Diseño de Puentes Norma LFRD-2

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
LRFD BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE DESIGN MANUAL

OFFICE OF BRIDGES
AND STRUCTURES

BENJ AMIN F. RABUN, III, P.E.
STATE BRIDGE ENGINEER

J uly 2013
Revised October 2013
Georgia Department of Transportation

Preface i
Disclaimer
This manual is intended to be an aid to designers working on projects for the Georgia
Department of Transportation. It is not to be used as a substitute for sound engineering
practice and will be used at ones own risk. The Georgia Department of Transportation
and the authors of this document are not responsible for the consequences of the use
and misuse of the contents of this document.

The latest version of this document is available at:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/Pages/DesignPolicies.aspx
Other helpful links:

GDOT Bridge Design Home Page:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/bridge/Pages/default.aspx
GDOT Bridge Design Software:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/bridge/Pages/PCBridgeDesignSoftw
are.aspx
GDOT Bridge Microstation Customization:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/software/Pages/Customizatio
n.aspx
GDOT Bridge Design Basic Drawings:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/Pages/BasicDrawings.aspx
Please send constructive comments to the Bridge Design LRFD Committee care of
Stanley Kim: skim@dot.ga.gov

Preface ii
Acknowledgement
The original Bridge and Structures Design Manual was created through the public-
private partnership of the Georgia Department of Transportation and the Consulting
Engineering Companies of Georgia. This document was modified from the original
Design Manual for inclusion of LRFD material and general content by Georgia
Department of Transportation personnel. The following people have donated their time
and resources to contribute to the quality of transportation engineering in Georgia:
LRFD Design Committee
Y. Stanley Kim, PhD, P.E. GDOT
Douglas D. Franks, P.E. GDOT
Steven K. Gaston, P.E. - GDOT

Design Committee for Original Document
Paul V. Liles, J r., P.E. GDOT
Ted Cashin, P.E. GDOT
Al Bowman, P.E. The LPA Group Incorporated
J ohn Heath, P.E. Heath and Lineback Engineers
Greg Grant, P.E. Wolverton and Associates

Contributing Authors to Original Document
J ohn Tiernan, P.E. GDOT
J ohn Durand, P.E. Parsons Brinckerhoff

Preface iii
Revisions
OriginalIssue(20130708)
Revision1(20131001)
Section Description
3.2.3.3
Removedafterallnecessarygrindingfrom8overhangthickness
Removed(LRFD13.7.3.1.2)from8overhangthickness
3.5.2.1 ChangedLRFDreferencefromTable4A1toTableA41
4.4.2
Modifiedtowerbentplacementdirective
Addedpilefixityassumption
3.2.2.3 RemovedCommentary

Preface iv
TableofContents
Chapter1 ADMINISTRATION 11
1.1 BRIDGEOFFICEORGANIZATION 11
1.1.1 General 11
1.1.2 StateBridgeEngineer 11
1.1.3 AssistantStateBridgeEngineers 11
1.1.4 BridgeDesignUnit 11
1.1.5 BridgeMaintenanceUnit 11
1.2 OTHEROFFICESANDAGENCIESWITHBRIDGERELATEDRESPONSIBILITIES 12
1.2.1 OfficeofConstruction 12
1.2.2 GeotechnicalBureau 12
1.2.3 OfficeofEngineeringServices 13
1.2.4 FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA) 13
1.3 QUALITYCONTROLANDQUALITYASSURANCE(QC/QA) 13
1.3.1 General 13
1.3.2 QualityControl 13
1.3.3 QualityAssurance 14
1.3.4 OtherAssuranceChecks 15
1.4 CONSTULTANTSANDBRIDGEOFFICE 15
1.4.1 General 15
1.4.2 QC/QAforConsultants 16
1.4.3 BridgeOfficeReviewsofPreliminaryPlans 16
1.4.4 BridgeOfficeReviewsofFinalPlans 17
1.5 SCHEDULESFORBRIDGEDESIGN 17
1.5.1 ConceptPhase 18
1.5.2 PreliminaryDesignPhase 18
1.5.3 FinalDesignPhase 18
1.5.4 ShopDrawings 19
1.6 CORRESPONDENCE 19
1.6.1 CorrespondenceInvolvingConsultants 19
1.6.2 PhoneNumberonCorrespondence 19
1.6.3 P.I.NumberonCorrespondence 19
1.6.4 StateBridgeEngineerSignatureonCorrespondence 110
1.6.5 CorrespondencewithLegislatorsandCitizens 110
1.6.6 CorrespondencewithContractors 110
1.6.7 BridgeConditionandBridgeDeckConditionSurveys 111
1.6.8 RoutesforHaulingBulbTeePSCBeams 111
1.6.9 TransmittalRequirements 111
1.6.10 InHouseMailingRequirements 117
1.6.11 PublicAccesstoProjectRecords 117
1.6.12 ConstructionTimeEstimates 117
Preface v
1.6.13 FHWAReviewRequirements 117
1.6.14 ResponsetoFieldPlanReviewReports 118
1.7 SPECIALPROVISIONSANDPLANFILES 118
1.7.1 SpecialProvisions 118
1.7.2 PlansFile 118
1.7.3 FilesforCompletedProjects 118
APPENDIX1ASAMPLELETTERS 120
Chapter2 GENERALDESIGN 21
2.1 DESIGNSPECIFICATION/METHOD 21
2.1.1 Bridges,CulvertsandRetainingWalls 21
2.1.2 PedestrianStructures 21
2.1.3 SignandLightSupports 21
2.1.4 SoundBarriers 21
2.2 LOADS 21
2.2.1 DeadLoads 21
2.2.2 LiveLoads 22
2.3 HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCLEARANCES 22
2.3.1 ClearanceCalculation 23
2.3.2 StreamCrossing 23
2.3.3 GradeSeparations 23
2.3.4 RailroadCrossings 23
2.4 SURVEYFORBRIDGEDESIGN 25
2.4.1 StreamCrossingHydraulicStudies 25
2.4.2 GradeSeparations 211
2.4.3 RailroadCrossings 213
2.5 STAGEDCONSTRUCTION 215
2.5.1 TemporaryShoring 215
2.5.2 PourStrips 216
2.5.3 TemporaryBarrier 216
2.6 BRIDGEJACKING 216
2.6.1 General 216
2.6.2 UtilityConsideration 216
2.6.3 AdditionalWork 216
2.6.4 Plans 216
2.7 BRIDGESALVAGE 218
2.8 SOFTWARE 219
2.9 PRELIMINARYDESIGN 219
2.9.1 RoadwayGeometry 219
2.9.2 BridgeWidths 220
2.9.3 BridgeLengths 222
Preface vi
2.9.4 GuidelinesforSelectingBridgeType 222
2.9.5 BridgeTypeStudy 225
2.10 QUANTITIES 227
2.10.1 QuantitiesonGeneralNotes 227
2.10.2 QuantitiesonDetailSheets 228
2.10.3 QuantitiesforStagedConstructionandContinuousUnits 228
APPENDIX2AHYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT 229
Chapter3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 31
3.1 GENERALDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS 31
3.1.1 Connections 31
3.2 DECKDESIGN 31
3.2.1 Materials 31
3.2.2 InteriorSlab 32
3.2.3 OverhangSlab 34
3.2.4 EpoxyCoatedReinforcement 35
3.2.5 Grooving 35
3.2.6 Overlays 35
3.2.7 RideQuality 35
3.2.8 DeckCrossSlope 36
3.3 BARRIERS,RAILINGS,SIDEWALKSANDMEDIANS 36
3.3.1 Materials 36
3.3.2 Barriers 36
3.3.3 SidewalksandMedians 39
3.3.4 Handrailing 39
3.3.5 ChainLinkFence 310
3.3.6 TemporaryBridgeBarrier 310
3.4 PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE(PSC)BEAMS 311
3.4.1 Materials 312
3.4.2 DesignMethod 314
3.4.3 Detailing 315
3.5 REINFORCEDCONCRETEDECKGIRDERS(RCDGsorTBEAMS) 318
3.5.1 Materials 318
3.5.3 Detailing 319
3.6 STEELBEAMS 320
3.6.1 General 320
3.6.2 Materials 320
3.6.4 Fatigue 320
3.6.5 Detailing 321
3.6.6 Welding 324
3.6.7 Paint 325
Preface vii
3.6.8 SalvageofStructuralSteel 325
3.6.9 BeamCorrections 326
3.7 POSTTENSIONEDBOXGIRDERS 326
3.7.1 General 326
3.7.2 Dimensions 326
3.7.3 Materials 326
3.7.4 UseofStayInPlaceDeckForms 326
3.7.5 CellDrains 326
3.7.6 PostTensionedDuctsDetailing 327
3.7.7 DetailingofAnchorageBlisters 327
3.7.8 OpenGrateAccessDoors 327
3.7.9 GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders 327
3.7.10 SegmentalConstructionAlternateforPTBoxes 327
3.8 PRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBOXBEAMS 328
3.9 DIAPHRAGMSANDCROSSFRAMES 329
3.9.1 ConcreteGirders 329
3.9.2 SteelGirders 329
3.10 EDGEBEAMS 330
3.10.1 General 330
3.10.2 DetailingforPSCBeamBridge 330
3.10.3 DetailingforSteelBeamBridge 331
3.10.4 DetailingforRCDGBridge 331
3.11 ENDWALLS 332
3.11.1 General 332
3.11.2 Detailing 332
3.12 BEARINGS 333
3.12.1 BearingSelection 333
3.12.2 PlainElastomericPadsandSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings 334
3.12.3 PotBearings 336
3.12.4 SelfLubricatingBearings 337
3.13 DECKJOINTS 338
3.13.1 ConstructionJoints 338
3.13.2 ExpansionJoints 339
3.14 UTILITIESONBRIDGES 342
3.14.1 General 342
3.14.2 DesignationofUtilityOwnersonBridgePlans 345
3.14.3 HangersforElectricalConduits 345
3.14.4 RevisionstoUtilities 345
3.14.5 GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders 345
3.14.6 PermitsforBridgeAttachments 345
3.15 DECKDRAINAGE 346
3.15.1 General 346
Preface viii
3.15.2 BridgeProfile 346
3.15.3 OpenDeckDrainage 346
3.15.4 DeckDrainageSystem 346
APPENDIX3AFALLLINEMAP 348
APPENDIX3BBEAMCHARTS 349
Chapter4 SUBSTRUCTURE 456
4.1 CONCRETEANDREINFORCEMENTFORSUBSTRUCTURE 456
4.2 FOUNDATIONS 456
4.2.1 General 456
4.2.2 DrivenPiles 457
4.2.3 Caissons 461
4.2.4 SpreadFootings 462
4.2.5 PileFootings 463
4.2.6 CofferdamsandSeals 464
4.3 ENDBENTS 464
4.3.1 General 464
4.3.2 EndBentCaps 465
4.3.3 EndBentPiling 465
4.3.4 Wingwalls 466
4.3.5 RipRap 467
4.3.6 SlopePaving 467
4.4 INTERMEDIATEBENTS 468
4.4.1 ConcreteColumnBents 468
4.4.2 PileBents 471
APPENDIX4AGENERALGUIDEMAPFORFOUNDATIONTYPES 473
APPENDIX4BPRESETPILELAYOUTS 474
Chapter5 RETAININGWALLS 51
5.1 GENERAL 51
5.1.1 WallTypes 51
5.1.2 WallDesignOptions 51
5.2 PRELIMINARYWALLDESIGN 52
5.2.1 InitialDesignRequestfromRoadwayDesigner 52
5.2.2 ItemstoCoordinatewiththeRoadwayDesigner 53
5.2.3 PreliminaryWallPlansandWallFoundationInvestigation 53
5.3 FINALWALLPLANS 54
5.3.1 FinalPlansforInHouseDesign 54
5.3.2 FinalPlansforContractorDesign 54
5.4 STAKINGFORRETAININGWALLSONCONSTRUCTION 55
Preface ix
5.5 SPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORINDIVIDUALWALLTYPES 55
5.5.1 GravityWall 55
5.5.2 RCCantileverWall 55
5.5.3 MSEWalls 56
5.5.4 PrefabricatedModularWall 59
5.5.5 ModularBlockWall 59
5.5.6 SoldierPileWall 510
5.5.7 TieBackWall 510
5.5.8 SoilNailWalls 510
Chapter6 CULVERTS 61
6.1 GENERAL 61
6.2 CULVERTSIZING 61
6.3 STANDARDCULVERTDESIGN 61
6.4 REQUIREDNOTESFORCULVERTPLANS 62
6.5 THREESIDEDORBOTTOMLESSCULVERTS 63
Chapter7 MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES 71
7.1 TemporaryDetourBridges 71
7.1.1 TemporaryDetourBridgeLength 71
7.1.2 TemporaryDetourBridgeElevations 72
7.1.3 TemporaryDetourBridgeLocation 73
7.1.4 TemporaryDetourBridgeWidth 73
7.2 PedestrianBridges 73
7.3 SupportStructuresforSigns,SignalsandLights 73
7.3.1 StandardSupports 73
7.3.2 StrainPolesonBridges 74
7.4 SoundBarriers 75
Chapter8 FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS 81
8.1 FinalPlanRevisionsandReDesigns 81
8.1.1 RevisionsandAmendments 81
8.1.2 PlanChangesandRevisionsDuringConstruction 82
8.2 ShopDrawings 84
8.2.1 ShopDrawingReview 84
8.2.2 MetalDeckForms 85
8.2.3 BearingPads 86
8.2.4 PSCBeams 86
8.2.5 DetourBridges 87
8.2.6 SteelBeams 88
8.2.7 PostTensionedMembers 88
Preface x
8.2.8 ContractorDesignedWalls 88
8.2.9 ContractorDesignedSignSupports 89
8.2.10 MiscellaneousShopDrawings 89
8.3 AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet 89
Chapter9 SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES 91
9.1 GENERAL 91
9.1.1 SiteClass 91
9.1.2 DesignEarthquakeParameters 91
9.1.3 SeismicPerformanceZone 91
9.1.4 DesignResponseSpectrum 92
9.2 SESIMICDESIGNPROCEDURES 92
9.2.1 SingleSpanBridges 93
9.2.2 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1 93
9.2.3 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2 93
9.2.4 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4 93
9.3 SESIMICDETAILINGREQUIREMENTS 94
9.3.1 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1 94
9.3.2 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2 94
9.3.3 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4 95
APPENDIX9ATYPICALSEISMICDETAILINGS 96

