TERM PAPER KINEMATICS OF MACHINE MEC 202

TOPIC: Study the cam prof !e" u"ed # ma#ufactur #$ mach #e"

Date of allotment: 14/10/2010 Date of Submission: 15/11/2010

Submitted to:
Mr. Kamlesh Mishra !De"tt. #f Mechanical$

Submitted by:
Name: Sachin ana e%. No: 10&04&'( Section: K4&01 oll No: K 4&01 )*5

ACKNO%&E'(EMENT

+o many indi,iduals - am indebted %ood counsel and assistance in ,arious .ays in this res"ect one of my sincerest than/s to Mr. Kamlesh0 Sir of 1o,ely 2rofessional 3ni,ersity0 2ha%.ara0 for their /ind coo"eration and able %uidance. - o.e a dee" sense of ine"tness of my "ureness that has been source of ins"iration in e,ery .or/ of my life. - dee"ly e4"ress our ine"tness and than/s to all my faculty member and friends for there in ,aluable0 %uidance .hich enable me to brin% out this "ro5ect in a "resentable manner.

Sachin

A)STRACT
+he term "a"er "resents the analysis of ,arious cam "rofiles used in manufacturin% machines. -t focuses mainly on the ty"es of cam and its follo.ers and ho. are they classified accordin% to their sha"e0 manner of mo,ement and motion. -t also focuses on the %ra"hical re"resentation of the cam "rofile0 i.e.0 ho. are they constructed and .hat are the "rocedure to construct a cam "rofile and ho. they can be used in a machine.

INTRO'*CTION
6 cam is a mechanical member used to im"art desired motion to a follo.er by direct contact. 6 cam is a rotatin% or slidin% "iece in a mechanical lin/a%e used es"ecially in transformin% rotary motion into linear motion or ,ice7,ersa. +he cam may be rotatin% or reci"rocatin% .hereas the

done by a cran/. 6n e4am"le is the cran/shaft of a car0 .hich ta/es the reci"rocatin% motion of the "istons and translates it into the rotary motion necessary to o"erate the .heels. 8ams can also be ,ie.ed as information7storin% and 7transmittin% de,ices. 6 cam 9 the follo.er combination belon% to the cate%ory of hi%her "airs. Necessary elements of a cam mechanism are : 6 dri,er member /no.n as the cam : 6 dri,en member called the follo.er : 6 frame .hich su""orts the cam 9 %uides the follo.er

follo.ers may be rotatin%0 reci"rocatin% or oscillatin%. -t is often a "art of a rotatin% .heel !e.%. an eccentric .heel$ or shaft !e.%. a cylinder .ith an irre%ular sha"e$ that stri/es a le,er at one or more "oints on its circular "ath. +he cam can be a sim"le tooth0 as is used to deli,er "ulses of "o.er to a steam hammer0 for e4am"le0 or an eccentric disc or other sha"e that "roduces a smooth reci"rocatin% !bac/ and forth$ motion in the follo.er0 .hich is a le,er ma/in% contact .ith the cam. +he cam can be seen as a de,ice that translates from circular to reci"rocatin% !or sometimes oscillatin%$ motion. 6 common e4am"le is the camshaft of an automobile0 .hich ta/es the rotary motion of the en%ine and translates it into the reci"rocatin% motion necessary to o"erate the inta/e and e4haust ,al,es of the cylinders. +he o""osite o"eration0 translation of reci"rocatin% motion to circular motion0 is

6n early cam .as built into ;ellenistic .ater7dri,en automata from the *rd century )8. +he use of cams .as later em"loyed by 6l7<a=ari .ho em"loyed them in his o.n

automata. +he cam and camshaft a""eared in >uro"ean mechanisms from the 14th century.

