: a continuous process by which the duplicated contents of the cells nucleus divide into two equal parts (two new nuclei). We can divide this into four stages:

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PROPHASE

Prophase: the phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visible.

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METAPHASE

Metaphase: the phase of mitosis in which the chomosomes are aligned across the centre of the cell

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ANAPHASE

Anaphase: the phase of mitosis in which the centromeres splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibres.
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TELOPHASE

Telophase: the phase of mitosis in which two daughter nuclei are formed

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SECOND STAGE OF CELL DIVISION: CYTOKINESIS

Cytokinesis: following mitosis, the separation of the two nuclei and cell contents into two daughter cells. In animal cells, a ring of specialized proteins around the middle of the cell starts to contract. This contraction pinches the cell membrane until the parent cell is divided into two parts.

In plant cells, a cell plate is grown from the inside to form a new cell wall, dividing the cytoplasm into two. New cell membranes form inside the cell walls, and the division is complete.

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VIDEO: CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE

McGraw: Control of the Cell Cycle

Amoeba Sisters: Mitosis Amoeba Sisters: Mitosis (Desktop) McGraw: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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