Chapter1:ADMINISTRATION 11
Chapter1 ADMINISTRATION
1.1 BRIDGEOFFICEORGANIZATION
1.1.1 General
TheOfficeofBridgesandStructuressuppliesstructuralplanstoProjectManagersandprovides
maintenancesupportforstructuresinthestate.ThisOfficeisdividedintotwounits:theBridge
DesignUnit(BDU)andtheBridgeMaintenanceUnit(BMU).
1.1.2 StateBridgeEngineer
TheStateBridgeEngineeristheheadoftheOfficeofBridgesandStructuresandreportsdirectly
totheDirectorofEngineering.
1.1.3 AssistantStateBridgeEngineers
TheStateBridgeEngineerandtheAssistantStateBridgeEngineersarereferredtoastheFront
Office.
TheAssistantStateBridgeEngineerskeeptrackofSpecialProvisions,managesectionsofthe
constructionspecificationsrelatingtobridges,serveasaliaisonfornonGDOTbridgeprojects(for
localgovernmentswhodonthavebridgeexpertisebutwanttouseGDOTguidelinesorfunding),
trackbridgecostsusingdatafromContractAdministration,andreviewplans.TheAssistantState
BridgeEngineersalsomanagedesigngroups,overseemostdesignpoliciesandreviewplans
includinghydraulicstudies.
1.1.4 BridgeDesignUnit
TheBridgeDesignUnit(alsoreferredtoastheBridgeOffice)suppliesbridgeplanstoProject
Managers.TheBridgeDesignUnitalsooverseesthedesignofwalls,culverts,signsupportsand
anythingelserequiringstructuralexpertise.
Thereare7designgroupswithintheBridgeOfficeplusagroupdedicatedtobridgehydraulics.
Thedesigngroupsprepareorreviewpreliminarylayoutsforbridgesoverrailroadsorroadwaysas
wellasprepareorreviewallfinalbridgeplans.Thehydraulicsgrouppreparesorreviewsallthe
preliminarylayoutsforbridgesoverstreamsaswellassomeculverts,thoughmostculvertsare
sizedbyroadwayengineers.Mostbridgehydraulicquestionsshouldbeaddressedtothatgroup.
1.1.5 BridgeMaintenanceUnit
1.1.5.1 General
TheStateBridgeMaintenanceEngineerservesasanassistanttotheStateBridgeEngineerand
overseestheBridgeMaintenanceUnit(BMU).Thisunitsresponsibilitiesincludeinspectingallthe
bridgesandbridgeculvertsintheState(includingcountybridges)everytwoyears.Italso
maintainsthehistoricalbridgefilesincludinginventory,bridgeinspectionreports,maintenance
records,BFI,plans,etc.Thisunitevaluatesbridgesanddeterminestheloadcarryingcapacityand
establishesloadpostingrequirements.BridgeMaintenanceUnitalsodevelopsbridge
maintenanceprojectsusinginhouseandconsultantengineering.Itisimportanttocoordinate
withtheBridgeMaintenanceUnitwhendoingworkthatwillaffectexistingbridges.
Fortypicalbridgedesignwork,coordinationisnecessarywiththeBridgeMaintenanceUnitforthe
followingitems:salvagematerialcoordination,longandheavyloadhaulingcoordination,bridge
conditionsurveys(widenings),maintenanceonexistingorparallelstructurestobeincludedwith
wideningorparallelingplans.TheBridgeMaintenanceUnitalsoprovidesimportantfeedbackto
theStateBridgeEngineerontheeffectivenessofcertaindesigndetails.
1.1.5.2 ConceptCoordination
DuringtheConceptphaseforanyprojectthatincludesabridge,theProjectManagershould
coordinatewithBridgeMaintenanceUnittogetaprojectjustificationstatementonwhetherthe
bridgeissuitableforwideningorshouldbereplaced(abridgecouldalsobereplacedifthecostof
wideningwouldexceedthecostofreplacement).BridgeMaintenanceUnitalsoproducesa
projectjustificationreportfornewprojects.
1.2 OTHEROFFICESANDAGENCIESWITHBRIDGERELATED
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.2.1 OfficeofConstruction
TheStateBridgeConstructionEngineer,intheOfficeofConstruction,servesasaresourcefor
districtconstructionpersonnelregardingbridges,participatesintraining,troubleshoots
constructionproblems,setsbridgeconstructionpolicies,andmakesrecommendationsto
designersontheuseofcofferdamsandseals.
1.2.2 GeotechnicalBureau
TheGeotechnicalBranchChiefisheadoftheGeotechnicalBureau,whichispartoftheOfficeof
Materials.TheGeotechnicalBureauwritesorreviewstheBridge,WallandCulvertFoundation
Investigationreportsthatrecommendthetypeoffoundation,pilecapacity,specialconstruction
situations,etc.,foreachbridgeinthestate.Theyalsodealwithgeotechnicalissuesthatarise
duringconstruction.Theyareresponsibleforgeotechnicalspecialprovisionssuchasdrilledshafts
andpiledriving.
1.2.3 OfficeofEngineeringServices
TheOfficeofEngineeringServicesactsonbehalfoftheFHWAinreviewingprojectsandadvising
onconstructability.TheyreportdirectlytotheChiefEngineerandarethereforeindependentof
theEngineeringDivision.TheycoordinateandconductPreliminaryFieldPlanReviews(PFPR)and
FinalFieldPlanReviews(FFPR)aswellasvalueengineeringstudies.Theyreviewallhydraulic
studies(forPFPR)aswellasbridgeplans(forFFPR).Theyarethecentralcoordinatorforwriting
specifications.
1.2.4 FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)
FHWAparticipatesinprojectsdesignatedasfulloversight(FOS).FHWAhasabridgespecialist,
DivisionBridgeEngineer,whoprovidesexpertise,direction,andreviews.Forprojectscontaining
bridges,theBridgeOfficewillcoordinatewiththeDivisionBridgeEngineerforreviewand
approvalofpreliminarybridgelayouts,bridgehydraulicstudiesandfinalbridgeplans.This
coordinationisalsorequiredforconsultantdesignedprojectswiththeBridgeOfficeactingas
liaison.
1.3 QUALITYCONTROLANDQUALITYASSURANCE(QC/QA)
1.3.1 General
Indesigningbridgesandotherhighwaystructuresourmissionistopreparesafeandeconomical
designsolutionsandproduceaqualitysetofplansthatmeettheprojectrequirements,usedetails
thatareconsistentwithGDOTBridgeOfficepractices,andaresuitableforbiddingand
construction.Toproducequalityworkrequirescollaborationbetweenthedesignerordetailer
andcheckeraswellasacomprehensivereview.Thequalitycontrolandqualityassuranceprocess
forbridgesandotherhighwaystructuresprovidedhereinshallbefollowedbytheGDOTBridge
OfficeandconsultantsdesigningstructuresfortheDepartment.Thisprocessisrequiredfor
preliminarylayouts,bridgehydraulicstudies,finalbridgeplansandotherhighwaystructuresas
necessary.
1.3.2 QualityControl
Qualitycontrol(QC)isaprocessinwhichapersondesignatedasthecheckerevaluatesthe
designordetailspreparedbyadesignerordetailer.Ingeneral,thecheckershallbeanengineer
withrelativeexperiencefortheworkbeingchecked.Collaborationbetweenthecheckerandthe
designer/detailerisusedtoresolveanydiscrepanciesfoundduringtheevaluation.
Inthedesignofabridge,thecheckershallevaluatedeck,superstructureandsubstructure.In
general,thischeckshallbe(1)acarefulreviewofthedesignnotes,programinputsandresultsor
(2)anindependentcheckofthedesigndevelopedbythecheckerandcomparisonofresults
preparedbythedesigner.Whencheckingfinalbridgeplans,thecheckershallobtainacurrentset
ofroadwayplans,includingutilityplans,forathoroughcheck.Thecheckershallgeneratea
geometryprogrambasedonthefinalbridgeandroadwayplans.Thecheckershallpreparean
independentsetofcapstepelevationsandthisduplicatesetshallbemaintainedthroughoutthe
designprocessshouldchanges/revisionsarise.Thecheckershallalsoprepareandmaintainan
independentsetofquantitiesforallquantitiesincludedinthesummaryofquantities.Forall
highwaystructures,theuseofacheckerisrequired.
Allbridgeplans,preliminarylayoutsandotherstructuralplansshallhaveatitleblocklistingata
minimumtheinitialsofthedesigner,detailer,checker,reviewerandapprover.Underno
circumstanceshouldthedesignerbethesameasthechecker.Generallythecheckersinitials
shownintheplansreflectwhocheckedtheplandetails.Ifadifferentcheckerisusedtocheckthe
design,geometryandquantitiesthenthedesignnotesshouldclearlystatetheresponsible
checkerbynameorinitials.
Aspartofthequalitycontrolprocessitisextremelyimportantthatthecheckerensuretheresults
ofthedesignareappropriatelyshownintheplans.Thereforeitisgoodpracticeforthecheckerto
reviewthedesignwithplanscompleteornearlycomplete.Notesandotherdocumentation
preparedbythecheckershallbeinitialedandretainedinthebridgedesignnotes.
1.3.3 QualityAssurance
Qualityassurance(QA)isaprocessinwhichapersondesignatedasthereviewerensuresthat
thedesignanddetailshavebeenadequatelychecked.Thereviewerresolvesdifferencesbetween
designer/detailerandchecker.Therevieweralsoevaluatesthecompletesetofplans.Asamatter
ofpractice,thereviewershouldspotcheckthedesign,geometryandquantities.Ingeneral,the
reviewerisaBridgeDesignGroupLeaderorseniorengineer(consultant).
Oncebridgeplansorotherstructuralplansarecompleteandhavebeencheckedandreviewed,
theyaresubmittedtotheFrontOffice.Planscompletedbyconsultantsshallbesubmittedbythe
GDOTProjectManagertotheBridgeOfficeatthistime.Forconsultantprojects,theconsultant
shallsubmitdesignnotesincludingbutnotlimitedtogeometry,superstructuredesign,
substructuredesign,clearancecalculations,elevationsandquantities.Consultantplanswill
generallybereviewedbyaBridgeDesignliaisonandmaybereturnedtotheconsultantfor
correctionspriortotheFrontOfficerevieworsubmitteddirectlytotheFrontOfficeforreview.It
isimportantthatthesubmissionincludethefoundationinvestigation(s),documentationofthe
bridgestakeout/siteinspection,salvageofmaterials,deckconditionsurvey,bridgecondition
survey,etc.
TheFrontOfficereviewconsistsofacompletereviewoftheplansbytheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer(s).Thesereviewersmayreviewotherplansorconsultwithotherofficessuchas
RoadwayDesign,Utilities,EnvironmentalServices,etc.,toensurethestructuralplansmeetthe
requirementsoftheproject.Geometry,elevationsandquantitiesareroutinelyspotchecked
duringthisreview.Compilationsoftherequiredspecialprovisionsarepreparedduringthis
review.
AllstructuralplansaregivenareviewbytheStateBridgeEngineer.AttheconclusionoftheFront
Officereview,theplansshallbecorrectedbythedesigngroups(orconsultant).Inhouseprojects
shallthenberoutedtotheProgramManagerorRoadwayDesign.Consultantdesignprojectsshall
becheckedbytheBridgeLiaisontoensurefinalcorrectionsarecompletebeforesubmittingfinal
planstotheProgramManager.Forconsultantprojects,anyrevisionstothedesignnotesstated
aboveshallbesubmittedtotheBridgeOffice.
ForprojectsthatareunderfulloversightbyFHWA,bridgeplansthathavebeenreviewedand
approvedwillbeforwardedtotheGeorgiaDivisionofFHWAforreviewandapproval.This
coordinationisconductedbytheGDOTBridgeOfficeforbothinhouseandconsultantprojects.
ThetitleblocksshallindicatetheinitialsoftheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer(s)asReviewed.
TheinitialsoftheStateBridgeEngineershallbeshownasinthetitleApproved.After
completionoftheQC/QAprocess,thereviewsetofplansshallberetainedbythedesigngroup,at
aminimum,untilthefinalplansareapproved.Savinganelectronic(scanned)copyofthereview
setisacceptable.
1.3.4 OtherAssuranceChecks
InadditiontotheQC/QAprocessmentionedabove,theBridgeOfficeroutinelyconducts
additionalQAchecksforallbridgeprojectsduringthecontractbiddingprocess.Onemonthprior
totheLetting,plansareadvertisedtopotentialbidders.TheFrontOfficechecksthecontractfor
specialprovisionandquantitiesrelativetobridgeprojects.Thereviewincludesacheckofthe
bridgegeneralnotesanddetailstoensurethattheplansareuptodate.TheBridgeOfficeload
ratesthebridgesusingtheBridgeMaintenanceratingsoftwareasanindependentcheckofthe
superstructureandsubstructureelementstoensuretheproposedbridgesmeettheintended
designloading.Ifdiscrepanciesarefoundduringthisreviewthenchanges/revisionsaremadeas
anamendmenttothecontract.
1.4 CONSTULTANTSANDBRIDGEOFFICE
1.4.1 General
ConsultantprojectsaremanagedbyaGDOTProjectManagerassignedtotheOfficeofProgram
Deliveryeveniftheprojectconsistsprimarilyofbridgework.TheBridgeOfficeoccasionallyissues
taskorderstoconsultantswhenthescheduleorworkloadexceedsthecapacityofthedesign
groups.Onprojectswithbridgework,aliaisonfromtheBridgeOfficewillbeassignedtothe
project.Theliaisonwillbethepointofcontactforthebridgeworkonthatprojectandwillalso
coordinatewithotherGDOTofficesonbridgeactivities.Muchofthecorrespondenceand
coordinationwithotherofficesdescribedbelowwillbedonebytheliaisonbutconsultantsshould
beawareofthisactivityandmakesuretheyincorporatetheresultsintheirplans.
ConsultantsareremindedthatiftheircontractiswiththeGeorgiaDepartmentofTransportation,
alldesignquestionsanddecisionsregardingprojectrequirementsmustbedirectedtotheGDOT
ProjectManagerfordistributiontotheappropriateoffice.Consultantsshallnottakedirection
fromoutsideagenciesfordecisionsregardingGDOTprojects.
1.4.2 QC/QAforConsultants
Consultantsareresponsibleforthequalityandcontentoftheirplans.Priortoafinalreviewbythe
BridgeOffice,allQC/QAproceduresmustbefollowedinaccordancewithSection1.3.
1.4.3 BridgeOfficeReviewsofPreliminaryPlans
1.4.3.1 InitialSubmittal
Thedrawingsmustbestampedbytheconsultantwhensubmittingforrevieweventhoughthe
plansarenotforconstruction.Plansmustbestapled(ifcontainingmultiplesheets)andinclude
pertinentroadwayplansaswellascorrespondencerelatingtobridgeanddeckcondition,
hydraulicstudies,etc.Includetwofullsizeprintsofbridgelayouts(oneformarkupsandoneto
keeponfile).SeetheDrainageManualforfurthersubmittalguidelinesonHydraulicStudies.
Designnotes,programruns,andcalculationsshouldbereadyiftheyarerequested.
PreliminaryplansshallbesubmittedforreviewandacceptedbytheBridgeOfficebefore
requestingPFPR.
1.4.3.2 BridgeOfficeReview
Typicallytheplanswillbereviewedbyadesigngroup,followedbyaFrontOfficereview.The
planswillthenbereturnedtotheconsultantforcorrections.Ifthereviewcommentsare
extensive,theliaisonmayreturntheplanstotheconsultantforcorrectionsbeforetheFront
Officereviewhasbeenconducted.
1.4.3.3 SubsequentReviews
Uponreceipt,immediatelyincorporatereviewcommentsandreturntotheBridgeOffice.
Insubsequentsubmittals,includetheoriginalmarkupsfromthepreviousreviewaswellastwo
fullsizesetsofcorrectedplansandanyadditionaldocumentationnecessaryforthechanges.
Writtenresponsesarerequiredforanymarkupsnotincorporatedintothecorrectedplans.
1.4.3.4 PreliminaryPlanApproval
TheplanshavenotbeenapprovedbytheBridgeOfficeforPFPRuntilallmarkupsareaddressed
andanemailorletteracceptingtheplansisissued.Theacceptanceemailorlettershalladdress
distributionresponsibilitiesoftheapprovedlayout.
1.4.4 BridgeOfficeReviewsofFinalPlans
1.4.4.1 InitialSubmittal
Thedrawingsmustbestampedbytheconsultantwhensubmittingforrevieweventhoughthe
plansarenotforconstruction.Plansmustbestapledandincludepertinentroadwayplansaswell
asBFIsandcorrespondencerelatingtocofferdams,salvage,bridgeanddeckcondition,stakeout,
etc.Includetwofullsizesetsofbridgeplans(oneformarkupsandonetokeeponfile)aswellas
plansandWallFoundationInvestigationsforanyMSEorothercontractordesignedwallsonthe
project.Designnotes,programruns,andcalculationsshallbesubmittedwithfinalplans.Any
correctionstothedesignnotes,postBridgeOfficereview,shallberesubmittedforinclusionin
thebridgerecord.
1.4.4.2 BridgeOfficeReview
Typicallytheplanswillbereviewedbyadesigngroup,followedbyaFrontOfficereview.The
planswillthenbereturnedtotheconsultantforcorrections.Ifthereviewcommentsare
extensive,theliaisonmayreturntheplanstotheconsultantforcorrectionsbeforetheFront
Officereviewhasbeenconducted.Alistofspecialprovisionswillbereturnedtotheconsultant
whichmustbesavedandgiventotheProjectManagertoincludeinthefinalplanspackageforthe
OfficeofBiddingAdministration.
1.4.4.3 SubsequentSubmittals
Insubsequentsubmittals,includetheoriginalmarkupsfromthepreviousreviewaswellastwo
fullsizesetsofcorrectedplansandanyadditionaldocumentationnecessaryforthechanges.
Writtenresponsesarerequiredforanymarkupsnotincorporatedintothecorrectedplans.
1.4.4.4 FinalBridgePlanApproval
TheplanshavenotbeenapprovedbytheBridgeOfficeforFFPRorconstructionuntilallmarkups
areaddressedandanemailorletteracceptingtheplansisissued.Uponapprovaloffinalplans,
electronicCADdrawingsshallbesubmittedtotheBridgeOffice.
1.4.4.5 ChangesafterFinalBridgePlanApproval
Oncethefinalbridgeplansareapproved,anysubsequentchangesmustbecoordinatedwiththe
BridgeOfficeandindicatedontheplansusingtherevisionblock.
1.5 SCHEDULESFORBRIDGEDESIGN
AllGDOTprojectsfollowthePlanDevelopmentProcess(PDP),whichoutlinesprojectphasesand
activitiesduringeachphase.ItisavailableontheGDOTwebsite.Bridgedesignersshouldbe
awareoftheprocessandtheirpartinittoassurethatprojectschedulesareachieved.Ingeneral,
thefollowingactivitiesareofparticularimportance:
1.5.1 ConceptPhase
1.5.1.1 InitialReports
BridgedesignersshouldensurethatSIAs(BridgeMaintenancereports),BridgeandDeck
ConditionSurveys(ifneeded)havebeenrequestedbytheProjectManager.Thedecisionto
widenorreplaceabridgeisdeterminedduringtheconceptphase.
1.5.1.2 ConceptStructures
Bridgedesignersmaybeaskedtoprovideconceptualbridgeand/orwalllengths,widths,and
costs.Timelyresponsestotheserequestsareneededinthisphase.Abridgetypestudymaybe
appropriateatthistime.SeeSection2.9.5.
1.5.1.3 BridgeAttendanceatConceptMeetings
AbridgedesignershouldattendtheConceptMeetingattheProjectManagersrequest.
1.5.2 PreliminaryDesignPhase
1.5.2.1 BeginPreliminaryPlans
TheProjectManagerwillsendarequesttotheBridgeOfficeforbridgeorwallplanswhichshould
includepreliminaryroadwayalignmentandprofile.Howeverthefinalroadwayprofilemay
dependonstructuredepthsandclearancesrelatingtothebridge,sosomecollaborationcanbe
expected.
ConsultantsshouldbeginworkonpreliminaryplansafterNoticetoProceed(NTP)hasbeenissued
bytheProjectManager.
1.5.2.2 BridgeAttendanceatPFPR
Ingeneral,abridgedesignershouldattendthePFPR.
1.5.3 FinalDesignPhase
1.5.3.1 BeginFinalPlans
BridgedesignersshouldbeginworkingonfinalplansafterPFPRresponseshavebeenprovided.
ConsultantsshouldbeginworkonfinalplansafterNoticetoProceed(NTP)hasbeenissuedbythe
ProjectManager.
1.5.3.2 BridgeAttendanceatFFPR
Ingeneral,abridgedesignershouldattendtheFFPR.
1.5.3.3 FinalPlanstoOfficeofBiddingAdministration
At10weekspriortotheletdate,finalplansareduetotheOfficeofBiddingAdministration.Plans
needtobestampedandsigned.Afterthissubmission,anychangestotheplansmustbehandled
byformalrevision.
At5weekspriortotheletdate,onestampedandsignedsetofthefinalplansorrevisedfinal
plansissenttotheGDOTprintofficetobescanned,printed,andsoldtocontractors.Afterthis
submittal,anychangestotheplansmustbehandledbyamendment.
1.5.4 ShopDrawings
Itisimportantthatshopdrawingsarereviewedandreturnedinatimelymanner.Twoweeksis
consideredtheoutsidelimitoftimetoreviewdrawings.SeeSection8.2formoreinformationon
shopdrawings.
1.6 CORRESPONDENCE
1.6.1 CorrespondenceInvolvingConsultants
AnyInterdepartmentCorrespondenceorlettersonGDOTletterheadmustgothroughtheBridge
Officeliaison.AlltransmittalsfromconsultantsshallhavethePInumber,county,description(e.g.
SR1overAltamahaRiver),andprojectnumber.Coordinationletterswithlocalgovernments,
agencies,andofficialsshallgothroughGDOT.
1.6.2 PhoneNumberonCorrespondence
Allcorrespondencewithmembersofthepublicshallhaveprintedortypedthereononeormore
telephonenumberstowhichresponsesorquestionsconcerningsuchcorrespondencemaybe
directed.WithintheBridgeOffice,allcorrespondencerelatedtoprojectsshallhaveanameofa
contactpersonandthatpersonsphonenumber(includingareacode)includedinthebodyofthe
letter.
1.6.3 P.I.NumberonCorrespondence
Onallcorrespondencerelatedtoaproject,includetheProjectP.I.NumberalongwiththeProject
Numberintheheadingoftheletter.
1.6.4 StateBridgeEngineerSignatureonCorrespondence
ThefollowingtypesofcorrespondencedonotrequirethesignatureoftheStateBridgeEngineer:
a) TransmittalsofplanstovariousGDOToffices.Theseshouldbedoneusingatransmittal
letter(electronicgreensheet)asacoverletter,notwithInterdepartmental
Correspondence.
b) RequestsforBFI,siteinspection(stakeout),bridgeandbridgedeckconditionsurveys,
salvageofexistingbridgeparts,recommendationsforcofferdamsandseals.
c) LettersdistributingandtransmittingshopdrawingswillbeinitialedbytheStateBridge
Engineer.
Copiesoflettersforitemsa)andb)shouldbeplacedintheinboxoftheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer.Othercorrespondenceshouldbegiventothesecretarybyemailorhardcopyfor
preparationforsignaturebytheStateBridgeEngineer.
WhenpreparingcorrespondenceonthePCthatwillrequirethesignatureoftheStateBridge
Engineer,puttheworddraftonthepage.Thelettershouldbeemailedtothesecretarywho
willprepareitforsignaturebytheStateBridgeEngineer.Acopywillbereturnedtothegroup.
1.6.5 CorrespondencewithLegislatorsandCitizens
WhenpreparingcorrespondenceconcerningparticularprojectswithmembersofCongress,state
representativesandsenators,andmembersofthepublic,sendacopyofthelettertotheGDOT
Boardmemberrepresentingthatdistrict.
1.6.6 CorrespondencewithContractors
1.6.6.1 PriortoProjectBeingAwarded
Onceaprojecthasbeenadvertisedforletting,itisunderthecontroloftheOfficeofBidding
Administration.Ifanycontractorcallswithquestionsontheproject,theyshouldbereferredto
theOfficeofBiddingAdministration.TheOfficeofBiddingAdministrationwillcontacttheBridge
Officefortheproperreplytoanyquestionsconcerningastructure.TheOfficeofBidding
Administrationwillthenprovidethatinformationtoallcontractorswhohavepurchasedplans.
1.6.6.2 DuringConstruction
SendacopyofallcorrespondencewiththecontractortotheproperDistrictOfficewhenthe
correspondenceconcernstheContractorsplansand/ordesignnotes.Thisprocedureisaneffort
tohelptheDistrictpersonnelevaluatetheneedfortimeextensionsonprojectswherethe
Contractorproposeschangestothecontractplans.Whenrespondingtoquestionsfromthe
Contractor,theresponseshouldbegiventotheProjectManagerfortransmittaltotheContractor.
1.6.6.3 ContractorCranesonBridges
RequestsfromContractorstoplacecranesonbridgeswillbereviewedbytheAssistantState
BridgeEngineer.
1.6.7 BridgeConditionandBridgeDeckConditionSurveys
Whenbeginningworkintheconceptphaseofbridgewideningprojects,thedesignershallrequest
conditionsurveysontheexistingbridgeandtheexistingbridgedeck.Itisimportanttorequest
theseearlyonbecauseitcantakeupto6monthstogetthemcompleted.Therequestfora
bridgeconditionsurveyshouldgototheBridgeMaintenanceUnit.Therequestforabridgedeck
conditionsurveyshouldgototheConcreteBranch,OfficeofMaterials.Eachrequestshould
include:
a) Adescriptionofthebridge(e.g.,SR16overFlintRiver)
b) Themilepostlocationofthebridge
c) Alocationmapofthebridgesite
d) TheproposedManagementLettingDatefortheproject.
e) TheBridgeIDandSerialnumbers.
f) Thedeckconditionsurveyrequestshouldaskwhethertheexistingdeckisgrooved,andin
whichdirection.
g) TheProjectNumber,CountyandP.I.Number.
h) Adescriptionofanyanticipatedworkbeyondwidening,suchasplacinganoverlayorjacking
oftheexistingbridge.
1.6.8 RoutesforHaulingBulbTeePSCBeams
1.6.8.1 GrossHaulingWeight
WhendevelopingplansforbridgesrequiringlongBulbTPSCbeams,determinethegrosshaul
weightofthebeams,includingthetruckingapparatusthatwillcarrythebeamtothejobsite.If
thegrosshaulweightis150,000lbs.orgreater(allowing45,000lbs.forthetruckingapparatus),
investigatewhetherthebeamscansatisfactorilybetruckedtothejobsitewiththeassistanceof
truckroutingpersonnelfromtheBridgeMaintenanceUnit.
1.6.8.2 BeamLength
Ifthebeamsareover90feetinlength,providethelengthandjobsitelocationtoBridge
Maintenancetruckroutingpersonnelandrequestthatarouteforbeamdeliverybedetermined.
1.6.9 TransmittalRequirements
1.6.9.1 PreliminaryLayouts
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthepreliminarylayouthasbeenapproved:
a) ProjectManager:
2fullsizeprintsofthePreliminaryLayout
b) OfficeofMaterialsforBFI:
2printsofthePreliminaryLayout
1printofProjectCoverSheet
1setofprintsforRoadwayPlanandProfilesheets
1copyoflocationsketch
IncludethedatetheBFIisneededinordertocompletethebridgeplansonschedule.
c) SiteInspection:
2printsofPreliminaryLayout
1printofRoadwayTypicalSectionatbridgelocation
AllbridgesitesareinspectedbyrepresentativesoftheDistrictEngineer.Sendtherequest
lettertotheDistrictEngineerandtotheattentionoftheDistrictPreconstructionEngineer.
TheStatewideLocationBureauChiefshallbecopiedonthetransmittal.Requestthatthe
resultsoftheinspectionbeprovidedtotheBridgeOfficeinwriting.Requestsshould
includethefollowing,ataminimum:
ForStreamCrossings:
Requestthatthetoesoftheendrollsandanyintermediatebentsnearorinthestream
bestaked.
Clearancefromthetopofbanktothetoeoftheendrollsandtointermediatebents
shouldbechecked.
ForGradeSeparations:
Forgradeseparations,requestthatthetoesoftheendrollsandintermediatebents
adjacenttoroadsorrailroadbestaked.
Horizontalclearancesfromtheroadorrailroadtothebentshouldbeverifiedaswellas
thelocationofthetoeoftheendroll.
d) Environment/Location(Streamcrossings):
1printofPreliminaryLayout
1printofProjectCoversheet
1setofRoadwayPlan&ProfileSheetsatbridgelocation
SendtotheattentionoftheNEPAGEPASectionChief.
e) FHWAforapproval(Interstatebridgesandfulloversightprojects):
1halfsizeprintofPreliminaryLayout
1halfsizeprintofRoadwayPlanandProfilesheets(mainlineandcrossroad)
1halfsizeprintofTypicalSections
1halfsizeprintofProjectCoverSheet
1copyoftheHydraulicStudyincludingthescourreport
f) Railroadforapproval(viaOfficeofUtilities):
1electroniccopy(pdfformat)
SendtheelectroniccopytotheProjectManagerafterPFPR.TheProjectManagerwill
submititaspartofalargerpackagetotheOfficeofUtilities.
Forwideningsofsteelbridges,noteonthepreliminarylayoutiftheexistingstructuralsteel
willorwillnotberepainted.Ifrepainting,notewhetherexistingpaintisleadbased.
NorfolkSouthernCorporation
CorrespondenceissenttoNorfolkSouthernCorporation(onlybytheOfficeofUtilities)but
plansandlegalagreementsallrefertotheirsubsidiarycompanies,forinstanceCentralof
GeorgiaRailroadCompanyandthelineshownontheplanswouldbeCentralofGeorgia
Railroad.Theothersubsidiarylines(thecompanynamesarethesamebutendinCompany)
are:NorfolkSouthernRailway;GeorgiaSouthern&FloridaRailway;Tennessee,Alabama&
GeorgiaRailroad;GeorgiaNorthernRailway;andAlabamaGreatSouthernRailroad.
ForNorfolkSouthernlines,requestthatthename,addressandtelephonenumberofthe
persontocontactbeforecommencingsubsurfaceinvestigation.Completeandincludethe
NorfolkSouthernbridgedatasheet(inAppendix1A).
CSXTransportation,Inc.
IfthesubmittalistoCSXTransportation,Inc.(donotcallitCSXRailroad),includeacopyof
theformletter,signedbytheStateBridgeEngineer,requestingpermissionforthe
DepartmenttomakeboringsonRailroadRightofway(inAppendix1A).Completeand
includetheCSXbridgedatasheet(inAppendix1A).
TherearenosubsidiariesofCSXTransportation,Inc.Formerrailroadsidentifiedas
SeaboardCoastLineRailroad,LouisvilleandNashvilleRailroad,GeorgiaRailroad,Atlanta
andWestPointRailroad,GainesvilleMidlandRailroad,AtlanticCoastLineRailroad,and
SeaboardSystemrailroadarenowpartofCSXTransportation,Inc.andshouldbeidentified
asCSXTransportation,Inc.
OtherRailroads
Inadditiontotheabovetwomajorrailroads,thereareabout20shortlineorsmall
railroadsoperatinginGeorgia.CalltheOfficeofUtilitiesifthereareanyquestionsabout
theidentificationoftheserailroads.
1.6.9.2 ConstructionPlansforApproval
1.6.9.2.1 PreliminaryConstructionPlans
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadebeforethefinalplanshavebeenapproved:
a) ConstructionOffice(Cofferdamsand/orsealconcrete):
1printofBridgePlanandElevationSheet
1printofBridgeIntermediateBentSheet(s)
1copyofBFIReport
TransmittalsheetshouldrequesttherecommendationoftheStateBridgeConstruction
Engineerconcerningtheneedforcofferdamsand/orseals(SeeAppendix1A).
b) FinalBridgePlansforFrontOfficeReview:
1stapledsetoffinalbridgeplanswithProjectCoverSheetontop
1copyofBFIReport
1halfsizecopyofPreliminaryLayout
1copyofeachofthefollowingreports,asapplicable:
- SiteInspectionReport
- CofferdamRecommendations(cofferdamsrecommendedinBFI)
- BridgeSalvageletter(Ifexistingbridgeatsite)
- BridgeConditionSurvey(forwideningprojects)
- BridgeDeckConditionSurvey(forwideningprojects)
- RailroadapprovalofPreliminaryLayout(forbridgesover/carryingrailroads)
- FHWAapprovalofPreliminaryLayout(forinterstateorfulloversightprojects)
1.6.9.2.2 FinalApprovedPlans(beforeFFPR)
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthefinalplanshavebeenapproved:
a) PlansFile(Section1.7.2):
1setoffinalbridgeplanswithProjectCoverSheet
b) ProjectManager:
1setoffinalbridgeplans
1copyofSpecificationChecklistprovidedbyAssistantStateBridgeEngineer
1copyofanyrequiredSpecialProvisions
c) Railroadforapproval(viaOfficeofUtilities):
1electroniccopy(pdfformat)
SendtheelectroniccopytotheProjectManagerpriorto,oratthetimeofFFPR.TheProject
ManagerwillsubmitittotheOfficeofUtilities.
Shoringplansrequiringrailroadapprovalshallbesubmitteddirectlytotherailroadonce
theyhavebeenapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
1.6.9.2.3 FinalApprovedPlans(afterFFPR)
ThefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthefinalplanshavebeenapprovedandFFPR
commentshavebeenaddressed:
a) FHWAforapproval(fulloversightprojects):
1halfsizesetoffinalbridgeplans
1copyofBFIReport
b) ProjectManager:
1setofanysheetsrevisedafterFFPR
1.6.9.2.4 Construction
a) ShopDrawings:
ApprovedShopDrawings:
1settothefield(AreaOffice)
1settoremainintheBridgeOfficefile
2setstocontractor
2setstoOfficeofMaterials
- SendshopdrawingsforconcreteitemstotheBranchChieffortheConcreteBranch.
- Sendshopdrawingsforotheritems,exceptmetaldeckformsanddetourbridges
whicharenotsenttothelab,totheBranchChieffortheInspectionServicesBranch.
1settoremainwithconsultant,ifapplicable
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheappropriateDistrictOffice
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheprojectmanager
ShopDrawingsrequiringcorrection:
2setstothecontractor
- Transmittallettershouldindicatethatthedrawingsbeforwardedtothefabricator
andhowmanycorrectedsetsshallbereturned.
1copyofthetransmittallettertothefield
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheappropriateDistrictOffice
Sometimes,GDOTfieldpersonnelwillrequestthatallshopdrawingsandcorrespondence
gothroughtheiroffice.Theserequestsshouldbecompliedwith,butitshouldbepointed
outtothefieldthatthiswillslowdownthereviewandapprovalprocess.Shopdrawings
beingsenttotheLabshouldalwaysbesentdirectlythere.
b) AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet(s)
PlansFile:
1fullsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheettoreplaceprevious
sheet
GeotechnicalBureau:
1halfsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet
BridgeMaintenanceEngineer(forstreamcrossingonly):
1halfsizecopyofBridgePlanandElevationsheet
BridgeHydraulics(forstreamcrossingonly):
1halfsizecopyofPlanandElevationsheet
1halfsizecopyofeachsubstructuresheet
1copyofBFIReport
ProjectRecordSet:
1fullsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet
SendtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupport,attention:GlennWilliams,forinclusionin
theelectronicrecordsetwithacopyofthetransmittallettertotheProjectManager.
1.6.10 InHouseMailingRequirements
1.6.10.1 General
PlansmaybetransmittedtotheOfficeofRoadwayDesignortotheDistrictOfficesusinggreen
sheetsorcomputerizedtransmittalforms.Iftheitemtobetransmittedcanbefoldedto
approximatelylettersize,itcanbeplaceddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutboxwiththetransmittal
form.CopiesofalltransmittalformsshouldbeplacedintheinboxoftheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer.
1.6.10.2 RolledPlans
1.6.10.2.1 NoMailingLabelRequired
RolledplansbeingsenttotheOfficeofRoadwayDesign,otherofficeswithintheGeneralOffice,
theOfficeofMaterialsortheOfficeofEnvironment/Locationcanbesentusingagreensheetor
computerizedtransmittalformandcanbeplaceddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutbox.Mailfor
Districts6and7ispickedupbycouriers,sorolledplansdonotrequireamailinglabelandcanbe
placeddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutboxwiththetransmittalform.
1.6.10.2.2 MailingLabelRequired
RolledplansbeingtransmittedtotheotherDistrictsrequiremailinglabelsbeforetheywillbe
pickedupformailing,sotheyshouldbeputinthesecretarysinboxwiththetransmittalletterfor
amailinglabeltobeprepared.
1.6.11 PublicAccesstoProjectRecords
Allprojectrecordsandcorrespondencearetobemadeavailabletothepublicwhenrequested.
TheonlyexceptionsaredocumentswithinwhichtheDepartmentandtheAttorneyGenerals
Officecommunicateonanattorneyclientbasis;allsuchdocumentationshouldbekeptina
separatefilefromotherprojectrecords.SeeMOG3A3foradditionalrequirementsandformsto
beused.
1.6.12 ConstructionTimeEstimates
DonotsendbridgeplanstotheDistrictortotheOfficeofConstructionforpreparationofa
constructiontimeestimate.TheDistrictConstructionEngineershouldobtainacompletesetof
plansfromtheProjectManagertouseinpreparingtheconstructiontimeestimatesothathecan
accountforitemsnotinthebridgeplanswhichcanaffectthebridgeconstructiontime.
1.6.13 FHWAReviewRequirements
Anyprojectmaybedesignatedasanoncertificationacceptanceproject,alsoknownasfull
oversight(FOS)projects.Thismeansthatpreliminarylayouts,finalplansandplanrevisionsshall
besubmittedtotheFHWADivisionAdministratorforreviewandapproval.SeeSection1.6.9for
transmittalrequirements.
1.6.14 ResponsetoFieldPlanReviewReports
FollowingtheissuanceofthefinalPFPRorFFPRreport,itistheDesignGroupLeaders
responsibilitytoprovideresponsetoanybridgerelateditemsinthereport,aswellastoaddress
anyadditionalitemsthatmightberelevant.Thisresponsecanbemadeintheformofanemail
withacopybeingsenttotheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.Formorecomplicatedissuesitmay
beappropriatetoroutetheresponsethroughtheStateBridgeEngineerforsignature.
TheemailorlettershouldbeaddressedtotheProjectManagerwithacopytotheOfficeof
EngineeringServices.TheresponseshouldbepreparedpromptlyastheProjectManageris
requiredtorespondtoPFPRcommentswithin4weeksandtoFFPRcommentswithin2weeks.It
isnotnecessarytoconcurorcomplywithrecommendationsinthePFPRorFFPRreport,buta
responseisnecessaryforeach.Iftheresponseisnegative,provideanexplanation.Consultants
maybeaskedbytheliaisontowriteresponsestothecomments.
1.7 SPECIALPROVISIONSANDPLANFILES
1.7.1 SpecialProvisions
ProjectSpecialProvisionsdealingwithspecialconstructionfeaturesorconstructionsequencesare
preparedbytheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.TheGroupLeaderwillprovideadviceand
informationtotheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.Consultantswillberesponsibleforpreparing
SpecialProvisionstobereviewedbytheBridgeOfficefortheirprojectswhenaspecificationisnot
available.
1.7.2 PlansFile
AProjectCoverSheetshallbeincludedwithallbridge,wall,culvertorotherplansinsertedinthe
PlansFilerackintheBridgeOffice.PlansshallbeplacedinthePlansFileassoonaspossibleonce
finalplansarecompletedandapproved.Plansshallberemovedpromptlywhennoticeoffinal
acceptanceisgiven.
1.7.3 FilesforCompletedProjects
OnceabridgeprojecthasbeenconstructedandacceptedbytheDepartment,thedesignfileis
condensedandshouldbepreparedfortransmittaltoBridgeMaintenanceUnit(ortothebridge
liaisonforconsultantcontracts).
a) Removeallstaplesandclips.
b) Remove(orprovidereducedsizecopiesof)allsheetsthatarenot8x11or8x14.
c) Removeallquantitycalculationsandnonessentialcorrespondence.
d) Besureallitemsarearrangedinthefileintheproperlocationandorder.
e) IftheboringloglocationsketchintheBFIisonplansizesheets,removeitfromthefile.
Otherwise,includeitwiththeBFI.
f) Includepiledrivinglogsandloadtestreports.Includeasbuiltfoundationdataifitison8
x11or8x14pages.
g) IncludetheHydraulicStudy(unlessithasbeengiventoBridgeHydraulics)andanypermits,
ifapplicable.
h) Keeponlyenoughofeachcomputerprogramoutputtoallowtheprogramtoberecreated.
Keepgeometryprograminputonlyifthebridgehasunusualgeometry.Donotinclude
reinforcingbarprograminputoroutput.
i) ACDwithallpertinentelectronicfilesshouldbekeptonrecordaswell.
ItwillbetheresponsibilityoftheDesignGroupLeadertodeterminewhatcorrespondencewillbekept.
Ingeneral,thecorrespondencesshouldbekeptifthereisapossibilitytohaveproblemswiththebridge
orifthebridgeisbeingwidened.Donotkeepshopdrawingtransmittallettersunlesstheycontain
detailsorinformationthatwouldbeneeded.
APPENDIX1ASAMPLELETTERS
Thefollowingpagescontaincopiesofsampleletterthataretypicallyusedonbridgeprojects.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
INTERDEPARTMENT CORRESPONDENCE
FILE
BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

SR 27 over Bladen Creek
P.I. No. 333160
OFFICE Atlanta
DATE August 1, 2005

FROM
Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer
TO

J ames K. Magnus, State Construction Engineer
Attention: Melissa Harper
SUBJECT
COFFERDAM DETERMINATION REQUEST
Attached for review please find one copy of the Bridge Plan and Elevation for the above
referenced project. Also attached is a copy of the approved BFI. The two-year flood stage for
the referenced project is Elev. 314.42. Please review and forward comments to this office in
the next two weeks so that we can submit plans to Engineering Services for a Final Field
Plan Review.

If you have any questions or require further information please call Ted Cashin at 404-463-
6265.

BFR:EJ C

October 2, 2010

FILE: STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY
SR 1 OVER RIVER 2
P.I. No. 1234567

FROM: Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer

TO: Southern Concrete, Inc.
Somewhere
Sometime

SUBJ ECT: PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS

Type of drawings: PSC Beams Steel Beams Bearing Pads Metal Deck Forms
Other
___________________________________________________________________________
Please find enclosed:
Approved shop drawings bearing our Stamp of Approval. Please forward prints of the
shop drawings to the fabricator.

Rejected shop drawings containing our Review Comments and bearing our Stamp of
Review. Please furnish this office with sets of corrected shop drawings for our
further review and approval.

Additional Instruction/Comments
___________________________________________________________________________

BFR:TEC

cc: Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin
Bobby Hilliard, Office of Program Delivery
District 3 Engineer David B. Millen
Area 2 Engineer Mark Williams
1557 E. Lamar Street (SR 27)
Americus, GA 31709
(with one set of approved shop drawings)

Research Engineer Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks
(with two sets of approved shop drawings)
OneGeorgiaCenter,600WestPeachtreeStreet,NW
Atlanta,Georgia30308
Telephone:(404)6311000
DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION KeithGolden,P.E.,Commissioner

October 2, 2010

FILE: STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY
SR 1 OVER RIVER 2
P.I. No. 1234567

FROM: Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer

TO: Southern Concrete, Inc.
Somewhere
Sometime

SUBJ ECT: PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS

Type of drawings: PSC Beams Steel Beams Bearing Pads Metal Deck Forms
Other
___________________________________________________________________________
Please find enclosed:
Approved shop drawings bearing our Stamp of Approval. Please forward prints of the
shop drawings to the fabricator.

Rejected shop drawings containing our Review Comments and bearing our Stamp of
Review. Please furnish this office with sets of corrected shop drawings for our
further review and approval.

Additional Instruction/Comments
___________________________________________________________________________

BFR:TEC

cc: Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin
Bobby Hilliard, Office of Program Delivery
District 3 Engineer David B. Millen
Area 2 Engineer Mark Williams
1557 E. Lamar Street (SR 27)
Americus, GA 31709
(with one set of approved shop drawings)

Research Engineer Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks
(with two sets of approved shop drawings)

OneGeorgiaCenter,600WestPeachtreeStreet,NW
Atlanta,Georgia30308
Telephone: (404) 6311000
DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION KeithGolden,P.E.,Commissioner
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________

FILE BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
OFFICE Atlanta
DATE October 26, 2010

FROM Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer
TO

David B. Millen, District Engineer, Thomaston
Attention: Bill Rountree
SUBJECT

BRIDGE SITE INSPECTION AND STAKE OUT REQUEST
Attached for your use please find copies of the bridge preliminary layout and the
roadway typical section. Please perform a bridge site inspection and stake out the
clearance between the endrolls and creek banks. Please send the results of the site
inspection, in writing, to this office. The 2 year floodstage elevation is 483.78 feet. This
bridge is on new alignment to the West of the existing roadway.

If you have any questions or require further information please call Ted Cashin at
(404)463-6135.

BFR:EJ C
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
FILE
BRST0-0030-01(025) Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
OFFICE Atlanta

FROM

TO

Mike Clements, P.E., State Bridge Maintenance Engineer

SUBJECT

OVERSIZED TRUCK

54 in. Bulb Tee PSC Beams are to be used on the above project. The beams are
approximately 100 feet long and weigh approximately 68,650 lb. each. The total weight
of the truck and beam will be approximately 113,650 lb.

Please let us know if there are acceptable shipping routes from the fabricators plant to
the project site. This project is scheduled for a December, 2002 letting.

(404)463-6135.

BFR:EJ C
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________

FILE
BRST0-0030-01(025), Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
OFFICE Atlanta

FROM

TO

Brent A. Story, P.E., State Design Policy and Support Engineer
Attention: Glenn Williams
SUBJECT

AS-BUILT BRIDGE FOUNDATION PLANS

Attached for revision to the electronic record set please find one full-size print of the as-
built foundation sheet. This sheet reflects actual conditions encountered during
construction as relayed by the DOT project engineer.

(404)463-6135.

BFR:EJ C

cc: Geotechnical Bureau (half-size)
State Bridge Maintenance Engineer (half-size with P&E sheet)
Bridge Design, Hydraulics (half-size with P&E sheet and BFI)

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

OVERHEAD GRADE SEPARATION DATA SHEET

1. Location: ______________ ________________ Georgia
City County State

2. Distance from nearest Milepost to Centerline of Bridge: _______________________

3. State Project Number: _________________________________________________

4. Description of Project: __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

5. Utilities on Railroad Property:
Name Any Adjustments required? Contact Person

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

6. List all the at-grade crossings that will be eliminated by the construction of this grade
separation.
DOT# Milepost Signalized?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

7. Minimum Horizontal Clearance from Centerline of Nearest Track to Face of Pier?

A. Proposed: _________________ B. Existing (if applicable): _____________

8. Minimum Vertical Clearance above top of high rail:

A. Proposed: _________________ B. Existing (if applicable): _____________

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

OVERHEAD GRADE SEPARATION DATA SHEET

Page 2

9. List piers where crashwalls are provided:
Pier: Distance from centerline of track:

___________________________ _________________________

___________________________ _________________________

___________________________ _________________________

10. Describe how drainage from approach roadway is handled:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

11. Describe how drainage from bridge is handled:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

12. List piers where shoring is required to protect track:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

13. Scheduled letting Date: __________________________________

NOTE: Design Criteria for Overhead bridges apply to Items 7 through 12.

All information on this Data Sheet to be furnished by Submitting Agency and should be
sent with initial transmittal of project notification.
March 15, 2013

BRST-0000-00(0) Appling County
SR 1 over CSX Transportation, Inc.
P.I. No. 0000000

Mr. Shelby Stevenson
Principle Manager, Public Engineer
CSX Transportation, Inc.
500 Water Street, J -301
J acksonville, FL 32202

Dear Mr. Scherr:

This is to request permission for the Department of Transportations equipment and
personnel to enter upon Railroad Right-of-Way for the purpose of making test borings to
determine foundation requirements for the bridge as shown in the preliminary layout
transmitted with our letter of _____________________ in accordance with the following
conditions:

(1) Drilling to be performed only during daylight hours with test borings not more than 4
inches in diameter and not nearer than 15 feet from centerline of track.