6s a t.in cam system relies on each cam rotatin% inde"endently0 based solely on the force of the strin% and the resistance of the bo. limbs bein% absolutely symmetrical0 there is room for a t.in cam system to Alose tuneA throu%h .ear and tear0 strin% stretch0 or 5ust %eneral a%e. +he effect of a detuned t.in cam bo. is that the t.o cams rotate out of sync .ith each other0 causin% the bo.strin% to accelerate in t.o alternatin% directions u"on release. +his causes a number of ad,erse conse@uences0 the most ob,ious bein% unsteady arro. fli%ht. +he binary cam o,ercomes this by Bsla,in%B each cam to the otherC as one cam is unable to rotate .ithout the direct e@ui,alent action

+he binary cam is a desi%n for the "ulley system of a com"ound bo.. 8rai% ?ehle0 director of research and de,elo"ment at )o.tech 6rchery0 recei,ed a "atent for the desi%n on December 110 200'. )o.tech started e@ui""in% its bo.s .ith the ne. cam desi%n in the 2005 model year. +he binary cam is described as a modified t.in cam setu" .here each cam is sla,ed to the other ,ia a loo" of strin% connectin% the t.o cams. +his is contrasted .ith a ty"ical t.in cam setu" .here the ends of the bo.strin% are "hysically anchored onto each of the bo. limbs.

of the other0 the t.o rotate in near "erfect synchroni=ation0 differences com"leted. in .ith rotation any "ossible automatically

correctin% themsel,es as the shot cycle is

T+PES OF CAMS
8ams are classified accordin% to 1$ Sha"e0 2$ Dollo.er mo,ement0 9 *$ Manner of constraint of the follo.er. Accord #$ to Shape:,

-. %ed$e / F!at Cam": 6 .ed%e %enerally has a translational motion. +he follo.er can either translate or oscillate. S"rin% is used to maintain the contact bet.een the cam 9 the follo.er. +he cam is stationary 9 the follo.er causes the relati,e motion of the cam.
4. Cy! #dr ca! Cam": 6 cylinder .hich

has a circumferential contour cut in the surface0 rotates about its a4is.

2. Rad a! / ' "c Cam": 6 cam in .hich the follo.er mo,es radially from the centre of rotation of the cam is /no.n as a radial or a disc cam.
5. Co#1u$ate Cam": 8on5u%ate cams are a

double7disc cam0 the t.o discs bein% /eyed to%ether 9 are in constant touch .ith the t.o rollers of a follo.er.

0. Sp ra! Cam": 6 s"iral cam is a face cam in .hich a %roo,e is cut in the form of a s"iral. +he s"iral %roo,e consists of teeth .hich mesh .ith a "in %ear follo.er.

6. (!o2o da! Cam": 6 %loboidal cam can

ha,e t.o ty"es of surfaces0 con,e4 or conca,e.

Accord #$ to Ma##er of Co#"tra #t of the Fo!!o3er

1. Pre,!oaded "pr #$ cam: -s used for

the "ur"ose of /ee"in% the contact bet.een the cam 9 the follo.er.
7. Spher ca! Cam": -n a s"herical0 the 2. Po" t 4e,dr 4e cam: 8onstant touch

follo.er the cam.

oscillates

about

an

a4is

bet.een the cam 9 the follo.er is maintained by a roller follo.er o"eratin% the %roo,e of cam.
3. (ra4 ty cam: -f the rise of the cam

"er"endicular to the a4is of rotation of

is achie,ed by the risin% surface of the cam 9 the return by the force of %ra,ity or due to the .ei%ht of the cam0 the cam is /no.n as the %ra,ity cam. Accord #$ to fo!!o3er mo4eme#t
1. R "e,Retur#,R "e 5R,R,R6: -n this0

T+PES OF FO&&O%ERS
8am follo.ers are classified accordin% to the 1. Sha"e 2. Mo,ement 9 *. 1ocation of line of mo,ement. Accord #$ to "hape
1. K# fe,ed$e Fo!!o3er: Sim"le in

there is alternate rise 9 return of the follo.er .ith no "eriods of d.ells. +he follo.er has a linear or an an%ular dis"lacement.
2. '3e!!,R "e,Retur#,'3e!! 5',R,R,

'6: -n such a ty"e of cam there is rise 9 return of the follo.er after a d.ell.
3. '3e!!,R "e,'3e!!,Retur#,'3e!!

construction. ;o.e,er0 its use is limited as it "roduces a %reat .ear of the surface at the "oint of contact.
2. Ro!!er Fo!!o3er: Eidely used cam

5',R,',R,'6: -t is the most .idely used ty"e of cam. +he d.ellin% of the cam is follo.ed by rise 9 d.ell 9 subse@uently by return 9 d.ell.

follo.er 9 has a cylindrical roller free to rotate about a "in 5oint. 6t

lo. s"eed0 the follo.er has a "ure rollin% action0 but at hi%h s"eeds0 some slidin% also occurs. Accord #$ to Mo4eme#t
1. Rec procat #$ Fo!!o3er: 6s the

