Root hairs are located in the zone of differentiation Root cap protects the apical meristem (actively dividing

ing cells); secretes slime mucilage Youngest root hairs are located near the tip; oldest are found farthest from the tip Youngest roots are located at the tip; oldest roots are found in the base Endodermis contains a Casparian strip (suberized; prevents backflow of ions) Pericycle is composed of a single layer of parenchyma cells Lateral root is opposite protoxylem pole; arises from pericycle Root hair is an extension of the epidermis; branch/lateral root is from the pericycle Root hairs are not found in woody dicot roots because the epidermis is shed Food storage Young root: cortex Old root: parenchyma In tap roots, radicle continues to elongate and it gives rise to lateral roots In fibrous/diffuse roots, radicle does not continue growing; it is short lived. Adventitious roots grows from the base of the stem. Pneumatophores are breathing roots; another kind of root modification; prevent anoxia; enables root system to obtain oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation Aerial photosynthetic roots have velamen Leguminous plants have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their root nodules Mycorrhizae symbiotic relationship between fungi and root Phellogen of root arises from the pericycle Node where auxiliary stems Internodes space between two nodes Leaf sheath covers emerging leaf; usually in monocots Petiole stem of leaf Leaf scars marks left behind when leaf falls Bundle scars if leaf scar is distinct, the vascular bundle can be seen Leaf axil angle produced between leaf and stem Axillary bud leaf emerging Terminal bud end of stem; responsible for growth in length Bud scale - small specialized leaf that protects an unopened bud Lenticels openings in periderm Monocots have prominent nodes and internodes because of the intercalary meristem New leaves and internodes originate from the node Fully differentiated internodes are found farthest from the shoot tip

The bulk of woody dicot stems constitute of secondary xylem Protective tissues in woody dicot stems: periderm (cork, cork cambium, cork parenchyma) Loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the surface are called lenticels for gas diffusion Dicot stems do not have resin ducts; gymnosperm stems have resin ducts Secondary xylem is thicker than Phellogen of stem arises from epidermis, phloem or cortex outline: linear parallel margins, elongate elliptic - OVAL SHAPED; LEAF WIDEST IN THE CENTER lanceolate - WIDER BELOW THE CENTER, elongated oblanceolate - WIDER ABOVE THE CENTER, elongate ovate - EGG SHAPED; WIDE AT BASE obovate - EGG SHAPED; NARROW AT BASE margin: entire flat sinuate wavy serrate saw- like crenate round tooth cleft parted margin; towards midrib apex: rounded curved end acute short sharp end acuminate long sharp end obcordate gap between blade base: rounded not sharp cordate heart shape peltate petiole is not at the tip sagittate gabi auricled