(2) The Department will furnish the Division Engineer of the Railroad in Atlanta,
Georgia, sufficient advance notice so that Railroad supervision can be provided.

(3) At the completion of the test borings, the Department will promptly and completely
fill-in and tamp and, in all respects, restore the right-of-way to its original condition,
satisfactory to the Division Engineer of the Railroad.

(4) Permission extended shall be subject to termination upon five days notice in writing
from either party to the other.

Subject to terms and conditions indicated above being satisfactory, please indicate your
approval by signing and returning the original of this letter and retaining a duplicate of the
original for your records.

Yours very truly,

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E.
State Bridge Engineer
One Georgia Center, 600 West Peachtree Street, NW
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Telephone: (404) 631-1000
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Keith Golden, P.E., Commissioner

BFR:

cc: Assistant State Bridge Engineer,
attn:
Charles A. Hasty, State Material Engineer,
Attn: Glen Foster

Approved and agreed to this ____ day of _____________, 20__

CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.

By: _________________________

Title: _________________________

CSX OVERHEAD BRIDGE CROSSING DATA

1. Location: ______________ ________________ Georgia
City County State

2. Railroad Division: ____________________________________________________

3. Railroad Valuation Station at Centerline of Bridge: ___________________________

4. Distance from nearest Milepost to Centerline of Bridge: _______________________

5. DOT Crossing Number: ________________________________________________

6. State Project Number: _________________________________________________

7. Description of Project:

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8. Minimum Horizontal Clearance from Centerline of Nearest Track:

A. Proposed: ___________________ B. Existing (if applicable): __________________

9. Minimum Vertical Clearance above top of low rail:

A. Proposed: ___________________ B. Existing (if applicable): __________________

10. List piers where crashwalls are provided:
Pier: Distance from centerline of track:

___________________________ _________________________

___________________________ _________________________

11. Describe how drainage from bridge is handled:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

12. List piers where shoring is required to protect track:

______________________________________________________________________

13. Plan Submittal: Preliminary _______________ Final ____________________
NOTE: CSX Criteria for Overhead bridges apply to Items 8 through 13.
Chapter2:GENERALDESIGN 21
Chapter2 GENERALDESIGN
2.1 DESIGNSPECIFICATION/METHOD
2.1.1 Bridges,CulvertsandRetainingWalls
Allbridges,culvertsandretainingwallsdesignatedasLRFDstructuresbytheDepartmentshallbe
designedinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifications,5
th
Edition2010
(AASHTOLRFDSpecifications),andtheGeorgiaStandardSpecifications,2001Edition(GDOT
StandardSpecifications),asmodifiedbycontractdocuments.
2.1.2 PedestrianStructures
AllpedestrianoverpassstructuresshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDGuide
SpecificationsforDesignofPedestrianBridges,2
nd
Edition,2009.
2.1.3 SignandLightSupports
AllsignsupportsandlightsupportstructuresshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththeStandard
SpecificationsforAASHTOStructuralSupportsforHighwaySigns,LuminairesandTrafficSignals,
5
th
Editionwith2010and2011Interims.
2.1.4 SoundBarriers
AllsoundbarriersshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesign
Specifications,6
th
Edition2012.
2.2 LOADS
2.2.1 DeadLoads
2.2.1.1 NonCompositeDeadLoads
Thenoncompositedeadloadconsistsof:
Slab
Coping
Diaphragms
MetalStayInPlace(SIP)forms:16lbs/ft
2
DonotincludeweightforReinforced
ConcreteDeckGirders(Tbeambridges)
2.2.1.2 CompositeDeadLoads
Thecompositedeadloadconsistsof:
Sidewalks
Barriersandparapets
Medians
FutureWearingSurface:.030ksf
AllBridges
Utilities
ForbridgesmeetingtheconditionsofLRFD4.6.2.2.1,theseloadswillbesummedanddistributed
equallytoallbeamsexceptinthecaseofverywidebridges(over70feetouttoout).Forvery
widebridges,thesidewalk,barrier,andparapetloadsshouldbedistributedtothefourexterior
beamsoneachside,andthemedianloaddistributedtothebeamsunderthemedian.Thefuture
pavingallowancewillbedistributedtoallbeams.
2.2.2 LiveLoads
2.2.2.1 DesignVehicularLoad
ThedesignvehicularloadshallbeAASHTOHL93.
TheDynamicImpactAllowance(IM)shallbeincludedasspecifiedinLRFD3.6.2.
2.2.2.2 BridgeWidening
Whenanexistingbridgeistobewidened,itsstructuralcapacitywillbeacceptediftheliveload
capacityisHS15orgreaterandthebridgedoesnotrequirepostingforanyoftheStateslegal
loads.Itisdesirabletohaveatleast10%reservecapacityforeachoftheStateslegalloads.For
bridgesthataretobewidenedontheInterstatesystemandStateGripSystem,thestructural
capacitywillbeacceptediftheliveloadcapacityisHS20orgreater.TheBridgeMaintenanceUnit
willmakerecommendationsforreplacementorwideningofabridgeinthebridgecondition
report.
Whenanexistingbridgeistobewidened,designthewidenedportioninaccordancewithAASHTO
LRFDSpecifications,unlessotherwiseapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
2.2.2.3 SidewalkLiveLoad
ThesidewalkliveloadwillbecalculatedaccordingtoLRFD3.6.1.6anddistributedthesameasthe
sidewalkdeadload.
2.3 HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCLEARANCES
2.3.1 ClearanceCalculation
Allverticalandlateralclearancesforbridgesitesshallbedeterminedbymathematicalcalculation
andcheckedwithanindependentcalculation.
2.3.2 StreamCrossing
SeetheGDOTDrainageManualchapter14.
2.3.3 GradeSeparations
2.3.3.1 VerticalClearances
VerticalclearancesshallbedeterminedusingTable2.3.3.11.
Table2.3.3.11 VerticalClearancesforBridges
RouteandBridgeType Minimum Permissible**
Interstates 170 166
StateRoutes(noninterstate) 169 166
LocalRoutes 169 146
PedestrianBridges 176
BridgesNotEasilyRaised* 176
*Structuresthatcannotbeeasilyraisedincludeconcreteboxbridgesorbridgeswithintegral
piers.
**NeedspriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
Wherefalseworkisnecessary,theaboveverticalclearancesshallapplytothefalsework
construction.
2.3.3.2 HorizontalClearances
Intermediatebentsshallbelocatedsoastoprovidethedesirableclearzoneasspecifiedinthe
AASHTORoadsideDesignGuidewheneverpractical.Wherethisisnotpractical,thedesignershall
coordinatewiththeProjectManagertodeterminehowtoprotectthecolumnsfromtraffic.
2.3.4 RailroadCrossings
2.3.4.1 CSXTransportation,Inc.
ThefollowingrequirementsshouldbemetwhendealingwithCSXTransportation,Inc.:
a) Provideaminimumverticalclearanceof230fromtopofhighrailtobottomofbeam.
Thisclearanceismeasuredalonglinesconcentricwiththecenterlineofthetrackand100
oneitherside.
b) Thedesirablehorizontalclearancefromcenteroftracktothefaceofthecolumnis250
oneachside,andthisshouldbeprovidedwheneverpossible.Wheremultipletracksare
present,measurementsarefromtheoutermosttracks.Thisallowstheintermediatebents
adjacenttotherailroadtobebuiltwithoutcrashwalls.Theminimumclearanceis180for
tangenttracks.Add3ofclearanceforeachinchoftracksuperelevationoncurvedtracks.
c) Crashwallsaretobeprovidedwherehorizontalclearanceislessthan25feet.Thetopofthe
crashwallshouldbe60abovethetopofthehighrail.Thecrashwallshouldbe26in
thicknessandextend26beyondtheoutsidefacesoftheexteriorcolumns.Thefaceof
thecrashwallonthetracksideshouldextend6beyondthefaceofthecolumn.
d) ProvideachainlinkfenceforallbridgesoverCSXTransportationfacilities.
e) Existingdrainagefacilitiesparalleltothetrack(s)mustbemaintainedthroughthestructure.
f) Endrollsshallhaveslopepaving.
g) Overpassdrainagemustbedirectedawayfromtherailroadrightofway.
h) SeeFigure2.3.4.11forrailroadcrosssectiondataforuseincalculatingbridgeend
locations.Allow49forthedepthoftheditchfromtopofrailtobottomofditch.It
shouldbenotedthatthisworkmayneveractuallybedonedependingontheexisting
conditions,buttheproposedbridgelengthshallbedeterminedusingFigure2.3.4.11.
Whentheseitemscannotbeachievedduetoconditions,someitemsmaybechangedona
negotiatedbasis.
Figure2.3.4.11 EndfillControlDiagram
2.3.4.2 NorfolkSouthernCorporation
SubsidiariesofNorfolkSouthernCorporationinclude:
NorfolkSouthernRailwayCompany
CentralofGeorgiaRailroadCompany
GeorgiaSouthern&FloridaRailwayCompany
Tennessee,Alabama&GeorgiaRailroadCompany
GeorgiaNorthernRailwayCompany
AlabamaGreatSouthernRailroadCompany
ThefollowingrequirementsshallbemetwhendealingwithNorfolkSouthernCorporationandits
subsidiaries:
a) Provideaminimumverticalclearanceof230fromtopofhighrailtobottomofbeam.This
clearanceismeasuredalonglinesconcentricwiththecenterlineofthetrackand100on
eitherside.
b) Thedesirablehorizontalclearancefromcenteroftracktothefaceofthecolumnis250,
wheneverpossible,toavoidtheuseofcrashwalls.Forasingletrack,minimumhorizontal
clearanceis18feetononesideand14feetontheothersideofthetrackforlocations
wherethespanadjacenttothespanovertherailroadisnottheendspan.Ifthespan
adjacenttotherailroadistheendspan,provide220.Therailroadwilladvisewhichside
requiresthe18feetbasedonthelocationandthedirectionofmechanizedmaintenance
machinery.Fordoubletracks,provide18feetoneachside.
c) Crashwallsshallbeprovidedifthehorizontalclearanceislessthan250.Crashwalls
shouldbe26inthicknessandextend26beyondtheoutsideedgeoftheexterior
column.Thefaceofthecrashwallonthetracksideshouldextend6beyondthefaceof
thecolumn.Thetopofthecrashwallshouldbe100abovethetopofthehighrail.
d) Endrollsshallhaveslopepaving.
e) Overpassdrainagemustbedirectedawayfromtherailroadrightofway.
f) SeeFigure2.3.4.11forrailroadcrosssectiondataforuseincalculatingbridgeend
locations.Allow49forthedepthoftheditchfromtopofrailtobottomofditch.Itshould
benotedthatthisworkmayneveractuallybedonedependingontheexistingconditions,
buttheproposedbridgelengthshallbedeterminedusingFigure2.3.4.11.
SeeGDOTPolicy68657:VerticalClearanceofBridgesoverRRTracks,concerningproceduresfor
determiningaccurateverticalclearancesoverrailroadtracksduringconstruction.
2.4 SURVEYFORBRIDGEDESIGN
Designersshouldassurethatthesurveyincludesalltheinformationnecessary.Surveyorsshould
bedirectedtotheGDOTsurveymanualavailablefromtheOfficeofEnvironmentandLocationfor
moredetailedinformation.
2.4.1 StreamCrossingHydraulicStudies
2.4.1.1 PropertySurvey
APropertySurveycoverstheextentsofthetopographiccorridorandstreamtraverse.Asa
minimum,thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.
Therightofwayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.1.2 ExistingRoadwayData
2.4.1.2.1 Alignment
Thealignmentoftheexistingroadwayandbridgeshouldbesurveyedtotheextentsoftheproject
limits.Thebeginningandendingcenterlinestationshouldbeestablishedonthegroundor
pavementalongwiththebeginningandendingcenterlinestationsofthebridgeandanyPCsor
PTs.
2.4.1.2.2 Profile
Theprofileoftheexistingroadwayandbridgeshallbedeterminedforthesameextentsasthe
alignment.Thisprofileshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedges
oftheroadwayshoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.1.2.3 IntersectingRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthefloodplain.
Theseprofilesshallextend500feetupstreamand/ordownstreamoftheintersectionwiththe
projectroad.
Thisdataisalsorequiredforroadwayandrailroadembankmentslocatedalongthestreamand
withinthefloodplainthatarenofurtherthan2000feetupstreamand/ordownstreamofthe
projectsite.
2.4.1.3 ExistingBridgeData
Topofdeckelevationsarerequiredatseverallocationsalongtheexistingbridge.SeeFigure
2.4.1.31forspecificshotlocationsforreplacement/parallelingprojectsandwideningprojects.
Forallexistingbridgeswithinaproject,elevationshotsarerequiredwherecenterlineofbridge
andgutterlinesintersecteachBFPR.
ForBridgewideningproject,additionalelevationshotsarerequiredwherethecenterlineofbridge
andgutterlinesintersecteachcenterlineofbentandeachmidspanlinealongthestructure.
Bottomofbeamelevationsfortheoutsidebeamsateachbentshallbeobtained.
Theabovedatashallbeprovidedforallbridgesorculvertslocatedwithinthefloodplainthatare
nofurtherthan2000feetupstreamand/ordownstreamoftheprojectsite.
Forbridgewideningprojectswheretheexistingbridgeplansarenotavailable,amoredetailed
surveythatgivesacompletedescriptionofthesuperstructureandsubstructurewillberequired.
SurveyorshallcheckwithProjectEngineertodetermineavailabilityofbridgeplans.
Figure2.4.1.31 BridgeSurveyShotLocationsforDeckElevations
2.4.1.4 TopographicCoverage
Topographiccoverageshallextendatleast150fteachsideofthecenterline.Thesecoverage
limitsshallapplytoboththeexistingcenterlineandproposedcenterline,ifdifferent.
ItispreferredthatthehydraulicsurveydatabetakeninDTMformat.Thecoverageshallbe
detailedenoughtocoverallrequiredareasspecifiedinthefieldreport.Thesesurveypoints
shouldbeincludedintheInRoadsfilethatisprovidedtotheroadwaydesigner.Allsurveypoints
shouldbelabeledconsistentlyandclearlyidentified.Allsurveydatashallbereferencedto
NAVD88.
2.4.1.5 Benchmarks
Aminimumofthreebenchmarksarerequired:Oneatthebeginningofthesurvey,oneattheend
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgeorstreamsiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshould
bedescribedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
referencedtotheprojectstationswithacompletephysicaldescriptionandelevation.All
elevationsshouldbeestablishedwithaspiritlevel,referencedtoNAVD88.Benchmarksfor
bridgeorstreamsiteshallbelocatedwithinadistanceof300feetfromthesite.
2.4.1.6 StreamTraverse
Thestreamtraverseshouldbeginat500feetupstreamfromthebridgecenterlinewithStation
1+00.00andthencontinuedownstreamtoastation500feetbelowthebridgecenterline.Cross
sectionsofthestreamchannelarerequiredatthefollowinglocations:
Every100feetalongthetraverse
Centerlineoftheexistingbridge
Centerlineoftheproposedbridge
50feetand100feetupstreamoftheproposedbridgecenterline
50feetand100feetdownstreamoftheproposedbridgecenterline
Thesecrosssectionsshallbedetailedenoughtoaccuratelydefinetheprofileoftheterrain,which
usuallyincludesendrolls,streamchannelbanks,streambedelevations,scouredareas,andany
otherbreaksintheterrain(seeFigure2.4.1.61).Asufficientnumberofstreambedshotsshallbe
takentoensureanaccuratestreamchannelmodelcanbecreated.Traversesandstreamcross
sectionsshallbeprovidedforallstreamchannelsinthefloodplain.Asstatedabove,theDTM
methodispreferred,aslongasitisdetailedenoughtoaccuratelydefinethelocationandcross
sectionprofileofthestreamchannelalongtheentirestreamtraverse.
Figure2.4.1.61 BridgeSurveyShotLocationsforStreambed
2.4.1.7 FloodplainCrossSections
2.4.1.7.1 General
Twofloodplaincrosssectionsarerequired,oneat100feetoneachsideoftheroadway.Each
crosssectionshouldextendtoapoint2feetabovethehighwatermarkthathasbeenestablished
forthestreamatthebridgesite.Thefloodplainelevationsshouldbetakenatallbreakpointsin
theterrainwithintheBridgeSurveyalignmentand500footintervalsoutsidethealignment.
Thisdataisalsorequiredforbridgeandroadwaysiteslocatedwithin2000feetupstreamand/or
downstreamoftheprojectsite.
2.4.1.7.2 ParallelBridgesorSmallAlignmentShifts
Parallelbridgeprojectsand/orprojectswiththeproposedalignmentshiftedarelativelysmall
distancerequireafloodplaincrosssectionbetakenalongthenewand/orparallelalignment.
2.4.1.7.3 NewLocations
Newlocationprojectsrequirethatafloodplaincrosssectionbetakenalongthenewalignment.
2.4.1.7.4 AbnormalFloodConditions
TYPICAL SECTION PROFILE OF BRIDGE OPENING
REQUIRED BRIDGE OPENING SHOTS, SEE SECTION II.E OF THE
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING FIELD REPORT.
A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF STREAMBED SHOTS SHALL BE TAKEN TO
INSURE AN ACCURATE STREAM CHANNEL CROSS SECTION.
Forprojectswithabnormalfloodconditions(creeksthatflowintooneofthestatesmajorrivers),
afloodplaincrosssectionisrequiredofthemajorriverbelowtheconfluencewiththecreek.
Sincethiswouldbeanextremelycostlysectiontohavesurveyed,thecrosssectionmaybe
approximatedfromUSGSmaps.
2.4.1.8 BridgeSketch
Bridgesketchesshallbedrawnshowingtheelevationandcenterlineplusthebottomofthebridge
beamateachcap.Thissketchalsoshowsthecenterlinestationplusanelevationonallterrain
breaksbeneaththebridges.Thestationingusedtoshowelevationsonthebottomofthebeam
andtheprofileofthegroundbeneaththelowestbridgebeamshallbethesameasthestationing
forthealignmentofthebridgedeck.Onmappingsurveys,whichhavenoalignment,the
stationingforthebridgesketchshallbeginwithstation0+00.
Forstructureslocatedupstreamordownstreamthatcouldhaveanadverseaffectofthebridgeat
thesurveysite,asketchisrequired.Thisdistancecouldbeasmuchas2000feet.Forupstream
drainagestructuresbeyondthislimit,thesizeandtypeshouldbeplottedonaquadranglemapor
countymap.
Thesurveyorshallprovide,onthebridgesketch,anyoverflowbridgeorculvertwithinthe
floodplainwiththedistancetotheprojectbridge,deckelevationorculvertsize,andtheflowline
elevation.
2.4.1.9 HydraulicEngineeringFieldReport
ThesurveyorshallprovideaHydraulicFieldReportinaccordancewithGDOTStandards.See
HydraulicEngineeringFieldReportForminAppendix2A.
2.4.1.9.1 NormalWaterSurfaceData
Watersurfaceelevationsarerequiredatthesurveycenterline,andat500feetupstreamand
downstreamofthesurveycenterline.Theseshotsshallbetakeninthesametimeperiod.For
tidalsites,thenormalhighandlowtideelevationsarerequired.
2.4.1.9.2 HistoricalFloodData
Theextremehighwaterelevation(floodofrecord)shallbeobtainedalongwiththedateof
occurrence,location(distanceupstreamordownstream),andthesourceforthisinformation.If
thesiteistidal,thehighestobservedtideelevationisneeded.
Thesurveyorshallrecordthefloorelevationsandlocationsofanyhouses,buildingsorother
structuresthathavebeenflooded,orhavefloorelevationswithin2feetofthefloodofrecord.
Forstructuresthathavebeenflooded,thesurveyorshallprovidethefloodinformation,including
thenumberoftimesthestructurehasbeenflooded,thedate(s),andthehighwaterelevations.
Note:Thehighwaterelevationsshouldbeobtainedfromlongtimelocalresidentsand/or
city/countyofficials.
2.4.1.10 MiscellaneousSurveyData
2.4.1.10.1 DamsandSpillways
Forsitesaffectedbyanupstreamordownstreamdam,surveyshotsarerequiredthatdescribethe
location,length,widthandelevationofthedamembankmentandspillwayopening.Thewater
surfaceelevationoftheimpoundedwatershallbeprovided.
2.4.1.10.2 GuideBanks(SpurDikes)
Shotsshallbetakenthatwillreflectthelocation,lengthandelevationoftheguidebank.
2.4.1.10.3 LongitudinalRoadwayEncroachmentsonFloodplains
Additionalfloodplaincrosssectionswillberequiredtodeterminetheeffectsofthelongitudinal
encroachment.ThesurveyorcancontacttheProjectEngineerforguidanceontheextentof
additionalsurveydatathatwillberequired.
2.4.1.10.4 UpstreamandDownstreamCrossings
Forallbridgesandculvertsthatliebetween2000feetand1mileupstreamanddownstreamfrom
theprojectbridge,thesurveyorshallidentifybasicinformationforeachstructure,suchas
distancefromproposedstructure,typeofstructure,routelocation,andstructuresizesinthe
HydraulicEngineeringFieldReport.
2.4.1.10.5 AdditionalCrossSections
Ifthehydraulicsattheprojectsiteisaffectedbyotherfactorssuchasconfluencewithother
streamsornarrowfloodplaincrosssections,additionalfloodplaincrosssectionsmayberequired.
Thesurveyorshouldcontacttheroadwaydesignerifaquestionarisesduringthefieldsurveyof
theproject.
2.4.2 GradeSeparations
Thefollowingitemsareneededforabridgesurveyoveranexistingroad:
APropertySurveythatcoversextentsofalltheroadwayalignmentscorridors.Asaminimum,
thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.Therightof
wayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.2.2.1 Alignment
PTs.
2.4.2.2.2 Profile
2.4.2.2.3 IntersectionRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthesurvey.
Theseprofilesshallextendatleast300feetfromtheintersectionwiththeprojectroad.These
profilesshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedgesoftheroadway
shoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.2.4 TopographicCoverage
2.4.2.5 Benchmarks
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgesiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshouldbe
describedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
2.4.2.6 ProfileandCrossSections
ProfileandCrossSectionsorDTMcoverageshouldhavethesamelimitsastheTopographiclimits.
2.4.2.7 RoadwaybeneathBridge
Theroadbeneathabridgefor300feetleftandrightofthebridgerequiresacompletesurvey
whichincludes:Alignment,property,topographic,profilelevelsandcrosssectionsorDTMsurvey
data.
Abridgesketchisrequired.Onthissketch,showtheverticalclearancefromthebottomofthe
outsidebridgebeamstotheroadwaypavementatthecenterlineoftheroadandateachedgeof
pavementoftheroad.
2.4.3 RailroadCrossings
Thefollowingitemsareneededforabridgesurveyoveranexistingrailroad:
APropertySurveythatcoversextentsoftheroadwayalignmentandrailroadcorridors.Asa
minimum,thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.
Therightofwayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.3.2.1 Alignment
PTs.
2.4.3.2.2 Profile
2.4.3.2.3 IntersectingRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthesurvey.
Theseprofilesshallextendatleast300feetfromtheintersectionwiththeprojectroad.These
profilesshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedgesoftheroadway
shoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.3.4 Topographic
2.4.3.5 Benchmarks
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgeorstreamsiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshould
bedescribedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
2.4.3.6 ProfileandCrossSections
ProfileandCrossSectionsorDTMcoverageshouldhavethesamelimitsasthetopographiclimits.
2.4.3.7 RailroadbeneathBridge
Therailroadbeneaththebridgefor500feetleftandrightofthebridgerequiresacomplete
surveythatincludes:
AlignmentThealignmentofthecenterlineonthemainrailroadtracksfor500feetleftandright
ofthebridgeshallbesurveyed.Theintersectionofthebridgealignmentandtherailroad
alignmentshallbetiedtoarailroadmilepost.
PropertysurveyAsdescribedinsection2.4.3.1.
TopographicThetopographiccoveragelimitshallbe100feetleftandrightoneachsideofthe
track.Ifthelocationhasmultipletracks,coverageshouldbe100feetbeyondthecenterlineofthe
outermosttrack.Thelocationoftheexistingbridgepilingsshouldbelocatedfromthesurvey
centerline.
ProfileLevelsandCrossSectionsorDTMSurveyDataTheprofileandcrosssectionsorDTM
surveydatashallbetakenaminimumof100feeteachsideofthetrack.Ifthelocationhas
multipletracks,coverageshallextendfor100feetbeyondthecenterlineoftheoutermosttrack.
Elevationsaretobetakenonthetopofeachrail.Ifcollectingelevationsinthecrosssection
format,aminimumoffive(5)crosssectionsshallbetakenbetweentheproposedrightofway
limits.Oneattheproposedrightofway,onehalfwaybetweentheproposedrightofwayandthe
bridgecenterline,oneatthebridgecenterline,andthesamefortheothersideofthebridge.
Thesecrosssectionswillbetakenperpendiculartotherailroadtrackcenterlineandextendfor
100feetbeyondthecenterlineoftheoutermosttrack.
DrainageAlldrainagestructuresandfeatureswithinthe1000feetRailroadSurveycorridorshall
beprovided.
Abridgesketchisrequired.Onthissketch,showtheverticalclearancefromthebottomofthe
outermostbridgebeamstothetopoftherailroadrailforeachrailbeneaththebridge.
2.5 STAGEDCONSTRUCTION
Stagedconstructionmayberequiredwhenwideningbridgesorcircumstancesrequire
constructingthenewbridgeinnearlythesamefootprintasexisting.
2.5.1 TemporaryShoring
Sinceitisdifficultfordesignerstoanticipateacontractorsexactmethodofconstruction,
temporaryshoringshallbeshownwhereveritisconsiderednecessary.Showthetemporary
shoringwithbreaklinesattheendstoindicateindefinitelimits.Ifshoringisshownontheplans,
includeageneralnoteaddressingtheshoringorincludetemporaryshoringinthelistofincidental
items.Donotusethetemporaryshoringpayitemunlessasubstantialamountofshoringis
required.
2.5.2 PourStrips
Pourstripsshallbeconsideredforstagedconstruction.SeeSection3.13.1.1fordetails.
2.5.3 TemporaryBarrier
Temporarybarriershallbeconsideredforstagedconstruction.SeeSection3.3.6fordetails.
2.6 BRIDGEJACKING
2.6.1 General
Wherebridgesaretoberaised,thedesignershallprovidejackingdetailsinfinalconstruction
plans.Thesedetailsshouldprovide169minimumverticalclearanceoverthetravelwayand
pavedshoulders.
2.6.2 UtilityConsideration
Duringthepreliminarydesignphase,thedesignershouldinformtheDistrictUtilitiesEngineerthat
thebridgeistoberaisedandthatafieldsiteinspectionisneededtoidentifyandlocatethe
utilitiesinplace.ThefindingsshouldbereportedtotheBridgeOffice.TheDistrictUtilities
Engineershallalerttheimpactedutilitycompaniesandremindthemoftheirresponsibilitiesfor
coordinatingsatisfactoryutilityrealignment.
2.6.3 AdditionalWork
ArequestshouldbemadetotheBridgeMaintenanceUnitforaBridgeConditionSurvey.Items
reportedinneedofrepairorreplacementshouldbeincorporatedintothecontractdocumentsif
practical.
2.6.4 Plans
EachsetofbridgejackingplansshouldincludeaPlanandElevationsheetandJackingDetails
sheetssufficienttodescribetheoverallscopeofworkandshowtherequiredBridgeOfficedetails
alongwithotherpertinentdatanecessarytoobtainaccurateandcompetitivebids.Thesesheets
areinadditiontoapplicableroadwayplanswhichwouldincludetheCover,Index,Revision
Summary,SummaryofQuantities,DetailedEstimate,TypicalSections,andPlan&Profilesheets.
2.6.4.1 PlanandElevationSheet
ThePlanandElevation(P&E)sheetshouldclearlyshowaplanviewthatincludesbeginningand
endingbridgestations,bentarrangements,deckwidths,andthepointofminimumvertical
clearance.Itshouldalsoclearlyshowanelevationviewthatincludesthelengthofbridge,span
lengths,locationsofexpansionandfixedbearings,bentnumbers,andtheminimumvertical
clearanceatcompletion.TheP&Esheetshouldalsocontaintheexistinggradedataforthebridge
andanyunderpassroadwaysaswellastheexistingbridgeSerial,I.D.,andP.I.numbers.
TheP&EsheetmayalsocontainthefollowinginaccordancewiththeBridgeOfficesstandard
GeneralNotesformatting:
AnEXISTINGBRIDGECONSISTSOFtabulationdescribingtheexistingbridge
AUTILITIEStabulationlistingallexistingutilities
AWORKCONSISTSOFtabulationoutliningthebasicitemsofthework
ADESIGNDATAFORDESIGNOFPEDESTALStabulationindicatingthedesign
specificationsused,thetypicalloading,andthefuturepavingallowanceassumed
ACONSTRUCTIONSEQUENCEtabulationenumeratingproposedstepsnecessaryto
completethework.Anoteshouldbeincludedimmediatelyfollowingthesestepsstating
Theaforementionedsequenceshallbecoordinatedwiththeroadwayoperations,see
roadwayplans.Inlieuoftheabovesequence,thecontractormaysubmitaproposed
sequenceforapproval.
ATRAFFICDATAtabulationdisplayingtrafficdatafortheexistingbridge
ASUMMARYOFQUANTITIEStabulationincludingalumpsumpayitemforraisingthe
existingbridge,payitemsforjointresealing,andanyotherpayitemsforrequested
bridgerehabilitationwork
AGENERALNOTEStabulationstatingallapplicablestandardBridgeOfficenotes
pertinenttobridgejackingoperationsaswellasnotesaddressingprotectionofexisting
slopepaving,removalandreplacementofexistingbridgejointsand/orother
rehabilitativework,amountofjackingandverticalclearancetobeobtainedwith
referencetospecialprovisions,andresponsibilityforutility
disconnects/reconnects/adjustments
TheabovetabulationsmaybeincludedonaseparateGeneralNotessheetifnecessaryormaybe
includedontheJackingDetailssheets.
2.6.4.2 JackingDetailsSheet
JackingDetailssheetsshouldincludethefollowing:
Sectionviewsatendwalls/backwallsdetailingrequiredmodificationsincluding
pedestals,newconcreteandreinforcement,andapproachslabmodifications
Schematicsofutilityadjustments
Schematicplanandelevationviewsofbearingassembliesandpedestals
Detailsofelastomericbearingsifrequired(maybeshownonseparatesheetif
necessary)
Detailsofwingwallmodifications
Detailsofexpansionjoints
Steelspecificationsandfinishrequirements
Details/requirementsforanchorboltreplacement
2.6.4.3 MaintenanceofTraffic
Theengineershallconsidermaintenanceoftrafficinthedesignandensureadequatecoordination
withtheroadwayplans.Thesequenceofoperationsshouldlimitelevationdifferencesatlift
pointsto1inchorlessatanygiventimeorasindicatedintheSpecialProvisionforthiswork.
2.6.4.4 JackingMethod
Itisgenerallynotnecessaryordesirabletospecifyajackingmethodintheplans.TheSpecial
Provisionforthisworkshouldcontainthebasicjackingrequirementsandtheengineershould
makesurethatisthecase.Itistheintentthatthecontractorretainsresponsibilityforthejacking
method/detailsanddamagetothestructure.However,theengineershouldfullyconsiderall
jackingloadstobeplacedonthestructure.Membersshouldbeanalyzedasnecessarytoensure
thatthestrengthisadequateforjackingbyconventionalmethods.Ifnot,specialnotesordetails
shouldbedevelopedsoamethodisclearlyavailableforbidding.
2.6.4.5 ApproachSlab
Detailingforbridgejackingshouldincludeprovisionsforretainingexistingapproachslabswith
modificationsforresupportingonthepavingrestafterjackingiscomplete.Theexistingapproach
slabsshouldnormallybeoverlaidwithpermanentasphaltasthebridgeisjackedthereby
maintainingaconsistenttrafficsurfacethatwillremaininplaceatthecompletionoftheproject.
Anoteshouldbeincludedintheplanstorequirethecontractortocheckforvoidsbeneaththe
approachslabbysoundingandcoringpriortocuttingitfreeofthepavingrest.Ifvoidsare
detected,theyshouldbegroutedwithflowablefillinaccordancewithGDOTStandard
SpecificationSection600andanominalquantityshouldbesetupforthispurposetobeusedas
directedbytheengineer.
2.6.4.6 ConcretePedestals
Concretepedestalsshallbespecifiedwhenthepedestalheightisover1'9".Forbridgesbeing
jackedandwidenedoneachside,sotheexistingportionofthebridgewillbelaterallyrestrained,
concretepedestalsarerequiredonlywhenthepedestalheightisover2'3".Steelpedestalsmay
beusedforheightsequaltoorlowerthantheselimits.
2.7 BRIDGESALVAGE
InthePreliminaryDesignPhase,thedesignershallwritealettertotheBridgeMaintenanceUnit
askingforalistofmaterialstobesalvagedfromtheexistingstructure.TheBridgeMaintenance
Unitwillrespondbylettereitherstatingthatnothingwillbesalvaged,orwithalistofitemstobe
salvaged.ThedesignershallplaceanoteonthePlansindicatingeithertheexistingbridge
materialstobesalvagedfromthesiteorthatnomaterialswillbesalvaged.UseBridgeNotes
G072throughG075asapplicable.
2.8 SOFTWARE
Thefollowingsoftwaremustbeusedduringtheproductionoffinalbridgeplans:
a) Geometry(BRGEOM)Allbridgesshallhaveageometryprogramrunshowingtheprofile
gradeline,centerlineconstruction,beamlines,gutterlinesandedgeofbridge.Transverse
linesshallincludeendofbridge,centerlinebents,centerlineofbearing,and(forTbeams
only)faceofcap.Thisrequirementmaybewaivedforsimplebridges.
b) GeneralNotes(BRNOTES)Runthisprogramtohavethecorrectnotesandpayitemsin
theuniformformat.
c) ReinforcingSteel(BRLBAR)Runthisprogramtohavethecorrectsteelquantitiesand
formattedrebarsheets.
2.9 PRELIMINARYDESIGN
ThePreliminaryDesignPhaseiswhenthetemplatefortheFinalBridgePlansisset.Therefore,it
iscriticalforthedesignertoconsideralltheknownaspectsthatmayaffectthebridgedesignand
planforthemduringthisphase.
2.9.1 RoadwayGeometry
Earlyinthedesignprocessthedesignermayneedtocollaboratewiththeroadwaydesignersto
simplifythedesignandconstructionofthebridge.Someoftheparametersthatshouldbe
consideredduringthisphasearediscussedinthefollowingsubsections.
2.9.1.1 LowPoints
Whenpossible,lowpointsshouldbekeptoffofthebridgespansandapproachslabs.Ifalow
pointmustbelocatedonthebridge,thefollowinglocationsshouldbeavoided:
Nearabridgejointduetolongtermmaintenanceissues
Onendspanssodrainagewontfallontounprotectedslopes
Nearintermediatebentssodrainagewontfallontosubstructureelements
SeeSection3.15fordetailsofdeckdrainage.
2.9.1.2 SuperelevationTransition
Superelevationtransitionsonbridgesshouldbeavoidedwhenpractical.Particularly,transitions
betweennormalcrownandreversecrownshouldbeavoidedasthisrequiresamorecomplex
constructionsequenceandalongitudinalconstructionjoint.Iftheroadwayplanspresenta
superelevationtransitionthatfallswithinthelimitsofthebridge,requestthattheProject
Managerconsiderthefollowingalternatives:
Movetheentiresuperelevationtransitioncompletelyoffthebridge.
Makeatransitiontoacertaincrossslope,maintainitacrossthebridge,thencontinue
thetransition.
Completethetransitionbetweennormalcrownandreversecrownoffthebridge,then
increaseordecreasethesuperelevationonthebridgeasnecessary.
2.9.2 BridgeWidths
Bridgewidthisdeterminedbytheroadwayclassificationandotherparametersasspecifiedinthe
followingsubsections,whereTWisthetraveledway(totalwidthoflanes).
Note:TheshoulderwidthsarebasedonAPolicyonGeometricDesignofHighwaysandStreets
[AASHTOGreenBook],2004.
2.9.2.1 BridgesontheStateandFederalSystem(nonInterstate)
a) Ruralsection(2lanes):
DesignYearADT BridgeClearWidth
0399 4+TW+4
4002000 6+TW+6
Over2000 8+TW+8
b) Ruralsection(multilaneundivided4lanesormore):8+TW+8
c) Ruralsection(multilanedivided):4(insideshoulder)+TW+8(outsideshoulder)
d) Urbansections(withcurb):
Theclearwidthforallneworreconstructedbridgesshallbethecurbtocurbwidthofthe
approachroadway.Fortwolane,twowaybridgestheminimumclearwidthshallbeTW+4
ft,unlessanexceptionisobtainedfromtheChiefEngineer.Sidewalksshallbeprovidedon
bridgeswherecurbandgutterisprovidedontheapproachroadway.Minimumsidewalk
widthonbridgesshallbe5.5ft(seeSection3.3.3SidewalksandMedians).Whenthe
roadwaycurbandguttersectionis26,2ftisconsideredgutterforcalculationofthe
bridgewidth.
e) Ramps:
Thewidthofbridgesusedonrampsshallbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.The
designershouldcooperatewiththeProjectManagerandBridgeOfficeliaisontodetermine
thebridgewidthforaramp.
2.9.2.2 BridgesofftheStateandFederalSystem
a) Ruralsection(2lanes)*
DesignYearADT BridgeClearWidth
0399 2+TW+2
4002000 3+TW+3
Over2000 8+TW+8
*Forlowvolumeroadswithanapproachroadwaywidthofonelane,aminimumbridge
widthof18ft.maybeselectedwithapprovalfromtheChiefEngineer.
b) Ruralsection(multilaneundivided4lanesormore):8+TW+8
c) Ruralsection(multilanedivided):4(insideshoulder)+TW+8(outsideshoulder)
d) Urbansection(withcurb):
Theminimumclearwidthforallneworreconstructedbridgesshallbethecurbtocurb
widthoftheapproachroadway.Fortwolane,twowaybridgestheminimumclearwidth
shallbeTW+4ft,unlessanexceptionisobtainedfromtheChiefEngineer.Sidewalksshall
beprovidedonbridgeswherecurbandgutterisprovidedontheapproachroadway.
Minimumsidewalkwidthonbridgesshallbe5.5ft(seeSection3.3.3Sidewalksand
Medians).Whentheroadwaysectionhasacurbandgutterof26,2ftisconsidered
gutterforcalculationofthebridgewidth.
2.9.2.3 InterstateBridges
LanesinOneDirection BridgeWidthClearDistance
TwoLanes 6(insideshoulder)+TW+12(outsideshoulder)
ThreeorMore 10(insideshoulder)+TW+12(outsideshoulder)
ThreeorMorewith
HighTruckTraffic
12(insideshoulder)+TW+12(outsideshoulder)
Note:Thephilosophyonshoulderwidthsisthatwithtwolanesdriversshouldbeabletotake
refugeontheoutsideshoulder.Whenmorelanesarepresent,theymayhavetotakerefugeon
theinsideshoulder.Whenthereishightrucktraffic,additionalwidthmaybeneededtoallow
truckstotakerefugeontheinsideshoulder.Iftheshoulderwidthsshownabovearedifferent
thanthepavedshouldersontheroadwayplans,thisshouldbeaddressedasearlyintheprocess
aspossiblesincetheseshouldgenerallymatch.
2.9.2.4 DesignExceptions
Whenaprojectisimplementedusingfederalfundsandthewidthcharacteristicsdonotmeetthe
abovecriteria,arequestfordesignexceptionshallbesubmittedtotheChiefEngineerfor
approval,unless23CFR625DesignStandardsforHighwaysapplies.Thefollowingsituations
wouldrequireconsiderationfordesignexceptions.
2.9.2.4.1 StagingConsiderations
Incertainstagingsituationsitmightbemoreeconomicaltobuildthebridgewiderasopposedto
buildingatemporarystructuretoholdthetraffic.
2.9.2.4.2 FutureConstructionConsiderations
Whendesigningareplacementbridgethathasafutureparallelbridgeprogrammed,itcouldbe
appropriatetoapplymultilanedividedtrafficcriteriainsteadofthe2waytrafficcriteriaspecified
above.
2.9.2.4.3 SharpCurves
Thebridgewidthonroadswithsharpcurvesandlowtrafficcanbeincreasedduetotracking
requirements.SeeSection4.2.3PavementWideningonCurvesoftheGDOTDesignPolicy
Manual.
2.9.3 BridgeLengths
Thebridgelengthismostlydeterminedbytheobstaclethatthebridgemustspan.Fornearlyall
roadprojectstheobstaclefallswithintwogeneralcategoriesBodiesofWater(StreamCrossings)
orTravelways(GradeSeparations).
2.9.3.1 StreamCrossings
TheguidelinesforsettingthespanlengthsforStreamCrossingsareoutlinedintheGDOTDrainage
Manual.
2.9.3.2 GradeSeparations
Bridgespansoverroadsorrailroadsshallbelongenoughtospanthetravelway,drainageditches,
shoulders,sidewalks,clearzoneforthetravelway,andtheoffsetdistancefromthetoeofslope
pavingorfaceofabutmentwall(SeeSections2.3.3and2.3.4).
2.9.4 GuidelinesforSelectingBridgeType
Thefollowingguidelinescanbeused,unlessthecostofthebridgerequiresaBridgeTypeStudy
(SeeSection2.9.5).
2.9.4.1 TypicalBridgeCost
Thefollowingsquarefootcostsforparticularbridgetypesmaybeusedinpreparationof
preliminarycostestimates:
Item Squarefootcost(outtooutwidth)
RC/PSCbeamsonpilebents $70
PSCbeamsonconcretebents $85
Steelbeamsonconcretebents $115
2.9.4.2 ReinforcedConcreteDeckGirders(RCDGs)
Historically,reinforcedconcretedeckgirders(RCDGorTBeam)onpilebentsaresomeofthe
mosteconomicalbridgesthatGDOThasbuilt.Wheneconomygoverns,thedesignershould
considerRCDGasthefirstchoice.Typicalspansareeither30feetlong(23deep)orpreferably
40feetlong(29deep).WhenrunningHydraulics,uniformspanlengthsshouldbeaddeduntilan
acceptablehydraulicopeningisfound.
2.9.4.3 ContractorPSCBeamSubstitution
GDOTStandardSpecificationsallowscontractorstosubstitutePSCgirderspansforRCDGspansas
longasminimumbottomofbeamelevationsaremet.Anoteshouldbeplacedontheplansif
otherconditionslimitthecontractorsoptionforthesubstitution.
SincemanyRCDGspansarebeingredesignedbythecontractorstoPSCgirders,designersmay
nowopttoutilizeTypeIModPSCgirders.RCDGmaystillbemoreeconomicalthanTypeIMod
PSCgirdersonlowlyingbridgeswherethecostoffalseworkwillbeless.
2.9.4.4 PSCBeamsOnPileBents
Forpreliminarylayoutsthemaximumspanlengthonpilebentsis50feet.Spansupto70feet
maybeusedonlyifPSCpilesarerecommendedinanapprovedBFI.Becauselongerspansrequire
heavierpilingandpilehammers,spanslongerthan50feetmaynotbeeconomicalonsmall
bridges.
2.9.4.5 ConcreteBents
Concretebentsshouldbeusedinsteadofpilebentsforthefollowingsituations:
Bridgerequireslongerspans
Bridgeheightexceedstwentyfeetwherepilebentswillnotwork
IftheBFIrecommendsspreadfootings,drilledshaftsorpilotholesatbentlocationsduetorockor
hardlayersclosetothesurface,thebridgelayoutshouldbereexaminedutilizinglongerspan
lengthsonconcretebentsforcostsavings.
2.9.4.6 PrestressedConcreteBeams
Prestressedconcretebeamsarethemosteconomicalsuperstructuretypewhenspanslongerthan
40feetarerequired.Spanlength,beamtypeandbeamspacingshallbeconsideredtogetherfor
themosteconomicdesign.PSCbeamchartsareprovidedinAppendix3Bforguidanceandbeam
spacinglimitsarespecifiedinSection3.4.2.7.Forbridgesinvisibleareas,suchasgrade
separationsorstreamcrossingswithsignificantadjacentdevelopment,samebeamdepthsfor
adjacentspansshouldbeconsidered(seeSection3.4.3.2).
2.9.4.7 SingleSpanHydraulicBridges
Whenthehydraulicopeningrequiresabridgethatspansthestreamwithendspansoflessthan
30feet,asinglespanbridgeusinglongerbeamscouldbethebestalternative.However,itis
difficulttosetlongbeamsacrossastream,soabeamsettingprocessneedstobeprovidedinthe
hydraulicstudy.Itmaybepossibletosetthemfromthedetourbridgeortheadjacentbridge.
2.9.4.8 SteelBeams
SteelbeambridgesaretypicallymoreexpensivethanPSCbeams.However,steelbeambridges
shouldbeconsideredforthefollowingsituations:
Spanlengthsexceeding150(BridgeTypeStudymaybeappropriate)
Bridgesrequiringashallowsuperstructuredepthforverticalclearance
Wideningexistingsteelbridges
2.9.4.9 BoxGirders
Anotheroptionforlongspansissteelorconcreteboxgirderbridges.GDOTprefersnottouse
concreteboxgirdersduetotheextensivefalseworkrequired.However,castinplaceboxgirders
orsegmentalboxgirdersshouldbeconsideredintheBridgeTypeStudyforappropriatesituations.
2.9.4.10 BeamsinCurvedBridges
Whenthewidthofthebridgeisconstant,makethebeamsparallelwithineachspanaspractical.
Also,thecenterlinesofexteriorbeamsshouldmeetatthecenterlinesoftheintermediatebents.
Usethefollowingpracticeforplacingbeamsoncurvedbridgesasfeasible:
PlacebeamsparalleltothechordofthebridgecenterlinefromBFPR/centerlinebentto
centerlinebent.
Placeexteriorbeamsonchordsofconcentriccircles,thenparallelinteriorbeams
towardsthecenterline.Forthiscase,ensurethatthenonparallelbeamspacingthat
occursinthemiddleissmallerthantheparallelspacingoneitherside,soitdoesnt
controlthedeckdesign.
Placingallbeamsontheirownchordsusuallymakesnobeamparallelandleadstocomplicated
deckformwork.
2.9.4.11 ScissorBridges
Onbridgeswithverysharpskews,knownasscissorbridges,itmaybeappropriatetouse
transversegirdersratherthanlongitudinalbeams.Thisresultsinmanygirdersthatonlypartially
supporttheroadway.Thereisnodefinitivepolicyonwhethertoincludeadeckontheportion
outsidetheroadwaylimitsorleavethebeamswithanuncoveredtopflange.ABridgeTypeStudy
maybenecessaryforcostcomparisonbetweenmanyshorttransversegirdersandafewlong
longitudinalbeams.
2.9.4.12 MSEWallAbutments
AnMSEwallabutmentshouldbeconsideredasanalternativetoanendrollongradeseparations.
Itcouldbeamoreeconomicsolution,especiallyforwidebridges.
2.9.5 BridgeTypeStudy
ABridgeTypeStudyshouldbeperformedwhenevertheestimatedconstructioncostofasingle
bridgeisexpectedtoexceed$10,000,000,orasdirectedbytheBridgeOffice.Thestudyreport
servesasareferencesupportingthechoiceofthestructuretypeforaproject.
2.9.5.1 Purpose
TheBridgeTypeStudyestablisheswhatalternative(s)willbecarriedforwardinthePreliminary
andFinalDesignphases.Whenalternatedesignsareconsidered,uniformdesigncriteria,material
requirementsandunitcostsshouldbeapplied.
2.9.5.2 Format
Thereportshalluse8by11pageswithdrawingsonlargersheets,ifnecessary,foldedtofit
thereport.Thereportshallbeneatlywrittenandthecontentsshallbepresentedinalogicalse
quencewithnarrativesasnecessary.AnExecutiveSummaryshallbeincludedcomparingthe
relativefeaturesandcostsofthealternativesconsideredandrecommendingwhichalternative(s)
tobecarriedforwardintothePreliminaryPhase.
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldbeasselfcontainedaspossiblebyincludingallargumentsthat
establish,justify,support,orprovetheconclusions.Itisacceptabletomakereferencetoother
documentsthatwillbeincludedinthefinalsubmittalpackage.Anydocumentation,suchasdraw
ings,clearandconciseviews,orotherillustratedinformationthatassistsinpresentingdesign
intentandsolutionsshouldbeincludedinthepackage.
2.9.5.3 Contents
Providecostdataandotherinformationthataffectstheselectionofanalternative,including
geotechnicalsurveydata(ifavailable),lifecyclemaintenancecosts,constructiontimeandstaging
assumptions,constructability,maintenanceoftraffic,aesthetics,etc.Variousmethodsof
handlingtrafficduringconstructionshouldbethoroughlyinvestigated.Dataprovidedbyothers
shouldbethoroughlyreviewedandifdeemedinsufficientorinerrorshouldbebroughttothe
attentionoftheprovider.Themajoritemsthatshouldbeincludedaredescribedinthefollowing
subsections.
2.9.5.3.1 BridgeDescription
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeadetaileddescriptionofeachproposedalternatestructure.
Thisdescriptionshouldconsiderthefollowinginitsdevelopment:
a) Spanlength:Spanlengthsaregovernedbycolumn/pierlocationsthatprovidetherequired
verticalandhorizontalclearances,theneconomicandaestheticconsiderations.
b) Superstructuredepth:Superstructuredepths,particularforgradeseparationstructures,
shallbekepttotheminimumasallowedbygoodengineeringpractice.
c) Spancontinuity:Theeconomicandengineeringadvantageofsimplespanvs.continuous
spansshouldbeaddressed.
d) Superstructuretype:Considerprestressedconcretegirders,steelrolledsections,steelplate
girders,steelorconcreteboxgirders,andothersectionsapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
e) Pierprotection:Pierslocatedinadividedhighwaymedianmustbeprotectedfromtraffic,
typicallybyguardrailorconcretebarrier,whenlocatedwithintheclearzone.
f) Foundation:Forpilesanddrilledshafts,assumesize,length,andcapacitiesfrom
geotechnicalinformation,ifavailable.Forspreadfootings,allowablebearingpressure
shouldalsobeassumedfromgeotechnicalinformation,ifavailable.
2.9.5.3.2 Costs
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeacostestimateforeachproposedalternatestructure.This
estimateshouldincludethefollowing:
a) Quantityestimates:Quantitiesshouldbeestimatedtotheaccuracynecessaryforcomparing
thealternatives.Forminorbridgesroughquantities,suchastheamountofreinforcingsteel
estimatedfromhistoricsteeltoconcreteratios,maybesufficient.Formajorandcomplex
bridgesmoredetailedquantitycalculationsmayberequired.
b) Unitcosts:UnitcostsshouldbederivedusingdataavailablefromGDOTorcon
tractors/suppliers.Thesourcesofallpricedatashouldberecordedforlaterreference.For
majorandcomplexstructuresitmaybenecessarytodevelopunitcostsfromananalysisof
fabrication,storage,deliveryanderectioncosts.
c) Costmatrix:Acostmatrixshouldbeestablishedforeachalternativetorevealthemost
economicspanarrangement.
2.9.5.3.3 Aesthetics
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeanarrativeexplaininghowaestheticsaffectedthedesignof
eachproposedalternatestructure.Thisnarrativeshouldaddressthefollowingconsiderations:
a) Totalityofstructure:Abridgeshouldbemadeaestheticallypleasinginandofitselfbygiving
properattentiontoshapes,proportionsandcontinuityofformsandlines.Thebasic
structureofthebridgeitselfshouldbethemainfocusinbridgeaesthetics,notenhance
ments,additions,orothersuperficialtouches.
b) Compatibilitywithsite:Abridgeshouldbemadeaestheticallypleasingincontextofits
surroundings.Additionalemphasisshouldbeplacedonthesurroundingsatinterchanges
wherelandscapingoruniquefeaturesneedtobeconsidered.
c) Conformityoftheme:Conformityofthemeandunifyingappearanceshouldbecreatedor
maintainedinlocationswithmultiplebridges,suchasinterchanges,whereaestheticsare
importantbecauseofhighvisibilitytoalargenumberofmotorists.
d) Inherentlypleasingsubstructureshapes:Considerationshouldbegiventostructural
systemsthatareinherentlymorepleasing,suchashammerheador"T"shapedpiers,ovalor
polygonalshapedcolumns,piersinlieuofbents,etc.
2.9.5.3.4 ConstructabilityandMaintainability
Allconstructionandmaintenancerequirementsshouldbeidentifiedandappropriatelyreflected
inanyconceptthatistoberecommendedfordesign.
a) Constructability:Itemssuchasmembersizes/handling/fabrication,maintenanceoftraffic,
constructionstaging,equipmentrequirements,etc.shouldbeconsidered.
b) Transportation:Specialevaluationshallbemadetoinsureagainstpotentialproblemsthat
mayoccurinobtainingpermitsandequipmenttotransportlongand/orheavymembers
frompointofmanufacturetotheprojectsite.
c) Maintenance:Considerationsforfuturemaintenanceinspectionshallbetakenintoaccount
inthestructure'sdesign.Suchconsiderationsmayincludetheneedfor6feetminimum
headroominsidesteelorconcreteboxgirdersuperstructures.
2.10 QUANTITIES
2.10.1 QuantitiesonGeneralNotes
ForLumpSuperstructurePayItemsontheGeneralNotessheet,presentthequantitiesinthe
bracketsasshowninthefollowingexamples:
LUMPSUPERSTRCONC,CLASSAABRNO1(465)
LUMPSTRSTEELBRNO1(1465450)
LUMPSUPERSTRREINFSTEELBRNO1(265430)
Allquantitiesshallbeshownaswholenumber.Donotincludedecimalsorcommas.
Pilingquantitiesshallberoundeduptothenexteven5feet.
2.10.2 QuantitiesonDetailSheets
Allsuperstructurequantitiesshallbeitemizedonthesuperstructuredetailsheetasshownin
Table2.10.21.DonotincludeaTOTALcolumninthistableunlessallofthespansinthebridge
areshowninthetableandthetotalincludesallofthespansinthebridge.Allsubstructure
quantitiesshallbeitemizedonthesubstructuredetailsheetasshowninTable2.10.22.Show
concretequantitiestoonedecimalplace.Reinforcingsteelandstructuralsteelquantitiesshould
beintegers.
Table2.10.21 SuperstructureQuantityTable
SUPERSTRUCTUREQUANTITIES
ITEM SPAN1 SPAN2 SPAN3 TOTAL
LUMPCYSUPERSTRCONCRETE,CLASSD 159.9 145.5 159.9 465.3
LUMPLBSUPERSTRREINFSTEEL 89,316 86,798 89,316 265,430
LUMPSTRUCTURALSTEEL 490,009 485,432 490,009 1,465,450
Table2.10.22 SubstructureQuantityTable
SUBSTRUCTUREQUANTITIES
ITEM BENT2 BENT3
CYCLASSAACONCRETE 77.1 81.6
LBBARREINFSTEEL 15,642 16,552
2.10.3 QuantitiesforStagedConstructionandContinuousUnits
Barschedulesforcontinuousspanunitssupportedbystructuralsteelshallbetabulatedbypour.
Inthiscase,thequantityonthesuperstructuredetailsheetshallbeshownbycontinuousunit.
Barschedulesforstageconstructedbridgesshallbetabulatedbystage.Inthecaseofstage
constructedsimplespans,thequantityonthesuperstructuredetailsheetshallbeshownbyspan.
Whenacontinuousspanunitisstageconstructed,thebarscheduleshallbetabulatedbypourand
stage,i.e.Pour1,Stage1;Pour1,Stage2;etc.
APPENDIX2AHYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT
HYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT

I. HYDRAULICANDHYDROLOGICALDATAREQUIREDFORALLEXISTINGORPROPOSEDBRIDGESTREAMCROSSINGPROJECTS
ProjectLocation
District CountyProjectNo.
P.I.No. Route StreamName
SurveyedBy Date
SiteInformation
FloodplainandStreamChanneldescription:
Flat,rolling,mountainous,etc.
Wooded,heavilyvegetated,pasture,swampy,etc.
Streamchanneldescription:welldefinedbanks,meandering,debris,etc.
Isthereanyfillintheupstreamordownstreamfloodplain,whichwillaffectthenaturaldrainage
orlimitthefloodplainwidthatthissite?
RequiredExistingBridgeInformationatProjectSite
BridgeIdentificationNo.
DateBuilt
Skewangleofbridgebents
SubstructureInformation:
Columntype(concrete,steel,etc.)
Sizeofcolumn
Numberofcolumnsperbent
Heightofcurb,parapetorbarrier
GuideBank(SpurDike)length,elevationandlocation(ifapplicable)
Noteanyscourproblemsatintermediatebentsorabutments:
D. NormalWaterSurfaceData
WSELEV
500feetupstreamofthesurveycenterline
Atthesurveycenterline
500feetdownstreamofthesurveycenterline
Normalhightide
Normallowtide
E.HistoricalFloodData
Extremehighwaterelevationatsite_________Date
Highestobservedtideelevation_________Date
Locationwhereextremehighwaterelevationwastaken(upstreamordownstreamfaceofbridge,
distanceupstreamordownstream,centerline)
Sourceofhighwaterinformation
Locationandfloorelevationofanyhouses/buildings/structuresthathavebeenflooded.
Informationaboutflood(numberoftimeshouse/building/structurehasbeenflooded,water
surfaceelevation(s)anddate(s)offlood
Locationandfloorelevationofanyhouses/buildings/structuresthathavefloorelevationswithin2
feetoftheextremehighwaterelevation
BenchmarkInformation
Benchmarknumber
Location(InRoadspt.no.orprojectstation/offset)
Physicaldescription
Benchmarknumber
Physicaldescription
Benchmarknumber
Physicaldescription
UPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMSTRUCTURES
Structuretype(railroadorhighwaybridge,culvert)
Routenumber(ifapplicable)
Distancefromproposedstructure
Lengthofbridgeorculvertsize
Substructureinformation:
Columntype(concrete,steel,etc.)
Sizeofcolumn
Numberofcolumnsperbent
Note:Theaboveinformationisrequiredforallbridgesorculverts,whichliebetween2000ftand
1mileupstreamordownstreamoftheprojectbridge.
MISCELLANEOUSINFORMATION
Aretherewatersurfacesaffectedbyotherfactors(highwaterfromotherstreams,reservoirs,
etc.)?
Givelocation,length,width,andelevationofdamandspillway,ifapplicable
Chapter3:SUPERSTRUCTURE 31
Chapter3 SUPERSTRUCTURE
3.1 GENERALDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
3.1.1 Connections
EachconnectionbetweenthesuperstructureandsubstructureshallbeindicatedonthePlanand
Elevationsheetasfixed(FIX)orexpansion(EXP).
Atleastonebentcaptosuperstructureconnectionwithinacontinuousdeckunit(between
expansionjoints)shallbefixedtopreventanydifferentiallongitudinalmovementbetweenthe
superstructureandsubstructure.Thisfixedconditionshouldbeachievedbythedowel
bars/anchorboltsconnectingthesuperstructureandsubstructurethroughthebearingholes.
Allothersubstructure/superstructureinterfacesshallbeexpansiontoallowforthermal
movementand/orshrinkageofthesuperstructure.Attheseexpansionconnections,slottedholes
orchaseinthebeamshouldbeprovidedforfreelongitudinalmovementofthesuperstructure.
ForPSCbeamsa1smoothdowel(ASTMA709Grade50)shallbegroutedintothesubstructure
captoprovideconnection.Similarly,aNo.10reinforcingbarshallbeusedasadowelforRCDG
connection.Thesedowelsshallbesizedtoensure2nominalverticalclearancebetweentopof
pinandrecessinthegirder.
3.1.2 UseofChemicalAnchors
TheuseofepoxyinstructuralconnectionsisgenerallyprohibitedbytheDepartment.However,
epoxyuseisacceptablefortheinstallationofbridgejoinsandsidewalkdowelbars.Itisalso
appropriateforuseonstagedconstructionjointsasdefinedbytheEPOXYRESINADHESIVE
generalnote.
3.2 DECKDESIGN
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.1.1 Concrete
UseClassDconcrete,asspecifiedinSpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures,thathasa28day
designstrengthof4.0ksiasrequiredbyLRFD5.4.2.1.
3.2.1.2 Reinforcement
UseGrade60reinforcement.
3.2.1.3 PSCDeckPanels
PSCdeckpanelsarenolongerusedandshouldnotbeaccommodatedinthebridgedesign.
3.2.2 InteriorSlab
3.2.2.1 DesignMethod
UsetheTraditionalDesign(LRFD9.7.3)utilizingtheapproximatemethodofanalysis(LRFD
4.6.2.1.1),alsoknownastheequivalentstripmethod,todesignreinforcedconcreteslabs.
UseClass2exposureconditionforLRFDequation5.7.3.41.
EmpiricalDesign(LRFD9.7.2)willnotbeallowedfordeckdesignsonbridgesinthestateof
Georgia.
3.2.2.2 Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof.030ksfonallbridges.
3.2.2.3 MinimumSlabThicknessandConcreteCovers
UseTable3.2.2.31todeterminetheminimumslabthickness,thetopconcretecoverandthe
grinding/wearingthickness.Topcoverincludesgrinding/wearingthickness.
Table3.2.2.31 SlabThicknessandConcreteCover
CaseNo. BridgeLocation
MinimumDeck
Thickness
TopCover
Grinding/Wearing
Thickness
1
BelowFallLine*
CountyRoadwithADT<2000
7 2 0
2
BelowFallLine*
AllOtherRoutes
7 2
3
AboveFallLine*
CountyRoadwithADT<2000
8 2 0
4
AboveFallLine*
AllOtherRoutes
8 2
*SeeAppendix3AforlocationofFallLine.
Use1forthebottomcoveronalldeckslabs.
3.2.2.4 Detailing
3.2.2.4.1 MainReinforcements
Place#5barstransverselyinthetopandbottomofthedeckasmainreinforcement.The
maximumspacingallowedforthesebarsis9.Theminimumspacingis5toaidinthe
placementofthedeckconcrete.Detailthetopandbottommainreinforcementatdifferent
spacings,asnecessary.
3.2.2.4.2 DistributionReinforcements
Use#4barssetlongitudinallyabovethebottommainbarsasdistributionreinforcement.Place
thesebarsatequalspacesineachbaywith3offsetsfromthecenterlinesofbeams.
Use#4barssetlongitudinallybelowthetopmainbarsfortemperature/shrinkagecontrol.Place
thesebarsatequalspacesacrosstheentiredeckwidthwithamaximumspacingof12.
3.2.2.4.3 ContinuousDeckReinforcement
Insimplespanbridgeswithdecksmadecontinuousatintermediatebents,provide#6barsacross
thebentinthetopmatofthedeck.Placetwo#6barsbetweeneach#4bars.Onlythese#6bars
shouldbecontinuousthroughtheconstructionjointatthebent.Thelengthofthesebarsshould
be100total,50oneachsideofthebent.The#4barsshouldend2fromtheconstruction
joint.
3.2.2.4.4 MaximumReinforcementLengths
Asinglebarofreinforcementshallnotexceed60feetinlength.Whenarebarexceeds60feet,use
alapspliceinaccordancewithLRFD5.11.5.3.1forrebarsinthedeck.Providedetailingandnotes
ontheplansthatcorrespondwiththelapspliceclassselected.
3.2.2.4.5 AdditionalReinforcementinAcuteCorners
Provide5#5barsinafanarrangementinthetopofthedeckjustbelowthetopmatinacute
cornerswhentheenclosedangleis75degreesorless.Thesebars,typically5to10feetlong,are
requiredatthefollowinglocations:
Intermediatebentsinsimplespanbridges
Endsofcontinuousspanunits
Constructionjointsincontinuousspanunits
Temporaryacutecornersadjacenttostagedconstructionjoints
Thedesignershouldensurethatthesebarsareshownatthecornersandplacedadjacenttothe
edgesoftheslabintheplans.
3.2.2.4.6 PlacementofTransverseReinforcement
Onbridgeswithskewangleslessthan85degrees,placethetransversereinforcementnormalto
thecenterlineofthebridgethenclipandbendnearthejoints.Howeveronbridgeswithskew
anglesgreaterthanorequalto85degrees,thetransversereinforcementcanbeplacedparallelto
thejointstoavoidclipping.
Forquantitycalculations,detailtheclippedbarsascontinuousacrossthejoint,ignoringthe
increasedlengthfromclippingandbending.
3.2.3 OverhangSlab
TheoverhangdesignshallbeevaluatedforDesignCase1andDesignCase3asdefinedinLRFD
A13.4.DesignCase1requiresthedesignertoperformthebarrierdesigninaccordancewithLRFD
A13.2andA13.3inadvancetodeterminethehorizontalvehicularimpactloadtransferintothe
overhang.SeeSection3.3.2forbarrierdesign.
3.2.3.2 Loads
UsetheloadtransfervariablesforstandardGDOTbarrierandparapetsections,aspresentedin
Table.Forbarriersnotshowninthetable,useLRFDA13.2andA13.3toverifythebarrierdesign
andtodeterminethenecessaryparametersforoverhangdesign.
3.2.3.3 MinimumSlabThicknessandConcreteCover
Theminimumthicknessoftheoverhangslabshallbethegreaterof:
8(LRFD13.7.3.1.2)
thethicknessoftheinteriorslab
Thetopcoveroftheoverhangshallmatchthetopcoverfortheinteriorslab.
3.2.3.4 Detailing
3.2.3.4.1 CutoffLengthforAdditionalOverhangReinforcement
Extendadditionaloverhangreinforcementsteel(#4or#5bars)30beyondthecenterlineofthe
exteriorbeam.
3.2.3.4.2 OverhangWidth
Slaboverhangsshallextendaminimumof6beyondtheexteriorbeamflangetoprovideroom
forthetypicaldripnotchdetail.
Maximumoverhangwidthshallbethelesserof:
47
50%ofthebeamspacing
3.2.4 EpoxyCoatedReinforcement
Useepoxycoatedbarsforthefollowingbridgeslocatednorthofthefallline(seethemapin
Appendix3A):
Mainlineinterstatebridges
Posttensionedconcreteboxgirderbridges
Interstaterampbridges
Bridgesovertheinterstatewithdirectinterstateaccess
Epoxycoatedbarsinthesestructuresshallonlybeusedinthedeck,barrier/parapetandendpost
forreinforcementsthathavelessthan4coverfromasurfacefacingtraffic.Epoxycoatedbarsare
notrequiredinsidewalksandmedians.
3.2.5 Grooving
Allbridgedeckswillbegroovedtowithinonefootofthebarrierorcurbface,asspecifiedin
Section500oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.Groovingisapayitem.Groovingisrequired
underremovablemediansandtemporarysidewalks.
3.2.6 Overlays
Whenitisnecessarytooverlayacastinplaceconcretedeck,useaPortlandCementconcrete
overlay.Theminimumthicknessshouldbe2andthisshouldbeshownonthePlans.Ifthe
overlaycoversonlypartofthedeckandtheremainingpartofthedeckisgrooved,theoverlay
shouldbegrooved.CoordinationwiththeProjectManagerwillbenecessarytoensurethatthe
approachslabelevationsmatchthebridgedeck.
Placeamatof#4barsat18incheseachwayinthetopofanoverlaywiththicknessof6inchesor
greatertocontrolcrackingduetotemperatureeffects.Measuretheoverlaythicknessfromthe
topoftheexistingdeckreinforcing.Providethesamecoverontheoverlaysteelasfordecksteel
(SeeSection3.2.2.3).
3.2.7 RideQuality
ThereisadiscrepancybetweenGDOTStandardSpecificationsandtheBridgeOfficepolicyon
bridgessubjecttoprofilographtesting.GDOTStandardSpecification500.3.06.Erequires
profilographtestingonthefollowingbridges:
4ormorelanebridgesonstateroutes
2lanebridgesonstaterouteswith2000ormoreADTincurrentyear
BridgeOfficepolicyrequiresprofilographtestingonthefollowingbridges:
Allbridgesonstateroutes
Allbridgeswith2000ormoreADTindesignyear
Therefore,thefollowinggeneralnoteshallbeplacedontheplansforbridgesthatareincludedin
theBridgeOfficerequirementsbutnotintheGDOTStandardSpecificationsrequirements.
RIDINGQUALITYTHEFINISHEDBRIDGEDECKANDAPPROACHSLABSSHALLMEETTHE
RIDEQUALITYREQUIREMENTSASSPECIFIEDINSUBSECTION500.3.06.EOFTHEGEORGIA
DOTSPECIFICATIONSFORSTATEROUTESWITHFOURLANESORMORE.
3.2.8 DeckCrossSlope
Thecrossslopeofthedeckshouldmatchtheroadwayplans.Typicallythecrossslopeis2%ona
normalcrown,butissometimesshownasinchperfoot.
3.3 BARRIERS,RAILINGS,SIDEWALKSANDMEDIANS
3.3.1 Materials
3.3.1.1 Concrete
UseClassDconcretethathasa28dayspecifieddesignstrengthof4.0ksiinaccordancewithLRFD
5.4.2.1.SeeSpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures.
3.3.2 Barriers
BarriersshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3.TheLRFDbarrierdesigndata
forsomeGDOTstandardbarriersispresentedinTable3.3.2.11.
Table3.3.2.11 GDOTStandardBarrier
Barrier
GDOTNew
JerseyBarrier
STypeBarrier
23Parapet
withhandrail*
210Parapet
withfence*
c
i
(28day
concrete
strength)
4000psi 4000psi 4000psi 4000psi
TestLevel TL4 TL4 TL4 TL4
F
t
54.0kips 54.0kips 54.0kips 54.0kips
L
t
3.5ft 3.5ft 3.5ft 3.5ft
TypicalStirrup
Spacing
#5at9 #5at11 #5at12 #5at10
DesignM
c
atBase 19.67kipft/ft 25.38kipft/ft 16.21kipft/ft 19.37kipft/ft
DesignL
c
7.51ft 9.91ft 9.51ft 10.39ft
DesignR
w
94.73kips 110.99kips 105.73kips 115.08kips
*Numbersbasedonassumed56sidewalkwith1%crossslopeandnormalcrownondeck.
3.3.2.2 Applications
3.3.2.2.1 Bridgeswithsidewalks
Bridgeswithsidewalksshalluseaparapetadjacenttothesidewalkwithachainlinkfenceor
handrailtoachieveaminimumrailheightof36measuredfromthetopofthesidewalkin
accordancewithLRFD13.8and13.9.
Usea210highparapetandachainlinkfenceforbridgesinanurbanareaoveraninterstateor
otherlimitedaccesshighwayandforallbridgesoverrailroads.SeeSection3.3.5forfencedetails.
Usea23parapetandonepipealuminumhandrail(GeorgiaStandard3626)forallotherbridges.
SeeSection3.3.4forhandraildetails.
Thesedetailsarealsousedwhenabicyclerouteispresent,whetherthebiketrafficisontheroad
oronthesidewalk.
3.3.2.2.2 Bridgeswithoutsidewalks
Whenabicyclerouteispresent,providea36highStypeconcretebarrieradjacenttothe
bicycletravelway.ThisreplacesthepreviouslyusedbikeraildetailthatconsistsofawidenedNew
Jerseybarrierwithapiperailontop.
Whenabicyclerouteisnotpresent,providea28highNewJerseyconcretebarrier.However,if
theroadwaysectionusesadifferentbarriershape,thedesignershouldconsidermatchingthe
roadwaybarrier.
IfthebridgeisoveraninterstatehighwayinAtlanta,itmayberequiredtoincreasethebarrier
widthtoprovidea13widetopandinstallastraightverticalchainlinkfence,measured100
fromtopofdecktotopoffence.CoordinatewiththeBridgeOfficeifthissituationexists.Ifthe
topwidthiswidened,thebarriermustbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3in
lieuofthevaluesinTable3.3.2.11.
IfthebridgeisoveraCSXTransportationfacility,provideabarrierwitha13widetopandinstall
astraightverticalchainlinkfence,measured100fromtopofdecktotopoffence.Ifthetop
widthiswidened,thebarriermustbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3inlieuof
thevaluesinTable3.3.2.11.
3.3.2.2.3 Architecturalrails
Inhistoricareas,anarchitecturalrailmayberequired.TexasC411railandKansasCorralrailare
typicalarchitecturalrailsusedinGeorgia.TheTexasC411railmaybeusedwhensidewalksare
presentandthespeedlimitis45mphorless.TheKansasCorralrailmaybeusedforspeedlimits
upto55mph.DonotuseKansasCorralrailadjacenttosidewalksorwithbicycleroutes.Because
oftheexpenseoftheserails,usethemonlywithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.
3.3.2.3 Detailing
3.3.2.3.1 EndPosts
Whentheendpostisonthesuperstructure,detailsforthereinforcementneednotbeshown,but
theweightofthebarreinforcementmustbeincludedinthelumpsumsuperstructurebar
reinforcementquantity.Theconcreteforanendpostonthebridgesuperstructureshallbe
includedinthelumpsumsuperstructureconcretequantity.
Whentheendpostisanintegralpartofthesubstructure,detailthereinforcementinthebar
reinforcementscheduleandincludetheweightofthereinforcementinthequantityforthe
substructureelement.Includetheconcreteinthequantityforthesubstructureelementaswell.
Onthesuperstructureorsubstructuredetails,asappropriate,refertoGeorgiaStandard3054.
Also,specifythelength,widthandheightoftheendpostunderBridgeConsistsOfonthe
GeneralNotessheet.
Whentheendpostisonthesuperstructureandtheendbentisskewed,theendpostmustbe
lengthenedtoextendbeyondthelimitofthepavingrest.Ifthelengthoftheendpostexceeds6
6,additionalP701andP401barsshouldbeaddedsothatthespacingofthesebarsdoesnot
exceed12.Inthiscase,includetheStandardPlanModification(Endpost)noteontheGeneral
NotessheetusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
3.3.2.3.2 ExpansionJointsinBarriers
Expansionjointsshallbeplacedinparapetsandbarriersatalldeckjointsincludingconstruction
joints,dummyjointsandexpansionjoints.Additionalexpansionjointsshallbeaddedtomaintain
amaximumspacingof20feetandaminimumspacingof10feet.
3.3.2.3.3 BarrierWidthModifications
Thetopdimensionshouldbechangedto13whennecessarytoaccommodateafence,railingor
glarescreen.
3.3.3 SidewalksandMedians
3.3.3.1 GeneralRequirements
Sidewalksshallbeusedonallbridgeswheretheapproachingroadwaysectionhascurband
gutter.Exceptforspecialcases,allsidewalksshallbe56wide,measuredfromthegutterlineto
theinsidefaceoftheparapet.Thisaccommodatesa50roadwaysidewalkandincorporatesa6
curb.Specialcasescouldincludesidewalkswherethereisanexcessiveamountofpedestrian
trafficorsidewalkswherebicycletrafficisallowedonthesidewalk.Thedesignershallreceive
approvalfromtheGDOTProjectManagerbeforeproceedingwithdesignofasidewalkthatis
widerthan56.
3.3.3.2 Crossslope
Sidewalksshallbeslopedtowardstrafficat1%crossslope.However,onthehighsideofa
superelevatedbridge,thedesignermayneedtoincreasethecrossslopeonthesidewalkto
provideaminimumsidewalkthicknessof3atthefaceoftheparapet.
3.3.3.3 Detailing
3.3.3.3.1 Joints
Constructionjointsshallbeprovidedinsidewalksandmediansatdeckconstructionjointsand
dummyjoints.Expansionjointsshallbeprovidedinsidewalksandmediansatdeckexpansion
joints.
3.3.3.3.2 RemovableSidewalkandMedianDetails
Allsidewalksandraisedmediansshallbedetailedasremovable.
3.3.4 Handrailing
3.3.4.1 AluminumHandrailPostSpacing
PostspacingforaluminumhandrailshallcomplywithGeorgiaStandards3626(onepipealuminum
handrail)or3632(twopipealuminumhandrail).GeorgiaStandard3632railingisrarelyused,and
onlywithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.Whilesatisfyingthepostspacingrequirementsonthe
Standards,thefollowingcharacteristicsaredesirable:
a) OtherthanendspacesadjacenttotheYsegment(seeStandards),themaximumchange
fromonespacetothenextshouldbe10.
b) EndspacesadjacenttotheYsegmentshouldbeapproximatelyonehalfofthelengthof
thefirstfullspace.
c) Theminimumpostspacingforfullspacesshouldbe60.
d) TheYsegmentshouldbebetween09and23.
Arrangethepostspacingandtheparapetjointspacingatthesametime,ratherthanselectingthe
parapetjointspacingandthentryingtofitthepostspacingtoit.Sidewalkjointshavenoeffecton
thepostspacing.
3.3.4.2 ModificationofExistingAluminumHandrail
Whenpreparingplansforanexistingbridgewithaluminumhandrailthatistoremain,thehandrail
shallbemodifiedtoachievethefollowingessentialelementsofthecurrentStandards:
a) Therailingshouldbeanchoredtotheendpost.
b) Thespacingofthepostsinthefirsttwospacesadjacenttotheendpostshouldnotexceed
40.
Detailsforhandrailmodificationsshallbeincludedintheplans.
3.3.5 ChainLinkFence
Chainlinkfenceonbridgeparapets/barriersshallbegalvanizedfencefabricwith2square
openings.Galvanizedfencepostlocationsshallbeshownontheplanswithamaximumspacingof
100andaminimumspacingof70.Nopostshallbeplacedwithitscenterwithin10ofa
parapet/barrierjoint.Epoxycoatedchainlinkfenceisnotallowed.
3.3.6 TemporaryBridgeBarrier
Temporarybarriersarerequiredonprojectswithstagedconstruction.Temporarybarrierswillbe
designatedasMethod1orMethod2forpayment.Method1shallbeusedwhenthereis60or
moredistancefromthecenterlineofthetemporarybarriertoanunprotectededgeofthedeck.
Method2shallbeusedwhenthisdistanceislessthan60.Aspecialprovisionisrequiredfor
eithermethodsincetheGDOTStandardSpecificationsarenotupdatedforthecurrenttemporary
barriers.Usea26widebarrierinexaminingstagingoptions.
Whenpreparingbridgeplanswheretemporarybarrieristobeused,thefollowingprocedureshall
befollowed:
a) Estimatethequantityneeded.RefertoGeorgiaStandard4960forallowabletaperrates.
b) Requestthattheroadwaydesignerincludethatquantityintheroadwayplansand
quantities.
c) Intheeventthatquantitiescannotbeshownontheroadwayplans,thequantityrequired
shouldbeshownintheBridgePlansSummaryofQuantitiesunderPayItem6200100Temp
BarrierMethodNo1orPayItem6200200TempBarrierMethodNo2.
3.3.6.1 Method1
Thismethodrequiresthecontractortoprovide,use,relocateandremovethetemporarybarrier
accordingtotheplansandinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification620.Thebarrier
remainsthepropertyofthecontractor.
WhenusingMethod1besuretoaddthefollowingnotetotheGeneralNotes:
TEMPORARYBARRIERS,METHOD1PLACETEMPORARYBARRIERSASSHOWNONTHE
PLANSANDGEORGIASTANDARDNO.4960TOPROVIDEFORTWO120TRAFFICLANES.
SUPPLYANDUSETHEBARRIERINACCORDANCEWITHSPECIALPROVISIONSECTION620.
3.3.6.2 Method2
ThismethodrequiresthecontractortofurnishbarrierthatiscertifiedtomeetNCHRP350
standardsforimpacttesting.Thismethodincludespositiveconnectivityofthebarriertothedeck,
whichtypicallyinvolvesanchoringthebarriertothedeckusingthroughbolts.Therefore,locate
thetrafficfaceofthebarrieratleast9inchesfromtheedgeofthebeamflange.Alsolocatethe
barriersotheoutsidebarrierfaceisatleast9inchesfromthetemporaryedgeofdeck.This
shouldbeidentifiedearlyinthedesignsinceitcouldaffectstagingorbeamspacing.
Thismethodalsorequiresthecontractortouse,relocateandremovethetemporarybarrier
accordingtotheplansandinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification620.Thebarrier
remainsthepropertyofthecontractor.
WhenusingMethod2besuretoaddthefollowingnotetotheGeneralNotes:
TEMPORARYBARRIERS,METHOD2PLACETEMPORARYBARRIERSASSHOWNONTHE
PLANSANDGEORGIASTANDARDNO.4960TOPROVIDEFORTWO120TRAFFICLANES.
SUPPLYANDUSETHEBARRIERINACCORDANCEWITHSPECIALPROVISIONSECTION620.
3.4 PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE(PSC)BEAMS
3.4.1 Materials
3.4.1.1 Concrete
3.4.1.1.1 ConcreteFinalStrength(DesignStrength=fc)
Theminimum28dayconcretestrengthforPSCbeamsis5.0ksi.Themaximum28dayconcrete
strengthofPSCbeamswithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis8.0ksi.
Concretestrengthsuptoamaximumof10.0ksiwillbeconsideredforuseindesignuponthe
approvaloftheBridgeOffice.Concretestrengthsof9.0ksiandaboverequireaHighPerformance
Concretespecialprovision.
Finalconcretestrengthsshallbespecifiedin0.5ksiincrements.
3.4.1.1.2 ConcreteReleaseStrength(InitialStrength=fci)
TheminimumconcretereleasestrengthforPSCbeamsis4.5ksi.
Theconcretereleasestrengthshouldbelimitedto7.5ksitofacilitatetypicalfabrication
schedules.However,PSCbeamsusingfinaldesignstrengthsover8.0ksimayrequirehigher
releasestrengths.
Releasestrengthsshallbespecifiedin0.1ksiincrements.
3.4.1.1.3 ConcreteStressLimits
ConcretestresslimitsinPSCbeamsshallbecalculatedinaccordancewithLRFD5.9.4andare
summarizedinTable3.4.1.1.31.
Table3.4.1.1.31 ConcreteStressLimitsforPSCBeams
Stress/LimitState LRFDReference LimitStressFormula Conditions
InitialCompression
beforeLosses
5.9.4.1.1 = u.6u '
c
(ksi) AtRelease
InitialTension
beforeLosses
Table5.9.4.1.21
= u.u948 '
c
(ksi)
u.2uu ksi
AtRelease
FinalCompression,
ServiceI
Table5.9.4.2.11
= u.4S '
c
(ksi)
= u.6u '
c
(ksi)
WithoutTransientLoad
WithTransientLoad
FinalTension,
ServiceIII
Table5.9.4.2.21
= u.19 '
c
(ksi)
= u.u948 '
c
(ksi)
NormalExposure
SevereExposure
NOTES:
a) fcandfcishallbeintheunitsofksifortheaboveequations.
b) Severeexposurecriteriashallapplytoanybridgeoverwaterwayslocatedpartiallyor
completelywithinacoastalcounty.ThecoastalcountiesareChatham,Bryan,Liberty,
McIntosh,Glynn,andCamden.NormalExposurecriteriashallbeusedforallotherbridges.
3.4.1.1.4 UnitWeightandElasticModulus
TheunitweightofplainconcreteshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheformulapresentedinLRFD
3.5.11andwillbeusedinthecalculationofelasticmodulusasspecifiedinLRFD5.4.2.4.This
unitweightshallbeincreasedby.005kcftoaccountforreinforcementandstrandsin
determiningtheselfweightofthebeam.
3.4.1.2 PrestressingStrands
3.4.1.2.1 SelectingProperStrandType
Use0.5inchdiameterspeciallowrelaxationstrandsinAASHTOPSCbeamsanduse0.6inch
diameterlowrelaxationstrandsinBulbTeePSCbeams.0.6inchdiameterstrandscanbeusedin
AASHTOPSCbeamswhentheywouldeliminateabeamlineorallowtheuseofasmallerbeamfor
additionalverticalclearance.
AllprestressingstrandsshallbethesamesizeandtypewithinanyonePSCbeam.
3.4.1.2.2 StrandProperties
UseE
p
=28,500ksiforthestrandModulusofElasticityinaccordancewithLRFD5.4.4.2.Datafor
prestressingstrandsforuseonPSCbeamsheetsareshowninTable3.4.1.2.21.
Table3.4.1.2.21 PropertiesofPrestressingStrands
TYPE
DIAMETER
(in.)
AREA
A
ps
(in
2
)
JACKINGFORCE*
P
jack
(kip)
0.5Regular 0.5 0.153 30.983
0.5Special 0.5 0.167 33.818
0.6 0.6 0.217 43.943
*P
jack
=0.75A
ps
f
pu
forlowrelaxationstrands,wheref
pu
=270ksi
3.4.1.2.3 StrandArrangement
Detailallstraightstrandsina2inchcentertocentergrid,beginning1oneachsideofthe
centerlineofthebeam.
Puttwostrandsperrowintheweb(seeGDOTPSCBeamSheetsformaximumstrandpatterns).
Donotusestraightstrandsinthebottom3rowsofthebeaminthetwocenterstrandlines(1on
eithersideofthecenterlineofthebeam)inordertoprovidespaceforthe7inchhighdowelbar
chaseateachendofthebeam.
3.4.1.2.4 DrapedStrands
Thetwocenterstrandlinesmaybedrapedtocontroleccentricitiesalongthebeamlength.Ahold
downpointfordrapingistypicallylocatedatthemidpointofthebeam.However,dualhold
downpointsmaybeusedifasinglepointwillnotwork.Raisedrapedstrandshighenoughto
clearthedowelbarchaseattheendsofthebeam.
DonotusedrapedstrandsinTypeIModPSCbeams.
3.4.1.2.5 TopStrands
AASHTOTypeIthroughIVbeamsshallbedesignedwiththetoptwostrandsfullystressed.The
prestressingforceinthetopstrandsmaybereducedonlyifnecessarytomakethebeamwork,
nottosavestrandsinthebottom.
AASHTOTypeVbeamsandBulbTeebeamsshallbedesignedwithareducedprestressingforcein
thefourtopstrandsof10kipsminimumeach.
UseGrade60forallreinforcingbars.
3.4.2 DesignMethod
3.4.2.1 Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof0.030ksfonallbridges.
HL93vehicularliveloads(LRFD3.6.1.2.1)shallbeappliedinaccordancewithLRFD3.6.1.3,
includingallapplicablemodificationsforDynamicLoadAllowance(IM:LRFD3.6.2),Multiple
PresenceFactor(m:LRFD3.6.1.1.2)andLiveLoadDistributionFactors(LRFD4.6.2.2).
3.4.2.2 TransformedSection
DonotusetransformedsectionpropertiesforPSCbeamdesign.