+he method termed /inematic in,ersions is commonly used in cam "rofile desi%n. Dor e4am"le0 in a dis/ cam .ith translatin% follo.er mechanism0 the follo.er translates .hen the cam turns. +his means that the relati,e motion bet.een them is a combination of a relati,e turnin% motion and a relati,e translatin% motion. Eithout chan%in% this feature of their relati,e motion0 ima%ine that the cam remains fi4ed. No. the follo.er "erforms both the relati,e turnin% and translatin% motions. Ee ha,e in,erted the mechanism

cam %uides.

rotates0

the

follo.er

reci"rocates or translates in the

2. O"c !!at #$ Fo!!o3er: +he follo.er

is "i,oted at a suitable "oint on the frame 9 oscillates as the cam ma/es the rotary motion.

Accord #$ Mo4eme#t

to

&ocat o#

of

& #e

of

1. Rad a! Fo!!o3er: +he follo.er is

/no.n as a radial follo.er if the line of mo,ement of the follo.er "asses throu%h the center of rotation of the cam.
2. Off"et Fo!!o3er: -f the line of

Cam Nomenclature

mo,ement of the roller follo.er is offset from the center of rotation of the cam0 the follo.er is /no.n as offset follo.er.

CAM PROFI&ES
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

P tch po #t: -t is the "oint on the "itch cur,e at .hich "ressure an%le is ma4imum.

P tch c rc!e: -t is the circle "assin% throu%h the "itch "oint and concentric .ith the base circle.

Pr me c rc!e: +he smallest circle dra.n tan%ent to "itch cur,e is /no.n as the "rime circle.

)a"e c rc!e: -t is the smallest circle tan%ent to the cam "rofile !contour$ dra.n from the center of rotation of a radial cam.

A#$!e of A"ce#t 5out"tro7e6: -t is the an%le turned by cam durin% the time of rise of follo.er.

A#$!e of '3e!!: -t is the an%le turned by cam .hile the follo.er remains stationary at the hi%hest or lo.est "osition.

Trace po #t: -t is the reference "oint on the follo.er to trace the cam "rofile of such a as the /nife7ed%e follo.er.
F

follo.er and the center of the roller roller P tch cur4e: -t is the cur,e dra.n by the trace "oint assumin% that the cam is fi4ed0 and the trace "oint of the follo.er rotates around the cam.
F

A#$!e of de"ce#t 5Retur# "tro7e$: -t is the an%le turned by cam .hen follo.er returns to its initial "osition.

A#$!e of act o#: -t is the an%le turned by cam durin% be%innin% of rise and the end of return of the follo.er.

Pre""ure a#$!e: -t re"resents the stee"ness of the cam "rofile0 it is the an%le bet.een the normal to the "itch cur,e at a "oint and the direction of follo.er motion. -t ,aries in ma%nitude at all instants of follo.er motion.

HI(H,SPEE' CAMS
6 real follo.er al.ays has some mass 9 .hen multi"lied by acceleration0 inertia force of the follo.er is obtained. +his force is al.ays felt at the contact "oint of the follo.er .ith the cam surface 9 at the bearin%s. 6n acceleration cur,e .ith abru"t

chan%es e4erts abru"t stresses on the cam surfaces 9 at the bearin%s accom"anied by detrimental effects such as surface .ear 9 noise. 6ll this may lead to an early failure of the cam system. +hus0 it is ,ery im"ortant to %i,e due consideration to ,elocity 9 acceleration cur,es .hile choosin% a dis"lacement dia%ram. -n lo.7s"eed a""lications0 cam .ith discontinuous acceleration characteristics may not sho. any undesirable characteristic0 but at hi%her s"eeds such cams are certainly bound to sho. the same. +he hi%her the s"eed0 the hi%her is the need for smooth cur,es. 6t ,ery hi%h s"eeds0 e,en the 5er/ is made continuous as .ell. &A+O*T OF CAM PROFI&ES 6 cam "rofile is constructed on the "rinci"le of /inematic in,ersion0 i.e.0 considerin% the cam to be stationary 9 the follo.er to be rotatin% about it in the o""osite direction of the cam rotation. Step-: di,ide the dis"lacement7dia%ram 6bscissa into a number of se%ments. Step2: di,ide the "rime circle into (raph ca! Repre"e#tat o# of Cam Prof !e For the ca"e of rec procat #$ 7# fe, ed$e fo!!o3er

8orres"ondin% se%ments. Step0: transfer distances0 by means of

di,iders0 from the dis"lacement dia%ram

G-NH>

directly onto the cam layout to locate the S-#N corres"ondin% "ositions of the trace "oint.

Step8: dra. a smooth cur,e throu%h these "oints. +he cur,e is 5ust the re@uired cam "rofile. 6s sho.n in abo,e fi%ure0 the dis"lacement dia%ram of the follo.er is %i,en0 sIs !J$.8onstruct the "late cam "rofile

For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower Step-: construct the "rime circle .ith radius r0.

Step2: construct the offset circle .ith radius e@ual to the amount of offset e.

corres"ondin% "ositions of the trace "oint0 al.ays measurin% out.ard from the "rime circle.

Ste"': dra. a smooth cur,e throu%h these Step0: di,ide the dis"lacement7dia%ram abscissa into a number of se%ments. Step8: numbers se%ments. Step9: construct lines tan%ent to the offset circle from these station0 di,idin% the "rime circle into corres"ondin% se%ments. Ste"(: transfer distances0 by means of di,iders0 from the dis"lacement dia%ram directly onto the cam layout to locate the di,ide to the the offset circle of into these "oints. +he cur,e is 5ust the re@uired cam "rofile.

corres"ondin% se%ments and assi%n station boundaries

*N'ERC*TTIN(
Sometimes0 it may ha""en that the "rime circle of a cam is "ro"ortional to "ro,ide a satisfactory "ressure an%le0 still the follo.er may not be com"letin% the desired motion. +his can ha""en if the cur,ature of the "itch cur,e is too shar". -t can easily be obser,ed that the cam cur,e loo"s o,er itself in order to reali=e the "rofile of the "itch cur,e. 6s it is

im"ossible to "roduce such a cam "rofile0 the result is that the cam .ill be undercut 9 become a "ointed cam. No. .hen the roller follo.er .ill be made to mo,e o,er this cam0 it .ill not be "roducin% the desired motion. -t may be obser,ed that the cam .ill be "ointed if the radius of the roller is e@ual to the radius of cur,ature of the "itch cur,e. +hus to minimum radius of cur,ature of the cam "rofile0 the radius of cur,ature of the "rime circle must al.ays be %reater than that of the radius of the roller.

REFERENCE
1. htt"://....%oo%le.co.in/ima%esL hlIen9@IcamM"rofiles9umI19ieI 3+D7 N9sourceIuni,9eiI2yOc+MeN#M Eec2f)5MPK9saIO9oiIima%eQre sultQ%rou"9ctItitle9resnumI*9,ed I08DPPs6P.6%9bi.I10249bih I(0( 2. htt"://....technolo%ystudent.com/c ams/cam2.htm *. htt"://hdabob.com/8am R202rofiles.htm 4. htt"://....mar"oss.com/"roduct."h "/en%/camshaftQ"rofileQautomaticQin s"ection 5. htt"://....technolo%ystudent.com/c ams/cam2.htm (. htt"://....ma"lesoft.com/a""licatio ns/,ie..as"4LS-DI*25N' '. htt"://....cs.cmu.edu/Sra"id"roto/ mechanisms/ch"t(.html N. htt"://.....ise%ee/.com/.hat7is7a7 camshaft.htm &. htt"://mech"ro5ects.blo%s"ot.com/20 0N/01/technical7terms7used7in7cam7 dia%ram.html

CAMPRO EN(INE
+he 8am"ro en%ine is the first automoti,e en%ine e,er de,elo"ed to%ether .ith 1otus by the Malaysian carma/er0 2roton. +he name 8am"ro is short for 8am 2rofilin%. +his en%ine "o.ers the 2roton Ken720 the 2roton Satria Neo0 the 2roton Ea5a 8am"ro0 the 2roton 2ersona as .ell as 2rotonBs future models. +he 8am"ro en%ine is aimed to sho. 2rotonBs ability to ma/e their o.n en%ines that "roduce %ood "o.er out"ut and meet ne.er emission standards. 6ll 8am"ro en%ines incor"orate dri,e7by7.ire electronic technolo%y control$ !s"ecifically for better throttle

res"onse eliminatin% the need for friction7 %eneratin% mechanical lin/a%es and cables.

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