3.4.2.3 PrestressLosses
PrestresslossesshallbecalculatedinaccordancewithLRFD5.9.5butelasticgainsshallbe
ignored.
3.4.2.4 ShearDesign
PSCbeamsheardesignshallcomplywithoneofthefollowingmethods:
GeneralProcedureusing|u tableasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.2andLRFDAppendixB5
GeneralProcedureusingequationsasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.2
SimplifiedProcedureasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.3
3.4.2.5 AnchorageZoneReinforcement
ProvidetheminimumamountofreinforcementatgirderendsasrequiredbyLRFD5.10.10.
3.4.2.6 CompositeSlabConsideration
Thethicknessofthecompositeslabforstrengthcalculationshallbedecreasedby1/4fromplan
thicknesstoaccommodatethesectionlossfromgroovingandgrindingofdecksurface.However,
theweightofthe1/4shallbeincludedinthedesignloads.
Commentary:AlthoughnotalldecksarerequiredtomeetRideQualityControl,groovingandthe
generaldecksmoothnessrequirementsofGDOTStandardSpecification500.3.06.Dcouldreduce
thetotaldeckthicknessavailableforcompositeaction.Therefore,removing1/4fromthedeck
thicknessshallbeusedforallcases.
3.4.2.7 BeamSpacing
ThemaximumbeamspacingwithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis90.Beamspacingsupto
106maybeallowedwithpriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
PSCBeamChartsareprovidedinAppendix3AtoassistthedesignerinselectingpreliminaryPSC
beamspacing.
3.4.3 Detailing
3.4.3.1 ConcreteClearances
Allstrandsmustbecontainedwithinstirrups.Provide1minimumconcretecoverinPSCbeams
(seeGDOTPSCBeamSheets).
3.4.3.2 FasciaBeams
Afasciabeamisanexteriorbeamthatisselectedforuniformappearanceratherthanstructural
efficiency.Whenamultispanbridgeisinavisibleareaandbeamsofdifferentspanshave
differentdepths,afasciabeamshallbeusedontheexterioroftheshorterspanstomatchthe
deeperbeamsofthelongerspan.Fasciabeamsarenotrequiredonbridgescrossingwateror
railroads.
3.4.3.3 CheekWalls
Acheekwallistypicallya4thickconcretewallbuiltupontheendofabentcaptohideajointin
thesuperstructureforimprovingtheappearanceofthebridge.Thecheekwalllengthshallextend
fromcapfacetocapface.Thegapbetweenthefaceofthebottomflangeofthebeamandthe
cheekwallshallbe6orless.Inaskewedbridge,theendofthecapshallbeskewedsothecheek
wallcanbeparalleltothebeamface.
3.4.3.4 LongitudinalBeamDimensions
Donotaccountforverticalgradeswhendetailinglongitudinaldimensionsofbeamsonbridge
plans.Effectsofverticalgradesaretobeincludedinthebeamshopdrawingsprovidedbythe
contractor.
3.4.3.5 AdditionalBulbTeeShapes
TheBridgeOfficehasallowedtheuseof56,65and74BulbTeeshapes.Theseshapeshave
twoinchthickerbottomflangesthantheoriginal54,63and72BulbTeeshapesto
accommodateanotherrowofstrands.TheBridgeDesignReferencewebsitehasdimensionsand
propertiesforthesebeams.UseofthesebeamshapesshallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice
duringpreliminarydesign.
3.4.3.6 StayInPlaceDeckForms
Stayinplacemetaldeckformsareusedregularlyandthereforethebeamdesignshallincludean
additional0.016ksfloadtoaccountfortheweightoftheformsincludingtheconcreteinthe
corrugations.
3.4.3.7 DeflectionsonBeamSheets
Onthebeamsheet,donotincludethediaphragmweightinthenoncompositedeflectionsince
thatdeflectionwillhavealreadyoccurredpriortopouringthedeck.Also,donotinclude
deflectionduetofuturepavinginthecompositedeadloaddeflectionsinceitmightneveroccur.
3.4.3.8 StrandForcesonBeamSheets
Makesurethatthetotaljackingforceistheactualsumofthejackingforceperstrand,including
thetopstrands,thatisspecifiedonthebeamsheets.
3.4.3.9 EndSlotsandHoles
Providea1.75"wide,6longand7"deepslotattheexpansionendsofPSCbeams.Providea
1.75diameter,7deepholeatthefixedends.Strandsinthewebnearthebottomofthebeam
willconflictwiththeselocations.Therefore,removethe3bottomrowsofundrapedstrandsin
thewebareatoavoidconflictorraisedrapedstrandshighenoughtocleartheconflictarea.
3.4.3.10 DiaphragmHoles
WhendiaphragmsarenecessaryasspecifiedinSection3.9.1.1,provideholesforthediaphragm
barsand5diameterblockoutsforthenutandwasherasshownontheGDOTPSCBeamSheets.
Thedesignershallensurethatthestandsdonotconflictwiththediaphragmholesorblockouts.
Diaphragmbarsshallbelocatedtoavoidinterferencewithstrandsandutilities.
3.4.3.11 BevelingTopFlange
Forskewedbridges,onlythetopflangeofPSCbeamsshallbebeveledtomatchtheskewofthe
bent.SeetheGDOTPSCBeamSheets.
3.4.3.12 BeamDimensions
Detailgirdersto1/16incrementsandstateontheplansthatthelengthsgivenarehorizontal
dimensionsforinplacegirdersandthatthefabricatorshalladjustthoselengthsforgradeand
fabricationeffectssuchasshrinkageandelasticshortening.
ThedimensionsfromcenterlineofbentorBFPRtocenterlineofbearingshouldbecalculated
alongthebeamcenterlinefirst.Thebearingtobearinglengthiscalculatedbysubtractingthese
dimensionsfromthespanlength.Thebeamlengthiscalculatedbyaddingthedimensions
betweencenterlinesofbearingandbeamends.
Ifthebeamlengthcontainsasixteenthofaninch,thehalflengthshownshouldberoundedtoa
sixteenthoraneighthofaninch.
3.4.3.13 ExteriorBeamBracing
Toavoidrotationsofexteriorbeamsduringdeckpours,thefollowingnoteshallbeplacedonthe
decksectionsheetoronthegeneralnotessheetforbridgeswithTypeI,TypeIMod,orFascia
beamswherenodiaphragmsarepresent:
TheContractorshallprovidebracingbetweentheexteriorbeamandthefirstinterior
beamuntilthedeckhasbeenpouredandtheoverhangformsremoved.Allcostsfor
designing,providing,installingandremovingbracingshallbeincludedinpricebidfor
LumpSuperstructureConcrete.
3.4.3.14 BearingPadClearance
Provideaminimumof2"forallPSCbeamsfromtheendofthebeamtotheedgeofthebearing
pad.Thisistoaccommodatethechamferattheendofthebeam(upto3/4forAASHTObeams
and1forBulbTeebeams)anda3/4"toleranceonthelengthofthebeam.
3.4.3.15 DDimensionandCoping
3.4.3.15.1 DDimension
TheDdimensionisthedistancemeasuredfromtopofslabtotopofbeamatthecenterlineof
bearingandisthesumoftheslabthickness,minimumcopingandadditionalcoping.TheD
dimensionshouldbeprovidedontheplansforthecontractorsuse.
TheDdimensionshouldbecalculatedseparatelyforexteriorandinteriorbeamsineachspan
androundedtothenearest1/8inch.ForagroupofDdimensionvaluesthatarewithin1/4
inch,itisacceptabletousethelargestvaluefortheentiregroup.However,itshouldbenoted
thatthiscouldincreaseconcretequantitiesandloadssignificantlyonwideflangedPSCbeams.
3.4.3.15.2 MinimumCoping
Usea3/4inchminimumcopingonAASHTOTypeIMod,TypeIIandTypeIIIPSCbeamsand1
inchesonAASHTOTypeIVandTypeVPSCbeamsandBulbTeePSCbeamstoaccommodate
potentialelevationordeflectionvariationsduringconstruction.
3.4.3.15.3 AdditionalCoping
Thedesignershallconsideradditionalcopingduetoverticalcurve,crossslope,beamthrow,beam
camberandbeamdeflectionbydeadloadexceptforfuturepavingload.
3.4.3.15.4 CopingReinforcement
Wherecopingexceeds4inches,provideadditionalreinforcementasshownintheCOPINGcellof
theGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.5 REINFORCEDCONCRETEDECKGIRDERS(RCDGsorTBEAMS)
3.5.1 Materials
3.5.1.1 Concrete
UseClassDconcretethathasa28dayspecifieddesignstrengthof4.0ksi.SeeSpecialProvision
500ConcreteStructures.
3.5.2 DesignMethod
3.5.2.1 Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof30psfonallbridges.
WhenLRFDTableA41isnotusedforliveloadmoments,designthedeckforHL93vehicularlive
loading(LRFD3.6.1.2.1)andappliedperLRFD3.6.1.3.3,includingallapplicablemodificationsfor
DynamicLoadAllowance(IM:LRFD3.6.2)andMultiplePresenceFactors(m:LRFD3.6.1.1.2).
3.5.2.2 BeamSpacing
ThemaximumbeamspacingwithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis90.Beamspacingupto10
6maybeallowedwithpriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
Standardbeamspacingfortypicalbridgewidthsareasfollows:
a) 38footwide(guttertogutter):5beamsspacedat8'6"
b) 40footwide(guttertogutter):5beamsspacedat9'0"
c) 44footwide(guttertogutter):6beamsspacedat8'0"
3.5.2.3 BeamDepths
Astandardbeamdepthof23fromtopofdecktothebottomofbeamisusedonspansof30
while29isusedon40spans.
3.5.3 Detailing
3.5.3.1 Diaphragms
DiaphragmswillnotberequiredonRCDGbridgeswithspansequalorlessthan40feet.
3.5.3.2 Bearings
TherearespecialrulesforbearingpadsunderRCDG(seesection3.12).
3.5.3.3 Stirrups
UseNo.4stirrupsplacedperpendiculartothebeamcenterlinealongthelengthoftheRCDG.At
theendofRCDGsonskewedbridges,place3stirrupsatvaryinganglestotransitionfrom
perpendiculartothebeamcenterlinetoparalleltotheskewedend.
3.5.3.4 TDimension
Tdimensionisthedistancemeasuredfromthebottomofthebeamtothetopofthecapatthe
capfacesandisusedtomaintainthedesignbeamdepthforthefullbeamlength.Theminimum
Tdimensionisthebearingpadthicknessplusanadditional1/2inchthicknessforconstruction
tolerance.Whenbridgedeckelevationsaredifferentfromonecapfacetotheother,theT
dimensiononthehighersideshallbetheminimumpluselevationdifference.
TheTdimensionisdetailedtothenearest1/8inchontheplans.
3.6 STEELBEAMS
3.6.1 General
Steelsuperstructuresaregenerallynotpreferredduetothehighcostoffabricationandlongterm
maintenanceincomparisontoconcretebridgesofsimilarspanlengths.However,longspan
lengthsorthewideningofexistingbridgesmayrequiretheuseofsteelbeams.Theuseofsteel
superstructuresshallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOfficepriortodevelopmentofthepreliminary
layout.AhigherlevelofscrutinywillbeplacedonprojectsinChatham,Bryan,Liberty,McIntosh,
GlynnandCamdencountiesduetotheircoastalenvironment.
3.6.2 Materials
StructuralSteel:
MainMembers:ASTMA709,Grade50(Fy=50ksi)
BearingAssembliesandnonstructuralcomponents:ASTMA709,Grade36(Fy=36ksi)
TheuseofGrade70HighPerformanceSteel(HPS)shallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOfficepriorto
proceedingwithanydesign.TheuseofGrade100orhigherHPSisprohibited.
Theuseofunpaintedweatheringsteelonhighwaybridgesisprohibited.
3.6.3 DesignMethod
SteelsuperstructureshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDSection6,SteelStructures.
Thestrengthcontributionofnegativemomentreinforcementintheslabisgenerallyignored.
3.6.4 Fatigue
SteelbeamsshallbedesignedforfatiguebasedonDetailCategoriesandAverageDailyTruck
Trafficinasinglelane(ADTT
SL
)inaccordancewithLRFD6.6.1.ADTT
SL
shallbecalculatedby
extrapolatingthetrafficdataandmodifyinginaccordancewithLRFD3.6.1.4.2,asshowninthe
followingexample:
GIVEN:
ADT(2013)=20000
ADT(2033)=30000
%Trucks=5%
Directional=60%
NumberofTrafficLanesinDirectionofInterest=2
FIND:ADTT
SL
tobeusedforfatiguedesignlifeof75years
SOLUTION:
ADT(2088)=ADT(2013)+75/20x[ADT(2033)ADT(2013)]=20000+75/20x[30000
20000]=57500
AverageADTinDesignLife=[ADT(2013)+ADT(2088)]/2=38750
ADTinSingleDirection=38750x60%=23250
ADTTinSingleDirection=23250x5%=1162.5
FractionofTruckTrafficinSingleLane,P=0.85(LRFD3.6.1.4.2for2lanes)
ADTT
SL
=1162.5x0.85=988
Fatiguelimitstate,eitherFatigueIorFatigueII,shallbeselectedbasedonADTT
SL
andtheDetail
Category,asspecifiedinLRFD6.6.1.2.3.
3.6.5 Detailing
3.6.5.1 PlateSizing
3.6.5.1.1 Flanges:
Thefollowingplatedimensionlimitsshallbeapplied:
Minimumthickness:3/4
Maximumthickness:2(Upto4withBridgeOfficeapproval)
Minimumwidth:12
Maximumwidth:36
Designersshouldminimizethenumberofchangestoflangedimensionsalongabeamtoreduce
thecostoflaborduringconstruction.Aminimumlengthofflangeplateisrecommendedtobe12
feet.Itisalsorecommendedtomakechangestoflangethicknessesratherthanflangewidths.
Thelargerflangethicknessatanytransitionshouldbelimitedto1.5timesthethinnerflange
thickness.
Duetoweldingandfatigueconsiderations,designersshouldavoidathicktensionplateby
decreasingbeamspacingand/orincreasingplatewidth.
3.6.5.1.2 Webs:
Thefollowingplatedimensionlimitsshallbeapplied:
Minimumthickness:3/8
Maximumthickness:1
Minimumheight:36
Nomaximumheight(120maybeapracticallimit)
Changestowebthicknessarediscouragedduetohighcost.Thedesignershouldevaluate
increasingthewebthicknessversususingtransversestiffenersforeconomy.Thickenedwebsare
generallymoreeconomicalforwebdepthsof72inchesandless,whilestiffenedwebsare
generallymoreeconomicalforwebdepthsgreaterthan72inches.
Useoflongitudinalstiffenersisprohibited.
3.6.5.2 DDimensionandCoping
3.6.5.2.1 DDimension
TheDdimensionforsteelbeamsisthedistancemeasuredfromtopofslabtotopofwebatthe
centerlineofbearingandisthesumoftheslabthickness,topflangethickness,minimumcoping
andadditionalcoping.TheDdimensionshouldbeprovidedontheplansforthecontractors
use.
TheDdimensionshouldbecalculatedseparatelyforexteriorandinteriorbeamsineachspan
androundedtothenearest1/8inch.ForagroupofDdimensionvaluesthatarewithin1/4
inch,itisacceptabletousethelargestvaluefortheentiregroup.However,itshouldbenoted
thatthiscouldincreaseconcretequantitiesandloadssignificantlyonwideflangedbeams.
3.6.5.2.2 MinimumCoping
Usea3/8inchminimumcopingonsteelbeamstoaccommodatepotentialelevationordeflection
variationsduringconstruction.
3.6.5.2.3 AdditionalCoping
Thedesignershallconsideradditionalcopingduetoverticalcurve,crossslope,beamthrow,beam
camberandbeamdeflectionbydeadloadexceptforfuturepavingload.
3.6.5.3 MembersSubjecttoTensileStresses
ThefollowingnoteshallbeincludedontheGeneralNotessheetforsteelbeamorgirderbridges:
CHARPYVNOTCHTESTALLWBEAMSANDALLCOMPONENTSOFALLPLATEGIRDERSARE
MAINLOADCARRYINGMEMBERSSUBJECTTOTENSILESTRESSANDSHALLMEETTHE
CHARPYVNOTCHTESTREQUIREMENTSASSPECIFIEDBYSECTION851OFTHEGEORGIADOT
SPECIFICATIONS.
Thebeamdetailssheetsshouldalsohaveasymbol(CVN)indicatingwhichcomponentsrequire
CharpyVNotchtesting.
3.6.5.4 ShearConnectors
Use3/4inchdiameterendweldedstudsforshearconnectors.Shearconnectorsshallpenetrate
intotheslabatleast2inches,butthetopofthestudheadshallbe3inchesbelowthetopofthe
deck.Useofthesameheightstudthroughoutthebridgeisrecommended.Shearstudsshallnot
belocatedinnegativemomentregions.
Whenreplacingthedeckonexistingsteelbeamsthatarenoncomposite,addshearconnectorsin
pairs18inchesapartinthepositivemomentregionsofcontinuousbeamsandthroughoutsimple
spanbeams.
3.6.5.5 StiffenersandGussetPlates
StiffenersshallbesizedandattachedtothegirdersinaccordancewithLRFD6.10.11.Gusset
platesfordiaphragmsshallbeweldedtotheweb,topflangeandbottomflange.Webstiffeners
shallbeweldedtothewebandtightfittothecompressionflange.Bearingstiffenersshallbe
weldedtothewebandmilledtobearagainsttheloadbearingflange.
3.6.5.6 BeamCamber
Camberdiagramsareonlyrequiredforcontinuousspans.Thefollowingnoteshouldbeincluded
withcamberdiagrams:
CAMBERORDINATESHOWNINCLUDESDEADLOADDEFLECTIONDUETOTHEBEAM,SLAB,
COPING,RAILING,SIDEWALKANDMEDIAN,ANDINCLUDESTHEVERTICALCURVE
ORDINATE.
3.6.5.7 Splices
Onlongspanbridges,thedesignershallconsiderhowthebeamswillbetransportedtothe
projectsite.Themaximumlengthofbeamthatmaybetransportedonstateroutesislimitedto
about170ft.Themaximumlegalloadis180,000lbs,including45,000lbsforthetruck.
Therefore,mostlongspanbridgeswillrequirefieldsplices.
Allfieldsplicesshallbeweldedwithfullpenetrationbuttwelds.Boltedsplicesarenot
recommended,exceptforboxgirders.
Fieldsplicesshallbelocatednearpointsofcontraflexurefordeadloads.
Allbuiltupgirdersshallbedesignedwithstiffenersadjacenttothesplicepoint.Toprovideroom
forwelding,grindingandtesting,stiffenersshallbelocated12inchesfromthesplice.Studs
shouldnotbeplacedwithin12inchesofasplice.
3.6.5.8 FasciaGirders
Afasciabeamisanexteriorbeamthatisselectedforuniformappearanceratherthanstructural
efficiency.Whenamultispanbridgeisinavisibleareaandbeamsofdifferentspanshave
differentdepths,afasciabeamshallbeusedontheexterioroftheshorterspanstomatchthe
deeperbeamsofthelongerspan.Fasciabeamsarenotrequiredonbridgescrossingwateror
railroads.
Whenfasciabeamsareusedinshortendspans,thedeadloaddeflectionsmayvaryconsiderably,
withthefasciabeamshavingmuchlessdeflectionthantheinteriorbeams.Construction
problemsmayoccurwhenthesespansarepoured,suchasthincoveronslabsteelifinterior
beamsdonotdeflectasnoted.
Thedesignershallexamineiftheuseofequaldepthbeamsiseconomicallyviable.Incaseswhere
equaldepthbeamsarenotfeasible,thedesignershalldetailincreasedcoverovertheslabsteelto
ensurethatadequatecoverisobtainedduringconstruction.
3.6.5.9 ExistingExtensionTabsandBackUpStrips
Forwideningprojectsincludingstructuralsteelmembers,BridgeMaintenanceUnitmayrequest
thatanyoldextensiontabsand/orbackupstripsberemoved.Thedesignershallensurethatthis
workisincludedintheplans.
3.6.5.10 CoverPlatesforRolledSteelBeams
Theuseofcoverplatedmembersisprohibited.Whenwideningabridgethathascoverplated
members,theuseofalargermemberissuggested.
3.6.6 Welding
Thedesignershallindicateontheplansifthediaphragmsandcrossframesshallbewelded
beforeoraftertheplacementofthedeck.Diaphragmsorcrossframesthatarenotplaced
paralleltothecenterlineofbentshallbeweldedafterpouringthedeck.
Donotusegrooveweldingforconnectionbetweenagussetplateanddiaphragm/crossframe
becauseoftheneedforbackupplatesandspecialweldingprocedures.Useabentplateforthe
attachmentofskeweddiaphragmsorcrossframestothegussetplates.
Inordertopreventcracksinthegrooveweldfromdevelopingwherebackingstripsare
discontinuous,thedesignershallnotethatallbackingstripsarecontinuousforthelengthofthe
weldorthatanyjointsinthebackingstripareconnectedbyfullpenetrationbuttweldson
structuralsteelshopdrawings.
Nointersectingweldswillbeallowedonstructuralsteelbridgeplansorshopdrawingstoprevent
crackpropagationfromweldsinthatarea.Basemetalintheintersectionareaofweldsshallbe
coped4timesthethicknessofthewebor2inches,whicheverisgreater.
Electroslagweldingisnotpermittedonbridgemembers.
Whendesigningforfatigue,allweldsshallbeclassifiedasCategoryCorbetterasdefinedinLRFD
6.6.1.2.3.
3.6.7 Paint
AllnewstructuralsteelshallbepaintedwithSystemVIIregardlessofthebridgelocationinthe
state.ExistingstructuralsteeloutsidethenonattainmentareasshallbepaintedwithSystemVII
andexistingstructuralsteelinsidenonattainmentareasshallbepaintedwithSystemVI.For
paintingofHpiles,seeSection4.4.2.3.
3.6.8 SalvageofStructuralSteel
Structuralsteelfromplategirderswillnotbesalvaged.
WhentheBridgeMaintenanceUnitrecommendssalvagingstructuralsteelfromarolledbeam
continuousunit,thedesignershallensurethatdirectionsfordisassemblyareincludedwiththe
recommendation.SeeSection2.7.
Incaseswhereexistingstructuralsteelistobereusedontheproject,thefollowingnoteshallbe
placedontheGeneralNotesSheet:
EXISTINGSTRUCTURALSTEELALLEXISTINGSTRUCTURALSTEELWHICHISDISTURBEDOR
DAMAGEDINANYWAYDURINGCONSTRUCTIONSHALLBESTRAIGHTENEDAND/OR
REPAIREDUNDERTHESUPERVISIONOFTHEINSPECTIONSECTIONOFTHEOFFICEOF
MATERIALS,ANDCLEANEDANDREPAINTEDPERTHEGEORGIADOTSPECIFICATIONS.
3.6.9 BeamCorrections
Whenstructuralsteelfabricatorsplaceholesatthewronglocationinbridgemembers,the
fabricatorswillberequiredtofillthemisplacedholeswithhighstrengthbolts(A325orA325
weathering)tightenedinaccordancewiththeGDOTStandardSpecifications.
Allcorrectiveworkutilizingheatprocedurestoobtainacceptabletolerancespertainingtosweep
andcamber,ortorepairdamagedstructuralsteelbeamsshallbedocumentedandfiledinthe
appropriateprojectfile.Thesedocumentsshallcontainasketchshowingthelocations,
temperatureanddurationoftheheatapplied.Theamountofsweep,camberordamageshallbe
documentedbothbeforeandaftertheheatcorrectivework.Ifpossible,photographsofthe
beamsshouldbetakenbeforeandafterallcorrectiveworkutilizingheatprocedures.
3.7 POSTTENSIONEDBOXGIRDERS
3.7.1 General
PosttensionedboxgirdersshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDSpecificationSection5
Concrete.
3.7.2 Dimensions
Themaximumcantileveroverhangbeyondtheexteriorwebshallbe96.Thedesignershall
considerprovidingadequateverticalandhorizontalclearanceforrequiredfalseworkfor
construction.
3.7.3 Materials
3.7.3.1 Concrete
PosttensionedconcreteboxesshouldbedesignedwithClassAA1concreteasaminimum,but
ClassAAAconcretemaybenecessaryifhigher28daystrengthisrequired.
3.7.3.2 EpoxyCoatedReinforcement
EpoxycoatedreinforcingsteelshallbeusedasspecifiedinSection3.2.4.
3.7.4 UseofStayInPlaceDeckForms
Donotusestayinplaceconcreteorsteeldeckformsorpanelsforthetopslaboftheboxgirder.
3.7.5 CellDrains
4diametercelldrainsshallbeprovidedatthelowpointofallclosedcellboxes.
3.7.6 PostTensionedDuctsDetailing
Clearances,ductspacingandductsupportsaddlesshallbefullydetailedonthebridgeplansas
showninSection509,Figures1&3oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications,exceptthattheclear
spacingbetweenductsshallnotbelessthan1.5inchesinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.3.3.2.
3.7.7 DetailingofAnchorageBlisters
Thedimensions,clearances,andreinforcingsteelshallbefullydetailedonthebridgeplansas
showninSection509,Figure2oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
3.7.8 OpenGrateAccessDoors
Concreteboxgirderscarryingwatermainsshallhaveopengrateaccessdoorsineverybayateach
endofthebridgetoprovideemergencywaterrunoutifthewatermainleaksorbreaks.
3.7.9 GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders
Thedesignershallnotdetailgaslinesinsidetheclosedcellofboxgirdersunlessspecifically
instructedbytheBridgeOffice.Inthiscase,thedesignershouldbeawareofthefollowingcriteria
andshouldconsideraccommodatingthemintheplanswhereapplicable:
a) Increasethewallthicknessofthepresentpipebeingusedonbridgestructures.
b) Ensureallweldedlinesarecompletedbycertifiedwelders.
c) Requireahydrostatictestofthepipe.
d) Detaila6ventineachendcell.
e) Detailamalleableirontestinsertwithreplaceablerubberplugineachcell.
f) Provideaccesstoallowforgasleakdetection,pipeinspectionandrepair.
g) Verifythatalllinesarelowpressure.
3.7.10 SegmentalConstructionAlternateforPTBoxes
Whenasegmentalconstructionalternateistobeallowedonposttensionedboxgirderbridges,
thefollowingnoteshallbeincludedintheBridgePlans:
SEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONPROPOSALSFORCONSTRUCTIONBYSEGMENTALMETHODS
MAYBESUBMITTEDFORCONSIDERATIONASANALTERNATETOTHEMETHODSHOWNINTHE
PLANS.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLINCLUDEASETOFCONSTRUCTIONDRAWINGSANDCOMPLETE
DESIGNCALCULATIONS.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLCONFORMTOTHELATESTAASHTOLRFD
BRIDGEDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSANDNOTENSIONSTRESSINTHECONCRETEAFTERLOSSES
SHALLBEALLOWED.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLALSOCONFORMTOTHEGEORGIADOT
SPECIFICATIONSANDWILLBESUBJECTTOAPPROVALBYTHESTATEBRIDGEENGINEER.IF
APPROVEDFORUSE,THEALTERNATESEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSSHALLBEATNO
EXTRACOSTTOTHEDEPARTMENTANDWITHNOINCREASEINCONTRACTTIME.
3.8 PRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBOXBEAMS
Atbridgesitesinvolvingthecrossingofdeeprailroadcutsorstreamsofsubstantialwidthwith
shallowwater(floatingequipmentnotfeasible),prestressedconcreteboxeslongerthan40feet
shouldnotbeusedwhen(1)siteconditionsmayprohibittheplacingofliftingequipmentinthe
areabelowthebridge,and(2)itisnotfeasibletoerecttheboxesfromthebridgedeck.
Ifspansaretobeerectedfromabove,thebridgemustbedesignedtoaccommodatethe
constructionprocedureandtheerectionequipment.
Whendesigningusingthe15x40(432x1219mm)2cellprestressedboxbeam,thedetails
showninFigure3.81shallbeusedasaguideinordertoobtainamaximumconsistencyinour
detailing.ThedesignershallbeguidedbythisFigurenotonlyastothegeometricconfigurationof
theconcretesection,butalsoastothesizeofnonprestressedstrands,detailsfordowelchases,
transversethreadedbars,anddetailsfordeckdrains.
Figure3.81 ConcreteBoxBeam
3.9 DIAPHRAGMSANDCROSSFRAMES
3.9.1 ConcreteGirders
3.9.1.1 DiaphragmRequirements
Onelineofdiaphragmsshallbeprovidedonornearbeammidpointsforspansover40feetlong
anddetailedinaccordancewiththeGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Steeldiaphragmsarenotallowed.
3.9.1.2 LocationofDiaphragmsonSkewedBridges
Onskewedbridges,diaphragmsshallbeplacedperpendiculartothebeamandlocatedsothata
linethroughthebeammidpointscrossesthediaphragmatmidbay.Thisresultsinabeamthat
hastwosetsofdiaphragmholesequallyspacedoneachsideofthebeammidpoint.Incases
whentheskewangleapproaches90degrees,thesediaphragmholeswillbetooclosetogetherto
fabricateindependentlyandthediaphragmmaybecastonaskewtointersecteachbeammid
point.
ShowthedistancefromB.F.P.R.orcenterlineofbenttothediaphragmonthedeckplansheetor
beamlayoutasappropriate.
3.9.2 SteelGirders
3.9.2.1 DiaphragmandCrossFrameRequirements
DiaphragmsorCrossFramesforsteelgirderbridgesshallbedesignedinaccordancewith
Section3.7,LRFD6.7.4,anddetailedinaccordancewiththeGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Where
necessary,Xtypecrossframesarepreferred.
3.9.2.2 BracingforExteriorSteelBeams
Topreventbucklingofexteriorbeamsduringdeckpours,thefollowingnoteshallbeplacedonthe
decksectionsheetforbridgeswithsteelbeamsorgirders:
TheContractorshallprovidebracingbetweentheexteriorbeam(girder)andthefirst
interiorbeam(girder)untilthedeckhasbeenpoured,theoverhangformshavebeen
removedandthediaphragms(crossframes)havebeenwelded.Allcostsfordesigning,
providing,installingandremovingbracingshallbeincludedinpricebidforLump
StructuralSteel.
3.10 EDGEBEAMS
3.10.1 General
Edgebeamsshallbeusedatthediscontinuousedgesofthedeck.Stirrupsintheedgebeamshall
extendintothedeck.StandardedgebeamsizeandreinforcingcanbefoundintheGDOTBridge
CellLibrary.
Whenthedepthofedgebeamneedstobeadjustedtoaccommodateutilitiesortomatchan
adjacentspan,thedesignershallensureaminimumdepthof18inchesmeasuredfromtopof
beam.Whenutilitiespassthroughedgebeams,provideadditionalreinforcement(typicallyNo.4
bars)aroundtheopening.
Instagedconstruction,conflictsmayoccurbetweentheexistingstructureandexposededge
beamreinforcementrequiredforlapping.Inthiscasethedesignershalldetailbarcouplersatthe
stageline.Couplersarenotpaidforseparatelybutrequireaspecialprovision.
Whenthebottomoftheedgebeamdoesnotextendtothebottomofweb(e.g.whenmatching
anadjacentspansedgebeam)orwhenthebridgeskewislessthan75degrees,includethe
followingnoteontheDeckSectionSheetofallmultispanbridgeplans:
Donotremoveedgebeamformsuntildeckispouredandreaches28dayconcrete
strength
3.10.2 DetailingforPSCBeamBridge
PSCbeamsshallpenetrateintotheedgebeamsuchthatthecenterlineofthePSCbeamis
embeddedaminimumof4.Increasethethicknessoftheedgebeamwhennecessarytoachieve
thisrequirement.
ForreinforcementofanedgebeamatanexteriorBulbTeebeam,adda5footlonghorizontalNo.
3barjustbelowthetopofthebeamandaverticalNo.4Lshapedbaralongthebeamcenterline
withthe90degreebendoverthetopofthebeam.SeeFigure3.10.21fordetails.
Figure3.10.21 AdditionalReinforcementforEdgeBeam
Invisibleareasthedesignershallensuretheedgebeamisflushwiththeentireexteriorbeamface
tothebottomofthebeamforasmoothcontinuouslooktothebeams.Intheexteriorbay,detail
a1:1slopedfilletfromthebottomoftheedgebeamtothetopofthebottomflangeofthe
exteriorbeam.Thisallowstheconcretetoflowintothebottomflangeareaofthebeam.Adda
No.4slantedUshapedbaralongtheslopedfilletintotheareabehindthebottombeamflange.
SeealsoFigure3.10.21fordetails.
3.10.3 DetailingforSteelBeamBridge
Whenreplacingedgebeamsonexistingrolledsteelbeam/plategirderbridgesthatrequirenew
holesbeprovidedintheexistingbeamsforedgebeambars,placeanoteontheplansthatthe
contractorshalldrill3holesateachbarlocation.
3.10.4 DetailingforRCDGBridge
BecauseRCDGsareconstructedspanbyspan,itmaybedifficulttoinstalltransverse800barsin
theedgebeamwiththe600continuitybarsinplacefromthepreviousspan.Inthiscase,place
thefollowingnoteonthedecksectionsheet:
Atcontractorsoption,800barinedgebeammaybespliced.One50lapsplice
willbeallowedatCLbridge.Noadditionalpaymentwillbemadeforoptional
splices.
Ifthereisabeamatthebridgecenterline,modifythenoteabovetolocatethesplicebetween
beams.
WhencontractorsreplaceRCDGswithprecaststems/beams,thedesignershallensurethatedge
beamscomplywiththedetailsfromtheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.11 ENDWALLS
3.11.1 General
Endwallsshallbeprovidedatendbentstoretainthefillbelowtheapproachslabandbetweenthe
wingwalls.
Endwalllengthistypicallythesameasthelengthoftheendbentcap.Endwallwidthistypically
onehalfthewidthoftheendbentcapbetweenbeams(18minimum)andthefullwidthofthe
endbentcapbetweentheexteriorbeamandwingwall.PSCbeamsshallpenetrateintothe
endwallsuchthatthecenterlineofthePSCbeamisembeddedaminimumof4.
3.11.2 Detailing
TypicalendwallreinforcingisprovidedintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
Instagedconstruction,conflictsmayoccurbetweentheexistingstructureandexposedendwall
reinforcementrequiredforlapping.Inthiscasethedesignershalldetailbarcouplersatthestage
line.Couplersarenotpaidforseparatelybutrequireaspecialprovision.
Atexpansionendwallsinaskewedbridge,theendbentcapstepsaretypicallynotskewed.
However,thedesignershouldbeawarethatthemovementoftheendwallcouldbeimpededby
thecapstepsinahighlyskewedbridge.SeeSection4.3forendbentdetailingrequirements.
Twofeetofwaterproofingshallbeplacedonthejointbetweentheendwallandcap,in
accordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification530.Thisdetailisshownontheendwallcellsinthe
GDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.12 BEARINGS
3.12.1 BearingSelection
ThegeneralpreferenceforbearingselectionisshowninTable3.12.11.
Table3.12.11 BearingSelectionbyBridgeTypeandSpan
BridgeType
Distance,d,
frompointof
fixitytobearing
Recommended
Bearings
Remarks
TBeamand
TypeIModbeam
d40 U
40<d160 R
Fordinexcessof160
bearingstypicallybecome
unstableinsliding.
OtherAASHTOType
andBulbTeebeams
40<d200 R
Limitedbylengthofchase,
seismicshearondowel,and
beamstability
SteelBeamsor
PlateGirders
d50
50<d160
d>160
R,SB
R,SBL
P
SteelBeamWidening
Matchexisting
bearings
Glossary:
U: Plainelastomericpad
R: Steelreinforcedelastomericbearing
SB: Platebearingswithsoleandbearingplatesonly
SBL: Platebearingswithsole,bearing,andlubeplatesatexpansionends
P: PotBearing
UseofdifferentbearingsfromthoseshowninTable3.12.11shallbeapprovedbytheBridge
Officeatthestartoffinaldesignphase.TheBridgeOfficehasnostandarddetailsforreinforced
elastomericpadsundersteelbeams.
3.12.2 PlainElastomericPadsandSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings
3.12.2.1 Materials
3.12.2.1.1 Neoprene
Use60DurometerShoreAhardnessneoprene,grade2orhigherasspecifiedinAASHTOM251,
withashearmodulusbetween130psiand200psi.
3.12.2.1.2 ReinforcedPlates(ForSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings)
a) LoadPlates:Use3/16thickloadplatesmeetingASTMA709Grade36orASTMA1011
Grade36.
b) InternalPlates:Use10gage,12gageor14gageinternalplates,ifnecessary,meetingASTM
A709Grade36orASTMA1011Grade36.
3.12.2.2 DimensionsandClearances
DetailingofelastomericpadscanbefoundontheGDOTElastomericBearingsheets.
3.12.2.2.1 BasicShape
Elastomericpadsshouldberectangularandshouldbeplacedflatwiththepadlengthparallelto
thebeamcenterline.Lengthandwidthareincrementedbywholeinchesandthicknessis
incrementedby1/8.Theuseoftaperedpadsisprohibited.
3.12.2.2.2 Width
Thewidthofthepadshallbeatleast2narroweroneachsidethanthenominalwidthofthe
bottomflangeofAASTHOTypeIIIandlargerPSCbeamsandatleast1narrowerwithsmallerPSC
beams,RCDGsandsteelbeams.Thiswillallowforbeamchamfers,toleranceinfabricationofthe
beam,andtheuseofashimplatesifnecessary.
3.12.2.2.3 SealingRibs
A3/16sealingribshallbeusedonthetopandbottomofpadsforprecastbeamsandshallnotbe
usedforcastinplacebeams.
3.12.2.3 PlainElastomericPad(U)
3.12.2.3.1 Application
PlainelastomericpadsshallbeprovidedforRCDGsandTypeIModbeamswherethedistance
fromthebearingtothepointoffixityis40feetorless.
3.12.2.3.2 Dimensions
Thepadsshallbe9x16xandnofurtheranalysisisrequired.
3.12.2.3.3 ContractorRedesignofRCDGBridge
AnoteshallbeplacedonthebearingsheetstatingthatiftheContractorredesignsaRCDGbridge
touseprecastbeams,plainelastomericbearingpadsshallremainasshownontheplans.
3.12.2.3.4 UseonExistingBridges
WhenwideningorparallelingaTbeambridge,thedesignershallreviewtheexistingbridge
conditionsurveyforrecommendationsoninstallingplainelastomericpadsundertheexisting
beams.IfthisrecommendationisagreedtobytheStateBridgeEngineer,then9x14x
unreinforcedpadswithslotstopassaroundthedowelbarshallbespecified.Payitem5181000
RaiseExistingBridge,Sta.shouldbeincludedintheSummaryofQuantitiestocoverallcostsfor
supplyingandinstallingthesepads.Thisrequiresaspecialprovision.
3.12.2.4 SteelReinforcedElastomericBearings(R)
3.12.2.4.1 Application
SteelReinforcedElastomericbearingsarepreferredforusewithprestressedconcretebeams,
rolledsteelbeams,andRCDGbridgeswherethedistancetopointoffixityisgreaterthan40feet.
3.12.2.4.2 ContractorRedesignofTBeamBridges
AnoteshallbeplacedonthebearingsheetstatingthatiftheContractorredesignsaRCDGbridge
touseprecastbeams,thesteelreinforcedelastomericbearingsshallberedesignedaccountingfor
thenewloadsandrotationsinaccordancewiththissection.
3.12.2.4.3 DesignMethod
BearingPadsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFD14.7.6ElastomericPadsandSteel
ReinforcedElastomericBearingsMethodA.
3.12.2.5 Detailing
3.12.2.5.1 AnchorageHoles
A3diameterholeshallbeprovidedatthecenterofthebearingtoallowfora1smoothdowel
(ASTMA709Grade50)forPSCbeamsorNo.10barforRCDGsconnectingthesuperstructureand
substructure.
3.12.2.5.2 ShimPlatesforPSCBeamsandSteelBeams
Ifasteeplongitudinalgradeproducesanelevationchangeof1/8orgreateracrossthelengthofa
pad,agalvanizedsteelshimplateshallbeused.Steelshimplatesshallhave1/4minimum
thicknessonthethinedgewiththethickedgedetailedtothenearest1/8thickness.Shimplates
shallbe2largerthanthepadineachplandimensionwithholesfabricatedtomatchtheholesin
thepadandshallbeplacedontopofthepad.
3.12.2.5.3 AnchorBolts
Anchorboltsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjacking
projects,anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirements
shallbeappliedasappropriate.
3.12.3 PotBearings
3.12.3.1 Application
Potbearingsarepreferredforusewithsteelplategirders,largerolledsteelbeamsorboxgirders.
PotbearingsaretobedesignedbytheContractorinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDSpecifications.
AnoteshallbeprovidedrequiringtheContractortoprovideshopdrawingsforthebearings.The
followingnoteshallbeprovidedonthesubstructuresheetstoallowforcapelevation
adjustments:
ElevationsshownforthetopandbottomofthecaparebasedontheXdimensionshown
onthePotBearingDetailssheet.TheseelevationsshallbeadjustedbytheContractorto
accountfortheactualheightofthepotbearingtobeused.Bentcapconcreteshallnotbe
poureduntilthepotbearingshopdrawingshavebeenapprovedandnecessaryadjustments
havebeenmade.
3.12.3.3 Loads
Thedesignershallprovidetherequiredcapacity,translationandrotationforbearingsonthe
GDOTPotBearingDetailsSheet.
3.12.3.4 Detailing
3.12.3.4.1 BearingSeatElevations
Bearingseatelevationsshallbecalculatedandprovidedbasedontheassumedheightofthe
bearingassembly(Xdimension)shownontheplans.
3.12.3.4.2 ElastomericPadunderPotBearing
A1/8elastomericpadshallbeusedunderthebearinginlieuofthecottonduckcalledforinthe
GDOTStandardSpecifications.Thepadshallbe50to60DurometerShoreAhardnessneoprene
andbe1largerthanthebaseplateineachplandimension.
Anoteshouldbeaddedtotheplansthatallcostsforsupplyingandinstallingthiselastomericpad
shouldbeincludedinthepricebidforLumpStructuralSteel.
3.12.3.4.3 AnchorRods
Anchorrodsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjackingprojects,
anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirementsshallbe
appliedasappropriate.
3.12.4 SelfLubricatingBearings
3.12.4.1 Application
Selflubricatingbearingsarepreferredforusewithsteelplategirdersandlargerolledsteelbeams.
Limitations:Slidingplatetypebearingsshallnotbeusedwheretheanticipatedtotalmovement
(expansionpluscontraction)exceeds3inchesforassemblieswithoutanchorboltsthroughthe
flangeand2inchesforassemblieswithanchorboltsthroughtheflange.
3.12.4.2 Materials
BronzeplatesshallconformtoAASHTOM107(ASTMB22),AlloyC91100andshallhavean
allowableunitstressof2.0ksiincompression.
Fordesignpurposes,avalueof0.1shallbeusedforthecoefficientoffriction.
3.12.4.3 BronzePlateSizeSelection
UseTable3.12.4.31forthesizingofselflubricatingbronzeplates.
Table3.12.4.31 PlateSizeSelectionbyLoad
Size(in) MaximumLoadinServiceLimitStates(kips)
Length Width Thickness
With2Slots
3x1
3
/
16
With2Holes
1
3
/
16
Dia.
Plain
10 7 1 140
10 8 1 160
10 9 1 180
10 7 1 147
10 8 1 168
10 9 1 189
12 6 1 131 140 144
12 7 1 155 164 168
12 8 1 179 188 192
12 9 1 216
3.12.4.4 Detailing
3.12.4.4.1 BevelingSolePlate
Whenthegradientofthegirderatthebearingexceeds4.0%,thetopoftheupperplate(sole
plate)shallbebeveledtomatchthegirdergradient.
3.12.4.4.2 AnchorBolts
Anchorboltsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjacking
projects,anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirements
shallbeappliedasappropriate.
3.13 DECKJOINTS
3.13.1 ConstructionJoints
3.13.1.1 PourStrips
Apourstripisalongitudinaldecksegmentcastbetweentwopreviouslycuredbridgedeck
portionstoavoidstressescausedbydifferentialdeflection.Pourstripsarerequiredinbridge
wideningandinstageconstructionwithoneofthefollowinggirdertypes:
a) RCDG:Allfalseworkmustberemovedbeforecastingthepourstrip.
b) Continuoussteelbeam:Iftheconcreteamountforwideningthedeckislessthan100CY
andthemaximumdeadloaddeflectionislessthan1,thedeckovertheentirecontinuous
unitcanbeplacedinonepourandapourstripisnotrequired.
c) Posttensionedcastinplaceconcreteboxgirder:Thepourstripshallbeplacedafterpost
tensioningthebox,removingthefalsework,andwaitingapproximatelyonemonthtoallow
forcreep.
Whenpourstripsarenotrequired,asimpleconstructionjointcanbeused.Trytolocatepour
stripsoutofthewheelpathoftraffictoavoidinferiorridequality.
3.13.1.2 TransverseConstructionJoints
Atransverseconstructionjointisrequiredinthedeckateachbentwherethedeckiscontinuous
inasimplespanbridge,aswellasbetweendeckpoursforacontinuoussteelunit.Ashallowsaw
cutisrequiredtocontrolcrackingatthejoint.DetailAoftheGDOTBridgeCellLibraryshows
thisdetailandshallbeincludedontheplansasapplicable.
3.13.1.3 LongitudinalConstructionJoints
Whenalongitudinalconstructionjointisrequiredforstaging,placethejointalongtheedgeofthe
topflangeofthebeamorthestemfaceforRCDGs,aspractical.Donotplacethejointwithinthe
limitsofthebeamtopflangesincewatercouldbetrappedinthejointandfreeze.
3.13.2 ExpansionJoints
3.13.2.1 General
Thedesignershouldminimizethenumberofexpansionjointsinabridgedecktoreduce
maintenanceproblemssuchasleaking.However,expansionjointsmaybeunavoidableonbridges
longerthanapproximately400feet.
3.13.2.2 SiliconeJointSeals
Asiliconejointsealisdetailedontheapproachslabstandard(GeorgiaStandard9017)tobeused
forthe3/4inchjointattheendofthebridgebetweenthebridgedeckandtheapproachslab.
Ifthejointwidthattheendofthebridgeiscalculatedtorequiremorethan3/4inch,thenthe
bridgeplansshalldetailanEvazotejointtoreplacethesiliconejointsealshownontheStandard.
3.13.2.3 EvazoteJointSeals
AnEvazotejointsealisthepreferredtypeofexpansionjointforbridgedecks.Evazoteisthe
brandnameforaclosedcellpolyethylenesealasdescribedinGDOTStandardSpecification
449.2.D.Itispreformedbutcanbecompressedandstretchedeasily.Itisgluedinplaceintoa
cleanjointbetweentwoconcretedecks.NopayitemisnecessaryforanEvazotejointsealexcept
whenitisusedasajointreplacementonanexistingbridge.
ThesizeoftheEvazotejointshouldbeselectedbasedontheexpansionrangeatthejoint.Use
Equation3.13.2.31tocalculatetheexpansionrange,R.
R = o x L x AT (3.13.2.3-1)
Where:
o=coefficientofthermalexpansion=0.000006in/in/
o
Fforconcrete
AT=maximumvariationintemperature=70
o
F
L=summationofdistancesfromthelastfixedjointbackandthenextfixedjointahead(ft)
OnceRisdetermined,selectajointfromTable3.13.2.31thathasarangevalueequaltoor
greaterthanR.Forinstance,whenLequals350feet,Requals1.764inches,sousetheE2.1875
joint.
Table3.13.2.31 EvazoteJointSelection
Product
Openingat
68
(in)
Material
widthat60%
compression
(in)
Material
widthat30%
tension
(in)
Range
(in)
SealSize
WxH
E1.00 0.75 0.40 1.30 0.90 1"x1"
E1.25 1.00 0.50 1.63 1.13 1.25"x2"
E1.875 1.50 0.75 2.43 1.68 1.875"x2"
E2.1875 1.75 0.88 2.85 1.97 2.1875"x2"
E2.50 2.00 1.00 3.25 2.25 2.5"x2"
Whentheexpansionrangeexceeds2.25inches,thedesignershoulduseaPreformedSilicone
Jointseal,asdescribedinSection3.13.2.5,inlieuofanEvazotejoint.
Exceptforjointsattheapproachslab,theplansshouldshowjointopeningsfor40,70and100
degreestoallowforvaryingambienttemperaturesatthetimeofjointconstruction.Usethe68
degreejointopeningfromTable3.13.2.31forthe70degreeopening.The40and100degree
openingsshouldbecalculatedbyadjustingthe70degreejointopeningforthecorresponding
temperaturedifferences.Usingthesameexamplefromabove,theadjustmentinjointopening
for100degreeiscalculatedas.756inches(350x0.000006x30
o
Fx12in/ft=.756).Subtracting
thisnumberfromthe70degreeopeningyields1inch,asshowninTable3.13.2.32.
Table3.13.2.32 ExampleJointOpeningTableforPlans
JOINTOPENING
TEMPERATURE(
o
F) W(in)
40 2
70 1
100 1
Thejointattheendofthebridgeisshownforanopeningof60degreeswithoutatemperature
table.AgeneralnotemustbeaddedmodifyingtheGDOTApproachSlabStandardandtheplans
shouldincludeadetailwithacrosssectionofthejointincludingopeningsizeandthematerial
size.Jointsizesofupto1.75inches(distancetofixityof380feet)canbeusedattheendofthe
bridgewithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.
ThedesignershallusecellEXJTBTfromtheGDOTBridgeCellLibraryandeditthesealsizeinthe
cell(sealsizefromTable3.13.2.31)tonotifythecontractoroftheproductsizetoorder.
3.13.2.4 PreformedSiliconJointSeals
ForjointsonsteelbridgesandforanyjointwheretheEvazotesizewouldbe2inchesorgreaterat
70degrees,useapreformedsiliconejoint.Thesecanbesizedusingdesigncriteriaforthe
Silicoflexjoint,andthereisacellavailable.Showopeningsizesfor40,70,and100degreesaswith
Evazotejoints.
3.13.2.5 StripSeals
Astripsealisapreformedelastomericprofilesealthatcanbeusedwhenexpansionrange
exceedsthelimitallowedforanEvazotejoint.ThedesignershallusecellJENEJTfromtheGDOT
BridgeCellLibraryfordetailingandpayitem4491800ELASTOMERICPROFILEBRIDGEJOINT
SEALSforpaymentofthisjoint.Duetothehighcostofthisjointseal,itmaybemoreeconomical
toprovideadditionalexpansionjointlocationssothatEvazotejointsealscanbeutilized.When
theexpansionrangeexceeds37/8inches,thedesignershoulduseamodularjointsystem.
3.13.2.6 ModularJointSystems
Amodularjointsystemisamanufacturedjointthatcanaccommodatelargeexpansionranges.
TheuseofamodularjointsystemrequiresSpecialProvision447ModularExpansionJoints.A
modularjointsystemispreferredoverafingerjointbecausethefingerjointisnotsealedand
allowswateranddebrisintothejointareaandontothesubstructure.
3.13.2.7 LongitudinalExpansionJoints
Expansionjointsinthelongitudinaldirectionofthebridgeshouldbeusedonbridgeswiderthan
150feet.Donotdetailanopenlongitudinaljointwherebicycletrafficisexpectedsinceitcan
catchnarrowbicyclewheels.
Onsteelbeambridgesinurbanareascarryinghighvolumerouteswheretrafficwillstandonthe
bridge,suchasabridgewithtrafficsignalsneartheends,a1inchlongitudinaljointshallbeused
atthehighpointofthecrownsothatvibrationcausedbytrafficmovingononesideofthebridge
willnotbefeltbytrafficsittingontheotherside.
Longitudinaljointsshallnotbeplacedinlocationswherewaterwillrunacrossthejoint.Thejoint
shallbesealedwithanEvazotejointseal.Donotincludeapayitemfortheseal.
3.14 UTILITIESONBRIDGES
3.14.1 General
3.14.1.1 UtilityInformationRequest
Whenutilitiesaretobeplacedonabridge,thedesignershallrequestthattheOfficeofUtilities
obtainthefollowinginformationfromtheutilitycompanies:
Descriptions(i.e.10watermain,four6inchdiametertelephoneconduits)
Owner(i.e.EarlyCountyWaterSystem,AT&T)
Weightoftheutilityperfootincludingcontents
Openingsizerequiredthroughendwalls,backwalls,edgebeamsanddiaphragms
Maximumdiameterofthepipebellorflangesforwaterandsewermains
Hangerspacing(actualormaximum)
Hangerdetailsifaparticularhangersystemisdesired
Locationonthebridge(rightside,leftside)
3.14.1.2 UtilityConflicts
Whenautilityconflictoccurs,itmustberesolvedbybridgedesignmodificationorbyutility
relocation.Itisnotacceptabletonotifythecontractorthataconflictexistsbyanoteintheplans.
3.14.1.3 UtilityAttachments
Gaslines,electricalconduits,ATMSconduits,andtelecommunicationconduitscanbesupported
usingcastinplacedeckinserts.Water/sewermainsupto8inchesindiametercanbesupported
inthesamemanner.Largerwater/sewermainsshallbesupportedbychannelsboltedtothe
adjacentbeams,asshownintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Theseutilitiesshallnotbelocatedin
exteriorbayswherethesupportinghardwarewillbevisibleoutsidetheexteriorbeam.
Supportsforwatermainsareusuallylocated2feetoneachsideofajoint.Hangersshouldbe
spacedtoaccommodatestandard18footor20footpipesandtoavoidlocatingabellatthe
diaphragm,edgebeam,orendwall.
Watermainsusuallyrequirecasingundertheapproachslab.Casingisavailableindiametersof6
inchincrementsandmustbelargeenoughtoaccommodatethewaterpipebell.
3.14.1.4 EstimatedUtilityWeights
Inlieuofmoreaccurateweightsprovidedbytheutilitycompany,thetypicalutilityweightsin
Table3.14.1.41canbeused.
Table3.14.1.41 UtilityWeights(fromBIMSmanual)
Water/SewerMains GasMains
Diameter
(in.)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Diameter
(in.)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
6 41.0 2 3.7
8 60.1 4 10.8
10 87.1 6 19.0
12 118.8 8 22.4
16 194.4 10 28.1
30 472.3 12 32.4
16 47.0
Weightofcommunicationconduitcanbeestimatedat9lbs/ftperduct.
Figure3.14.1.41andFigure3.14.1.42showtypicaldetailsforCityofAtlantaBureauofWater
requirements.
Figure3.14.1.41 Watermainsaddledetails
Figure3.14.1.42 Watermainhangerdetails
3.14.1.5 PlacementofUtilities
Utilitiesmustbefullyenclosedwithinabayandmustnothangbelowthebottomofthelowest
beam.
Inlocatingtheutilityandopenings,thedesignermustensurethatconflictswiththeendwall,edge
beam,anddiaphragmshavebeenaddressed,includingpossibleconflictswiththediaphragmbar.
Thedesignermustensuretherearenoconflictswithcaprisersonthesubstructure.
3.14.2 DesignationofUtilityOwnersonBridgePlans
Allbridgeplansshallhavethecaption,UTILITIES,addedtothePreliminaryLayoutorGeneral
Notessheetandlistunderneaththenamesofallownersofutilitiesthatarelocatedonthebridge.
Donotlistutilitieswhichareinthevicinityofthebridgebutarenotlocatedonthebridge.
Ifafutureinstallationisproposed,thedesignershallindicatethisbyplacing(FUTURE)afterthe
nameoftheowner.Iftherearenoutilities,itshallbeindicatedbyplacingNOUTILITIESON
BRIDGEbelowthecaptionUTILITIES.
Theserequirementsareinadditiontoalldetails,dimensions,etc.,necessarytolocateandsupport
theutilityonthebridge.
3.14.3 HangersforElectricalConduits
Hangersforelectricalconduitsonbridgesshallbespecifiedatamaximumspacingof100.
3.14.4 RevisionstoUtilities
Thedesignershallsendanyrevisionsoftheplansdealingwithutilitiesthroughthenormalrevision
channelsandtotheDistrictUtilitiesEngineer.Thedesignershallalsoensurethattheutility
companyismadeawareofthechanges.
3.14.5 GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders
SeeSection3.7.9.
3.14.6 PermitsforBridgeAttachments
SeeMOG685011.ContacttheOfficeofUtilities.
3.15 DECKDRAINAGE
3.15.1 General
Thedesignershallensurethatthebridgedeckwillfreelydrainwatertominimizegutterspreador
ponding.Thisisnormallyaccomplishedbysomecombinationofthebridgecrossslope,bridge
profileandopeningsineitherthedeckorthebarrierthatallowsthewatertoflowoffthebridge.
Formoredetailsondeckdrainsanddrainage,seeChapter15oftheGDOTDrainageManual.
3.15.2 BridgeProfile
Locationofthelowpointofaverticalcurveonabridgeorapproachslabisstronglydiscouraged,
andshouldonlybeconsideredwhenthereisnofeasiblealternative.Beforeproceedingwitha
designthathasalowpointonabridgeorapproachslab,thedesignershouldconsultwiththe
roadwaydesignerandthentheBridgeOfficetoconfirmthatnootherfeasibleoptionexists.
Whenalowpointislocatedonabridge,itshallnotbelocatedwithin10feetoftheBFPRor
centerlineofbent,andscupperspacingshallbereducedto26within10feetofthelowpoint.
Ifthebridgegradeislessthan0.5%,thedesignershouldconsultwiththeroadwaydesignerabout
increasingthegradetoprovidemoreefficientdrainage.
3.15.3 OpenDeckDrainage
3.15.3.1 DeckDrains
Forbridgeswitha2.0%normalcrown,thedesignershalldetaila4diameterholethroughthe
bridgedeckspacedat10feetalongthegutterline.Deckdrainspacingmayneedtobereducedto
5feettoassureadequatedrainageonsuperelevatedstructures.However,deckdrainsshallnot
belocatedwithin5feetoftheBFPRorcenterlineofbent,overnonriprappedendfills,railroads,
ortrafficlanes.
Whenthetopflangeoftheexteriorbeaminterfereswiththeplacementofdeckdrains,usea
3x6openslotinthebottomofthebarrierinlieuofdeckdrains.Deckdrainandbarrierslot
detailscanbefoundintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.15.4 DeckDrainageSystem
3.15.4.1 General
Whendrainageofthedeckisrequiredandcannotbeaccommodatedbyconventionalscuppersor
barrieropenings,adeckdrainagesystemisrequired.Thedeckdrainsystemshallbemadeof
ductileironand/orPVCpipeSchedule40andconsistofscuppers,drainpipes,cleanouts,and
downspouts.
3.15.4.2 BridgeDeckHydraulicStudy
TheHydraulicsSectionoftheBridgeOfficewillperformabridgedeckhydraulicstudywhen
requestedbythedesigner.TherequestshouldincludethebridgePlanandElevation,DeckPlan,
DeckSection,roadwayplanandprofilesheets,anddetailsofanypreferreddrainagestructures.
3.15.4.3 Scuppers
Scuppersshouldbespacedalongthebridgeasperthedeckhydraulicstudy.Scuppersshould
haveasteepslopedbottombecauseitisselfcleaning.Outletshouldbe5inchesminimumbut
preferably6inchesindiameter.Thedrainagegratemustbebicyclesafe.SeeNeenahproduct
numberR3921V1foranexampleofanacceptablebridgescupper.Increasethedepthofthe
decktogetreinforcementunderthedrainandaroundtheoutlet.Additionalreinforcementmay
berequiredtodistributeforcesaroundthedrain.
3.15.4.4 DrainPipe
Allscupperswillconnecttoadrainagepipeofasizeandslopecalculatedinthedeckhydraulic
study.Wheretheundersideofthebridgeisvisible,longitudinaldrainpipesshouldnotbe
attachedtotheoverhang,butinsteadshallbeplacedinabaybetweenbeams.Includecleanouts
ateachscupperlocationandneareachbentincludingendbents.Thedrainagepipemayormay
notconnecttoadownspout.Thesystemmustaccommodateanydifferentialmovementbetween
thepipesattachedtothesuperstructureandthedownspoutsattachedtothesubstructure.
Downspoutsmaybeplacedatintermediatebentsanddrainintoroadwaydrainagesystem.
Downspoutsmaybecastintothesubstructureormaybeattachedtotheoutside.Donotattach
downspoutstothetrafficfaceofacolumn.

APPENDIX3AFALLLINEMAP

DADE
CATOOSA
WALKER
W
H
IT
F
I
E
L
D
MURRAY
CHATTOOGA
GORDON
FANNIN
GILMER
UNION
TOWNS
RABUN
COBB
PAULDING
POLK
CHEROKEE
BARTOW
FLOYD
FRANKLIN
BANKS HALL
DAWSON
STEPHENS
H
A
B
E
R
S
H
A
M
WHITE
LUMPKIN
PICKENS
MORGAN
NEWTON
HENRY
COWETA
HEARD
CARROLL
OGLETHORPE
MADISON
CLARKE
O
C
O
N
E
E
BARROW
WALTON
R
O
C
K
D
A
L
E
DEKALB
FULTON
DOUGLA
S
HARALSON
GWINNETT
ELBERT
HART
J ACKSON
F
O
R
S
Y
T
H
BALDWIN
G
L
A
S
C
O
C
K
WARREN
MONROE
LAMAR
PIKE
RICHMOND
T
A
L
IA
F
E
R
R
O
HANCOCK
PUTNAM J ASPER
BUTTS SPALDING
M
E
R
IW
E
T
H
E
R
TROUP
COLUMBIA
LINCOLN WILKES
GREENE
CHATTA-
HOOCHEE
MUSCOGEE
TAYLOR
J OHNSO
N
TWIGGS
CRAWFORD
J ENKINS
TALBOT
HARRIS
WILKINSON
BIBB
UPSON
BURKE
J EFFERSON
WASHINGTON
J ONES
MITCHELL
BAKER EARLY
TOOMBS
BEN HILL
TURNER
TIFT
WORTH
DOUGHERTY
CALHOU
N
CLAY
LEE
CANDLER
WHEELER
TREUTLEN
TELFAIR
WILCOX
CRISP
EMANUEL
DODGE
PULASKI
DOOLY
RANDOLPH
Q
U
IT
M
A
N
TERRELL
SUMTER
W
E
B
S
T
E
R
SCHLEY
LAURENS
B
L
E
C
K
L
E
Y
HOUSTON
MACON
PEACH
STEWAR
T
MARION
COOK
LOWNDES
BROOKS
THOMAS
COLQUITT
BERRIEN
IRWIN
GRADY DECATUR
MILLER
J EFF
DAVIS
McINTOSH
GLYNN
LONG
WAYNE
APPLING
CAMDEN
CHARLTON
BRANTLEY
PIERCE
BACON
WARE
CLINCH
ECHOLS
ATKINSON
COFFEE
TATTNALL
SCREVEN
BULLOCH
EFFINGHAM
CHATHAM
BRYAN
EVANS
LIBERTY
Fall Line
APPENDIX3BBEAMCHARTS
Assumptions
a) Beamlocation:Interiorbeam
b) Skewangle:90
o
(noskew)
c) Designlength(CLbearingtoCLbearing):Spanlength24in.
d) Slabwidth:433(roadwaywidth:400)
e) Numberoflanes:3
f) 28-day strength of slab concrete: 4.0 ksi
g) Slabthicknessfornoncompositeloadingcalculation:DeterminedusingGDOTslabdesign
programwith2 top concrete cover (Case 4)
h) Slabthicknessforcompositesectionproperty:lessnoncompositeslabthickness
i) Diaphragm:10in.thickdiaphragmatmidspanwhenspanlengthisgreaterthan40ft,no
diaphragmotherwise
j) Averagecopingthickness:2forAASHTOtypebeamsand3forBulbTees
k) Copingthicknessisincludedinnoncompositeloadingcalculation,butnotincomposite
sectionpropertycalculation.
l) Releasestrengthis0.5ksilessthan28daystrengthforPSCbeamconcrete.
m) Strands(lowrelaxationtype):0.5diameter(0.167in
2
area)forAASHTOtypebeamsand
0.6diameter(0.217in
2
area)forBulbTees
n) Prestressingforces:(0.75x270ksi)tobottomandtopstrandsforAASHTOtypebeamsand
(0.75x270ksi)tobottomstrandsand(0.17x270ksi)totopstrandsforBulbTees
o) Drapingofstrands:NodrapingforAASHTOtypeIMODbeamandtwomiddlestrands
drapedasnecessaryforotherAASHTOtypebeamsandBulbTees
p) Exposure condition is set as normal for allowable stress calculation.
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
Type I-MOD Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
Type II Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
Type III Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
54" Bulb Tee Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
63" Bulb Tee Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

D
e
s
i
g
n

S
p
a
n

(
f
t
)
Beam Spaci ng (ft)
72" Bulb Tee Beam
f'c =5k
f'c =6k
f'c =7k
f'c =8k
f'c =9k
f'c =10k
Chapter4:SUBSTRUCTURE 456
Chapter4 SUBSTRUCTURE
4.1 CONCRETEANDREINFORCEMENTFORSUBSTRUCTURE
Generalrequirementsforreinforcedconcreteareasfollows:
a) UseGrade60steelforreinforcement.
b) Thelengthofdetailedreinforcingbarsshouldnotexceed60feet.
c) Use3.5ksiconcreteforallsubstructureelementswhenthebridgeissupportedbyoneor
moreconcretecolumnpiers.
d) Use3.0ksiconcreteforallsubstructureelementsiftherearenoconcretecolumnpiers
supportingthebridge.
e) UseClass2exposureconditioninaccordancewithLRFD5.7.3.4foranybridgesover
waterwayslocatedfullyorpartiallyinthefollowingcoastalcounties:Chatham,Bryan,
Liberty,McIntosh,Glynn,andCamden.UseClass1exposureconditionforallotherbridges.
f) Use3.0inchcoverinaccordancewithLRFD5.12.3foranybridgesoverwaterwayslocated
fullyorpartiallyinthecoastalcountieslistedabove.
g) Whentheleastdimensionofaconcretebridgecomponentisgreaterthan50orthe
diameterofadrilledshaftisgreaterthan60,SpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures
formassconcretewillberequired.IncludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotessheet:
MASSCONCRETEBRIDGECONTAINSCOMPONENTSSUBJECTTOMASSCONCRETE
REQUIREMENTS,SEESPECIALPROVISIONSECTION500CONCRETESTRUCTURES.NO
SEPARATEMEASUREMENTANDPAYMENTWILLBEMADEFORMASSCONCRETE.INCLUDE
ALLCOSTS,INCLUDINGINCIDENTALS,INTHEPRICEBIDSUBMITTEDFOR________
CONCRETE.
4.2 FOUNDATIONS
4.2.1 General
FoundationsforbridgesshallbedesignedbasedontheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
reportapprovedbytheOfficeofMaterials.
4.2.1.1 500YearScourforStreamCrossings
Foundationdepthsshallbedeterminedbasedonthe500yearstormeventandtheassociated
500yearscourline.ThisscourlineshallbeshownonthePreliminaryLayoutbutmaybeadjusted
intheBFIbasedondetailedgeotechnicalexploration.
Whenpilesareused,theyshouldpenetrateaminimumof10feetbelowthe500yearscourline.
Spreadfootingsshouldbekeyedinbelowthe500yearscourline.Deepfoundationsshallbe
examinedforthe500yearstormevent.
Scourinformationshallnotbeincludedinthefinalbridgeplans.
4.2.1.2 FoundationTypes
Foundationsshallbedesignedforexistingconditions.Thefoundationsforhighwaybridges
consistofthefollowingtypesnecessarytosupportthesuperstructure:
Drivenpilesforpilebents
Caissons(drilledshafts)
Spreadfootings
Pilefootings
ForgeneralguidelinesforfoundationtypesinGeorgia,seeAppendix4A.
4.2.2 DrivenPiles
4.2.2.1 PileTypeandSizeSelection
GDOTusesthefollowingpiletypes:
SteelHpiles
Prestressedconcrete(PSC)piles
Metalshellpiles
DrivenpilesshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFD10.7.
4.2.2.2 General
ForfuturereferenceofpiledesignloadsandforverificationofloadsusedinpreparingtheLRFD
BFI,includethefollowingnoteonallsheetsforsubstructuresthatutilizedrivenpiles:
THEPILESAREDESIGNEDFORAMAXIMUMFACTOREDAXIALLOADOF____TONS.
Batterpiles,whererequired,aretypicallybatteredatarateof1incheshorizontalon12inches
vertical.Thebattershallnotexceed4:12.
Thedesignershallincludedrivingdatapilesonbridgesattherateofaboutoneforeveryfour
bents.DrivingdatapilelocationsshallbedesignatedontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheDriving
DataPilesnotefromtheBridgeNotesprogram.OnbridgeswithPSCpiles,thetestpilescanbe
countedasdrivingdatapiles.
Totalpayquantityforpilingisroundedofftothenearest10feet.Lengthofeachpilecanbe
calculatedasthedifferencebetweentopofpileelevationandtheestimatedtipelevation(or
averageestimatedtipifarangeisgiven)fromtheBFI.Thedesignershallincludetheadditional
lengthofpilescausedbybatterpiling.
Thedesignershallalwaysincludeapayitemforaloadtestforeachdifferentpile(typeandsize)
usedontheproject.
4.2.2.3 SteelHPiles
SteelHpilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)reportwillbeoneor
severalofthefollowingsizes:
HP10x42
HP12x53
HP14x73
HP14x89
HP14x102
HP14x117
Onelargepilemayrequireahighercapacitypilehammerbutthismaystillbemoreeconomical
thandrivingtwosmallerpilesperbeaminanendbent.
Use36ksisteelHpilesindesignunlesstheBFIcallsfor50ksipilesatendbentsorpilesinpile
footings.If50ksipilesarerequired,indicatethisrequirementintheDesignDatasectionofthe
GeneralNotessheet.Both36ksiand50ksipilesshouldnotbeusedonthesamebridge.If50ksi
pilesareusedonabridge,thedesignershallincludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotes
sheet:
STEELHPILESUSESTEELFORHPILESTHATMEETSTHEREQUIREMENTSOFASTMA709
GR50.
4.2.2.4 PrestressedConcrete(PSC)Piles
Prestressedconcrete(PSC)pilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
reportwillbeoneorseveralofthefollowingsizes:
14x14
16x16
18x18
20x20
24x24
30x30
36x36
ThedetailsofthePSCpileslistedabovearespecifiedintheGDOTStandard3215.Thedesigner
shallreceiveapprovalfromtheBridgeOfficepriortousingaPSCpilesizegreaterthan20.
ThefollowingreferenceshallbeincludedontheGeneralNotessheetunderBridgeConsistsOf:
SQUAREPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEPILESGA.STD.3215(22284)
WhentheBFIrecommendsPSCpiles,itwillalsocallfortestpileswithlocations.Thecontractor
usestestpiles,longerthanestimatedpilelengths,todeterminefinalorderlengthsofthe
remainingpiles.Thelengthoftestpileshallbe5feetplusthetopofpileelevationminusthe
estimatedtipelevation.Roundtestpilelengthsuptothenearestfoot.Becausetestpilesarepart
ofpermanentconstruction,theengineermustdeductthecalculatedinplacelength,notthetest
pilelength,fromthetotalpilingquantity.
IfseverecorrosionorotherunusualproblemsmakeTypeIIcementorHPC(HighPerformance
Concrete)necessaryasrecommendedbytheOfficeofMaterials,thedesignershallincludethe
HighPerformanceConcrete(HPC)PilesnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
FreezebearingforpilesmayberequiredintheBFIforcertainconditions.Inthiscase,thepile
drivingnotesshallbeincludedintheGeneralNotessheetasfollows:
a) Whenfreezebearingisrequiredifthepilesfailtoattaindrivingresistanceafterachieving
theminimumtipelevation,includethePileDrivingnoteusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
b) Whenfreezebearingisrequiredifthepilesfailtoattaindrivingresistanceafterachieving
theestimatedtipelevation,includethePileDriving(Table)noteusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
Donotusethewords"estimatedtip"intheplanssincethesewordsareareflectionoftheBFI,
whichisnotapartofthecontract.
4.2.2.5 MetalShell(MS)Piles
Metalshell(MS)pilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)reportwillbe
oneorseveralofthefollowingsizes:
12O.D.
14O.D.
16O.D.
18O.D.
24O.D.
MSpilesshallbedrivenandthenfilledwithconcreteatalllocationsasspecifiedintheGDOT
StandardSpecifications.MSpilesatintermediatepilebentsalsoincludereinforcementas
detailedintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Itisassumedthatthemetalshelldoesnotcontributeto
thetotalcapacityofthepile.
MetalshellthicknessshallbemodifiedbasedontheouterdiameterbyincludingtheMetalShell
PilenoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
GDOTStandardSpecification520includestwodetailingoptions(Option1andOption2)formetal
shellpileclosureplates.Option1isspecifiedasthedefaultoption;however,iftheBFI
recommendsOption2,thefollowingnoteshallbeaddedtotheGeneralNotessheet:
PILECLOSUREPLATEDETAILUSECLOSUREPLATEOPTION2ATTHISSITEINACCORDANCE
WITHSUBSECTION520.3.05.MOFTHEGEORGIADOTSPECIFICATIONS.
4.2.2.6 TimberPiles
TimberpilesshallnotbeusedonanyGDOTbridgeproject.Theyaresometimesusedtosupport
culvertsinpoorsoils.
4.2.2.7 PileDrivingAids
4.2.2.7.1 JettingandSpudding
TheBFIoftenrecommendsjettingand/orspuddingtoassistpenetrationforPSCorMSpiles.
Jettingconsistsofusingwateratthetipofthepiletoloosenthesoilandaiddriving.Spudding
consistsofusinga"spud"(usuallyaheavyHpile)tobreakuphardlayersbeforedrivingthe
permanentpile.ThedesignershallincludethePiling(JettingandSpudding)notefromthe
BridgeNotesprogramontheGeneralNotessheetwhenjettingand/orspuddingare
recommendedintheBFI.Nopayitemisrequiredforjettingand/orspudding.
4.2.2.7.2 Predrilling
TheBFImayrecommendpredrillingbeallowedatthecontractorsoptioninlieuofjettingor
spudding.Predrillingconsistsoflooseningthesoilwithanaugertoaiddriving.TheBFIwill
includeanelevationforthelimitofpredrilling,whichwillusuallybereferencedtotheestimated
orminimumpiletip.WhentheBFImentionspredrilling,thedesignershallincludethePiling
(PredrillinginlieuofJettingandSpudding)notefromtheBridgeNotesprogramontheGeneral
Notessheetinsteadofthejettingandspuddingnote.Nopayitemisrequiredforpredrilling.
4.2.2.7.3 PilotHoles
TheBFIsometimesrecommendspilotholesforpilesinordertoassureadequatepenetration
belowthescourline.Pilotholesarecreatedbyusinganaugertoremovethesoil.Thisprocessis
morecostlythanpredrilling.ThedesignershallincludethePilotHolenotefromtheBridgeNotes
programontheGeneralNotessheetandspecifytherequireddiameterandbottomelevationof
thepilotholeinthenote.Payitem5205000PILOTHOLESshallbeintheplanstocoverthe
requiredquantityofpilotholes.
4.2.2.7.4 PilePoints
WhentheBFIcallsforpilepointstoensureadequatepenetrationintoweatheredrock,the
designershallincludethePilePointsnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
Inspecialcaseswhereitisanticipatedpileswillhavetobedriventhroughboulders,rocklayers,or
hardburiedobjects,suchasconcrete,extremelyhardstumpsorwoodenpiles,theBFImay
recommendtheuseofspecialdrivingpoints,otherthanthosecalledforintheGDOTStandard
Specifications.Inthiscase,thedesignershallincludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotes
sheet:
PILEPOINTSREINFORCEALLPILETIPSATBENTS**WITHPRUYNPOINTNO.75750OR
APPROVEDEQUAL.
4.2.3 Caissons
4.2.3.1 General
WhencaissonsarerecommendedintheBFI,foundationbearingstrengthandbottomelevations
forcaissonswillbeincluded.Detailsandrequirementsforcaissonconstructionarecoveredunder
SpecialProvision524whichisusuallyincludedwiththeBFI.Specialprovision524alsoincludes
importantinformationsuchaswhethertheholeisdryorwet(usesslurry)andwhethera
demonstrationshaftisrequired.
4.2.3.2 Dimensions
Thediameterofacaissonshallbedesignedin6increments.Aminimumcaissondiameterof48
inchesisrequiredfordrycaissonstoallowaccessbyinspectors.Allcaissonsshallhaveaminimum
concretecoverof6.
4.2.3.3 Elevations
Caissontipelevationsshouldbegiventoonedecimalplaceandaplus/minussigntoindicate
possiblevariations.
Forcaissonsinthewater,detailthetopofthecaisson1footabovethenormalpoolelevationfor
quantitycalculations.Theassumednormalpoolelevationshallbeincludedinanoteontheplans.
Includeanotedirectingthecontractortosetthetopofcaisson1footabovethewatersurfaceat
thetimeofconstruction.Forcaissonsintheground,thetopshallbe1footbelowfinalground
elevation.
Reinforcementinthecaissonisspecifiedbysizeonly(#11insteadof1110)becausepaymentforit
isincludedinlinearfeetofcaisson.Howeverwhenusingatransitionbarthatlapswiththesteel
inthecaissonandthesteelinthecolumn,thatsteelcanbedetailedandincludedinthebar
schedule.Donotusehookedbarsinthetopofacaisson.Designanddetailcaissonswithhoop
stirrupsunlessspiralstirrupsareotherwiserequired.
4.2.4 SpreadFootings
4.2.4.1 DimensionsandElevations
Useasquarespreadfootingwheneverpossible.Planfootingdimensionsshallbedetailedin3
inchincrementsineachdirection.Spreadfootingsshallbeaminimumof23thicktoallowfor
thedevelopmentofthehooksofNo.11barsfromthecolumn.
Bottomofspreadfootingelevationshouldbegiventoonedecimalplaceandaplus/minussignto
indicatepossiblevariations.
Whenusingasquarefooting,usethesamereinforcementinboththetransverseandlongitudinal
directionstoavoidincorrectinstallationsinthefield.
4.2.4.3 DesignandAdditionalConsiderations
Toallowforfieldvariationsinrockelevation,intermediatebentsshallbedesignedforthecase
wherethebottomoffootingelevationis3feetlowerthanthatindicatedintheBFI.Thedesigner
shallincludetheFootingElevationsnotefromtheBridgeNotesprogramontheGeneralNotes
sheet.
WhenrecommendedintheBFI,spreadfootingsandthesealsbeneathspreadfootingsshouldbe
keyedintotheunderlyingmaterial.Anoteshallbeplacedontheplansrequiringtheentire
footingorsealbekeyedin,notjusttheareaunderthecolumnasindicatedintheGDOTStandard
Specifications.
Spreadfootingsshouldnotbeusedonrockembankmentbecauseofthepotentialforexcessive
settlement.
4.2.5 PileFootings
4.2.5.1 FootingDimensionsandElevations
Useasquarepilefootingwheneverpossible.Planfootingdimensionsshallbedetailedin1
incrementsineachdirection.Pilefootingsshallbeaminimumof33thickwhensteelHpiles
areusedand36whenPSCpilesormetalshellpilesareusedtoallowforthedevelopmentof
thehooksofNo.11barsfromthecolumn.
Bottomofpilefootingelevationsshouldbedetailedtotwodecimalplaces.
4.2.5.2 FootingReinforcement
Detail180degreehooksforthebottomreinforcementmatinpilefootings.Thebottom
reinforcementmatcanbeplaceddirectlyontopofHPiles.However,thedesignershalldetail3
inchesofclearanceontopofmetalshellandPSCpilestoallowthefootingconcretetoproperly
bondwiththefootingreinforcement.Whenusingasquarefooting,usethesamereinforcement
inboththetransverseandlongitudinaldirectionstoavoidincorrectinstallationsinthefield.
4.2.5.3 PileLayouts
UseoneoftheGDOTpilelayoutsthatarepresentedinAppendix4Btodesignpilefootings.
MinimumpilespacingandedgedistancesshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD10.7.1.2
anddetailedin1inchincrements.
4.2.5.4 DesignandAdditionalConsiderations
Pilefootingsshallbedesignedforzerotension(nouplift)inthepiling.
Thetopofthepilefootingsshouldbeaminimumof2feetbelowground,withthefollowing
exceptionsforthebridgesoverthestreams:
a) Ifthebridgeislocatedinoneofthecoastalcountiesandthewaterwayhasverylowflow
velocityandlowdebrispotential(suchasinacoastalswamp),thenthebottomofthe
footingwillbelocated1footabovemeanwaterlevel.Thisisknownasapedestalbent.
b) Ifthebridgerequiresalargenumberofcofferdamsforpilefootingconstruction,pedestal
bentscouldbeusedtoeliminatethehighcostcofferdams.However,useofthisoption
mustbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
WhentheBFIortheOfficeofConstructionrecommendssettingupTypeIIbackfillmaterialunder
afooting,donotincreasethebridgeexcavationquantityforthismaterialsincetheGDOT
StandardSpecificationcoversadditionalexcavationuptothreefeetbelowtheplanelevationof
thebottomoffooting.
4.2.6 CofferdamsandSeals
4.2.6.1 General
Whenabridgewithconcretefootingscrossesastreamoritsfootingsarelocatedclosetothe
watertable,cofferdamsand/orsealconcretemaybenecessaryforintermediatebent
construction.Sincetheneedforcofferdamsand/orsealsisdeterminedbytheOfficeof
Construction,thedesignershallsendatransmittaltotheStateBridgeConstructionEngineer
requestingarecommendationinaccordancewithSection1.6.9.2.1.
SealsshouldnotbeusedexceptasrecommendedbytheOfficeofConstructionduetothe
possibilityoffuturevoidsundertheseal.Contractorsshouldnotbeallowedtosubstitutea
concretesealinlieuofdewateringcofferdams.
4.2.6.2 DimensionsandElevations
Sealsaretypically16wideroneachsidethanthefootprintofthefooting.Usethefollowing
sealconcretethicknessandstrengththathavebeendeterminedtoresistthebuoyantforcefrom
thehydraulichead(H)ontheothersideofthecofferdam:
Sealconcretethicknessforpilefootings=0.25xH2feet
Sealconcretethicknessforspreadfootings=0.4xH2feet
Sealconcretestrength=2.0ksi
ThePlanandElevationsheetshouldshowtheelevationofthebottomofthesealforspread
footings,butthebottomofthefootingforpilefootings.Thewaterelevationusedtodetermine
thefootingheightshouldbeshownontheintermediatebentsheet.
4.2.6.3 SealConcretePayment
Iftheplansdonotincludesealconcretebutfieldconditionsrequireit,thesealconcretepriceis
basedonthecostofClassAconcreteaccordingtotheGDOTStandardSpecifications.Whenthe
plansincludecofferdamsbutdonotincludeeithersealconcreteorClassAconcrete,aspecial
provisionisrequiredtoaddresspaymentforsealconcrete.
4.3 ENDBENTS
4.3.1 General
ThefollowingnoteshallbeaddedtoallendbentsheetsthatreferencesGeorgiaStandard9037
fordrainagedetailsrequiredatendbents:
SEEGA.STD.9037FORDRAINAGEDETAILSATENDBENTS.
TheGDOTStandardSpecificationsstatethatnoseparatemeasurementwillbemadeunderthe
itemofBridgeExcavationforanyexcavationnecessaryforendbentconstruction.Unusual
situations,suchasspreadfootingabutments,mayrequirethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNote
sheetforclarity:
ENDBENTEXCAVATIONALLCOSTSFORENDBENTEXCAVATIONSHALLBEINCLUDEDINTHE
OVERALLBIDSUBMITTED
4.3.2 EndBentCaps
Typically,apileisplacedundereachbeam,sothebentcapissubjectedtominimalshearsand
moments.Usea3wideby2deepcapwithtypicalreinforcementthatcanbefoundintheGDOT
BridgeCellLibrary.A2foot6inchwidecapcanbeusedforunskewedRCDGbridges.Whenthe
skewanglecausestheclearancefromthebearingpadtotheedgeofcaptobelessthan2inches,
thecapshouldbewidenedin3inchincrements.
Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistancesodetailthecap
stepstothenearest1.
Detaila3inchdiameterby12inchdeepholeateachdowelbaroranchorboltlocation.Adeeper
holemayberequiredforsteelspanslongerthan100feet.ForRCDGs,detailaNo.10dowelbarto
becastinplace.
Iftheelevationdifferencebetweenadjacentcapstepsislessthan1/2inch,detailbothstepsto
thelowerelevation.NochangetotheDdimensionisnecessaryforthisadjustment.
Whendifferentbeamsizesorseverecrossslopescausethetopofcapsteptobemorethan6
abovethemainreinforcing,additionalreinforcementwillberequiredforthatstep.Inthiscase,
detailtwoNo.4barsinthesamedirectionofthemainreinforcementatthetopofthecapstep
with2inchclearance.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1footspacingandwiththelegs
extendeddownintothemaincageaminimumofonefoot.
Foraskewof50degreesorsharper,itshouldbenotedthatthemovementofanexpansion
endwallmayberestrictedbythesidesofthecapsteps.Thedesignershouldconsiderskewingthe
capstepsparalleltothebeamstopreventthisrestrictionofmovement,particularlyforfascia
beams.Whenthecapstepsarelessthan2incheshigh,anextrathicknessofexpansionmaterial
adjacenttocapstepscanbeusedinlieuofskewingthecapsteps.
4.3.3 EndBentPiling
Endbentpilesshouldsupportallloadsincludingloadsfromtheapproachslab.Atypical30foot
GDOTstandardapproachslabisdesignedbasedontheassumptionthatupto10feetofthe
subgradecouldbelost,transferringtheloadtothepavingrestandremainingsoil.Therefore,itis
assumedthatthepavingrestsupportsoneendoftheapproachslab,whichismodeledasa10
footsimplebeam,andtransfersthedeadandliveloadstothepiles.
Iftheendbentfillheightisgreaterthan20feet,addbatteredpilesbetweenbeamsatarateof1
per4or5verticalpiles.Ifthepilespacingisveryclose,someoftheloadbearingverticalpilescan
bebatteredinsteadofaddingpiles.
4.3.4 Wingwalls
Theendofwingwallisdeterminedbyprojectingtheslopeoftheendrollupuntilitmeetsthe
shouldergradeattheinsidefaceofthewing,asshowninFigure4.3.41.Thelengthofthe
wingwallisthedistancefromthisendtothefrontfaceofcap,accountingfortheeffectofthe
skew.
Generally,usethesamelengthforbothwingwallsatanendbent.Whenthewingwalllength
becomeslongerthan17feetduetobentskeweffects,thedesignershouldkeepthelengthofthe
sideunaffectedbytheskewat17feet.
Wingwalllengthshallbedetailedtothenearest6inches.
Figure4.3.41 WingwallDimensions
Thetopofwingwallisdeterminedbyadding4to10inchestotheshouldergradeatthebeginning
andendofthewingwall.Thetopofthewingwallshouldbeleveledtothehigherelevationifthe
differenceislessthan6inches.Use6inchesasaminimumtomatchthetransitioncurbofthe
approachslabwhenpresent.Thebottomofthewingwallshouldbelevel.
Oncurvedalignments,donotcurvewingwalls.Skewthewingwalltopreventitsencroachmenton
theshoulder.
Useofpilingunderwingwallsisgovernedbywingwalllength(L)asfollows:
a) WhenL12ft,nopilesareneeded.
b) When12ft<L16.5ft,addonepileattheend.
c) When16.5ft<L20ft,addonepileeachatthemidpointandattheend
d) WhenL20ft,addonepileeachattheendandatthirdpointsalongthewingwalllength.
A26squarepileboxshouldbeplacedateachpilelocationinthewingwall.Increasethesizeof
theboxto30squarewhenusing18inchorlargerpilestomaintainminimumclearance.
4.3.5 RipRap
Atstreamcrossings,indicateriprapontheendrollsasspecifiedonthepreliminarylayoutandin
thehydraulicstudy.Extendtheripraplimit20feetbeyondtheendofthewingwall.The
calculatedriprapquantityshouldalsobeusedforthequantityoffilterfabric.
IftheBFIreportrecommendsadifferenttypeand/ordepthofriprap,thedesignershallconsult
withthehydraulicengineerandthegeotechnicalengineertodeterminetheappropriateriprap
requirements.
WhentheHydraulicDataindicatesabnormalflows,theelevationforthetopofriprapshallbe2
feetabovetheabnormal100yearfloodelevation.
4.3.6 SlopePaving
Slopepavingshallbeusedonallgradeseparationandrailroadcrossingbridges.Thefootprintof
theslopepavingextendsbeyondtheedgeofthedeckby2feetoneachsideofthebridge.For
skewedbridges,theslopepavingparallelstheedgeofthebridgeononesideandisnormaltothe
bottomoftheslopeontheotherside,sothatrunoffwaterfrombridgestayonpavedslopeallthe
waytothebottom(seeFigure4.3.61).However,onrailroadsincutsectionslimittheslope
pavingto2feetoutsidetheedgeofdeckonbothsidestominimizeadditionalcutintheendroll
(seeFigure4.3.62).
Figure4.3.61 TypicalSlopePavingatEndofBridge
Figure4.3.62 SlopePavingatRailroadCutSection
4.4 INTERMEDIATEBENTS
4.4.1 ConcreteColumnBents
4.4.1.1 PreliminaryDesignConsiderations
Usea2columnbentwhenthecaplengthis50feetlongorless.Thecolumnsshouldbearranged
tobalancethedeadloadmomentsoneithersideofthecolumntoavoidlongtermbowingdueto
creep.Experiencehasshownthatsettingthecantileverlengthsatapproximately20%ofthecap
lengthcanaccomplishthis.Forcaplengthsgreaterthan50feet,usea3columnbentordivide
intotwo2columnbents.
Whenpossible,useonecolumnsizefortheentirebridge.For90degreebridges,setthecolumn
widthequaltothecapwidth.However,itisacceptableandgenerallypreferredtouseasmaller
columninskewedbridgesthathavewidercapstoaccommodatethebearings.Theminimum
columnwidthshouldbe75%ofthecapwidth.
Awallpierwithastripfootingisadesignoptiontoreplaceaveryshortcolumnbent.The
minimumwidthofawallpieris2feet.UseofawallpiershallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
4.4.1.2 ConcreteColumnBentCaps
4.4.1.2.1 CapDimensions
Thewidthofanintermediatebentcapshouldbeaminimumof3feetandincreasedin6inch
incrementstoaccountforskew,bearingsizeandedgedistances.Thedepthandlengthofacap
shouldbedetailedin3inchincrements.Thecapshouldbelongenoughsothebottomofbeam
doesnotcrosstheendofthecap.
Sizethepiercaptoprovideaminimumof3inchclearancefromtheedgeofbearingpadtothe
edgeofcaporriser.Onskewssharperthan75degrees,thisclearancecanbereducedto2inches
sinceonlythecornerofthebearingpadwouldbetooclosetoanedgeandmostofthepadwould
stillbebeyondthe3inchlimit.
4.4.1.2.2 CapRisersandSteps
Whenthebackandaheadbeamshavedifferentdepths,ariserwillberequiredonthecapto
compensateforthedifference.Whentheheightoftheriserismorethan4inches,two
continuousNo.4barsshouldbedetailedinthetopoftheriserinthedirectionofthemain
reinforcement.Iftheriserheightismorethan18inches,additionalNo.4barsshouldbe
distributedalongeachfaceoftherisertocontrolcracking.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1
footspacingandwiththelegsextendeddownintothemaincageaminimumofonefoot.Donot
attempttocontrolcrackingbyputtingajointintheriserbetweensteps.Thisdetailconcentrates
stressesatthatpointandcancausecrackinginthemainbodyofthecap.
Whenacrossslopeorfasciabeamcausesthetopofcapsteptobemorethan6abovethemain
orriserreinforcing,additionalreinforcementwillberequiredforthatstep.Inthiscase,detailtwo
No.4barsinthesamedirectionofthemainreinforcementatthetopofthecapstepwith2inch
clearance.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1footspacingandwiththelegsextendeddowninto
themaincageaminimumofonefoot.
4.4.1.2.3 MaximumCapMomentandShearattheColumns
Whendesigningthenegativemomentreinforcementoverthecolumns,thedesignershould
considerthemomentatthequarterpointasmaximum.Theshearatthefaceofcolumnshould
beconsideredasmaximuminthedesignforstirrups.
4.4.1.2.4 Detailing
Aminimumconcretecoverof2inchesisrequiredinthecap.
Minimumspacingforstirrupsinthecapshallbe4inches.Usedoublestirrupsinhighshearareas
asnecessary.Usingopentopstirrupstomissanchorboltholeblockoutsispermittedbutusually
notnecessary.Thecontractorisabletoshiftstirrupsinordertomissblockoutsfortheanchor
boltholes.
Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistancesodetailthecap
stepstothenearest1.
4.4.1.3 Columns
Allcolumnsthathavelessthan300horizontalclearancefromtheedgeofroadwayor500
horizontalclearancefromthecenterlineofrailwayshallbedesignedforthevehicularcollision
forceinaccordancewithLRFD3.6.5.Protectionbybarrierorembankmentwillnotnegatethis
requirement.
Columnsshouldbedimensionedin6inchincrementsbeginningat3feet.Columnsnarrowerthan
3feetshouldnotbeusedunlessitisnecessarytomatchtheexistingcolumnsizeandtomaintain
horizontalclearance.Ingeneral,columnsshouldbesquarewithasquarereinforcingpattern
consistingofthesamenumberofbarsineachface.Roundcolumnsmaybeusedtomatcha
drilledshaftfoundation.
UseTable4.4.1.31todeterminethenumberandlocationofrequiredconstructionjointsin
columns.Columnheight,x,ismeasuredfromtopoffootingtobottomofcap.
Table4.4.1.31 Constructionjointsincolumns
ColumnHeight,x ConstructionJoints
X30ft Noconstructionjoint
30ft<x40ft 1constructionjointatmidheight
40ft<x60ft 2constructionjointsatonethirdpoints
X>60ft Constructionjointsat20ft.max.spacing
Reinforcementshouldbedetailedtotaketheconstructionjointintoaccount.
Fordrilledcaissons,itisrecommendedtouseacolumnthatis6inchessmallerindiameterthan
thecaissontolineupthereinforcementsandmeetthedifferentrequirementsinconcretecover.
Useaminimumconcretecoverof2inchesinthecolumn.However,ifthecaphasthesamewidth
asthecolumn,thenthemaincolumnbarshavetobeshiftedintomissthemaincapbars.This
addstotheminimumconcretecoverrequired.
Donothookcolumnbarsinthetopofthecap.
Columncrosstiesshallbearrangedtoaccommodateatleasta6inchtremietofacilitateconcrete
placement.
4.4.1.4 Footings
SeeSections4.2.4and4.2.5forinformationaboutspreadfootingsandpilefootings.
4.4.2 PileBents
Pilebentconsistsofaconcretecapformeddirectlyontopofpiles.Typically,apileisplacedunder
eachbeam.Exteriorpilesaregenerallybatteredoutwardsata1.5:12ratioforlateralstability.
Atowerbentisapilebentwithtwopilesundereachbeambatteredata1.5:12ratiointhe
longitudinaldirectionforadditionalstability.Towerbentsshouldbeconsideredatfixedbent
locationswhenthebridgelengthrequiresanintermediateexpansionjoint.Thepreliminarylayout
sometimesprecludestowerbentsatcertainlocations.
Unlessarefinedanalysisisperformedpilefixityshouldbeassumedatadepth10ftbelowthe
groundline.
4.4.2.1 PileBentCaps
Wheneachbeamhasapiledirectlyunderit,thepilebentcapissubjectedtominimalshearsand
moments.Useaminimumof3wideby2deepcapwithtypicalreinforcementthatcanbefound
intheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary,unlesspileandbeamconfigurationsrequiremoredetailedflexural
andsheardesign.Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistanceso
detailthecapstepstothenearest1.
4.4.2.2 SwayBracing
SwaybracingisonlyusedforHPilebentswheretheunbracedlengthofpilesexceeds12feet.
SwaybracingisnormallycomprisedofL4x4x3/8anglesarrangedinanXfashion.Swaybracing
shallbedetailedtoextend4inchesoutsidetheedgeoftheexteriorpiles.Thetopoftheangles
shallbeplaced4inchesbelowthebottomofthecap.Thebottomoftheanglesshallbeplaced12
inchesabovethehigherofthegroundlineorthenormalpoolelevation.
4.4.2.3 PileProtection
HPilesatstreamcrossingsshallbeprotectedwithconcreteencasementasfollows:
a) Inthestream,useencasementfrom2feetbelowgroundto2feetabovenormalpool.
b) Onbanksandfloodplains,useencasementfrom2feetbelowgroundtothehigherof2feet
abovegroundor2feetabovenormalpool.
Iftheelevationof"normalpool"isnotclear,extendtheencasementtothe2yearfloodheight
whichisusuallyavailableinthehydraulicstudyunderthe50yearstormsummarytable.
AllexposedHpilesshallbepaintedusing2PcoatingasspecifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification
870.2.05.IncludetheSpecialProtectiveCoatingForPilesnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusing
theBridgeNotesprogram.

APPENDIX4AGENERALGUIDEMAPFORFOUNDATIONTYPES

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APPENDIX4BPRESETPILELAYOUTS
Figure4B1 GDOTPileLayout(4to12Piles)
Chapter5:RETAININGWALLS 51
Chapter5 RETAININGWALLS
5.1 GENERAL
AllretainingwallsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithChapter11oftheAASHTOLRFD
Specificationsandasnotedinthissection.
5.1.1 WallTypes
Thetypeofwallshouldbedeterminedbasedoneconomy,constructabilityandgeotechnical
conditions.CoordinationbetweentheroadwaydesignerandBridgeOfficeshalltakeplaceduring
thepreliminarydesignphase,beforeRightofWayplansarefinalized.Typicalwalltypesutilized
onGDOTprojectsarepresentedinTable5.1.11withtheircorrespondingdesignoptions.
Table5.1.11 CurrentGDOTWallTypesandDesignOptions
Wall Type Design Option
GravityWall GDOTStandards
ReinforcedConcreteCantilever GDOTStandardsorInHouseDesign
MSEWall ContractorDesign
PrefabricatedModularWall ContractorDesign
ModularWall ContractorDesign
SoldierPile InHouseDesign
TieBack ContractorDesign
SoilNail ContractorDesign
5.1.2 WallDesignOptions
5.1.2.1 GDOTStandardDesign
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseapredesignedconcretewallfoundinthe
GDOTStandardsorConstructionDetails,aslistedinTable5.1.2.11.Inthiscase,theroadway
designerwillincludetheappropriatestandardinthecontractplansandaretainingwallenvelope
forthestructureundersection31ofthecontractplans.
Table5.1.2.11 GDOTStandardRetainingWalls
Standard/Detail
Number
Title Application
4948B
ConcreteSideBarrierTypes2,2A,2B,and
2C
RCcantileverfillwall
adjacenttoroadway
4948C
ConcreteSideBarrierTypes6,6A,6B,and
6C
RCcantilevercutwall
adjacenttoroadway
9031L RetainingWallTypicalSections,Raising Gravitywallwithorwithout
Headwall,AndTypicalPipePlug barrierface
PW1 ParapetRetainingWall,TypeP1,P2andP3
RCcantileverfillwall
adjacenttosidewalk
5.1.2.2 InHouseDesign
WhentheGDOTStandardsorConstructionDetailsarenotapplicable,theroadwaydesignerwill
submitarequesttotheBridgeOfficeforaspecialdesignedretainingwall.Ifthewallistobe
designedbytheBridgeOfficeoraconsultant,acompletesetoffinalwallplans,includingall
geometryandstructuraldetails,willbeproducedandsubmittedtotheroadwaydesignerfor
inclusioninsection32ofthecontractplans.
5.1.2.3 ContractorDesign
Incaseswhereaspecialdesignwallisrequestedbytheroadwaydesigner,thecontractormaybe
taskedwithcompletingthefinalwalldesignduetotheproprietaryandtechnicalnatureofsome
walltypessuchasMSE,SoilNail,TieBack,ModularandModularBlock.TheBridgeOfficeor
consultantwillprovideaP&Esheet,atypicalsection,designcriteriaandquantitiesforinclusionin
section32ofthecontractplans.ThecontractorshallprovidethefinaldesigntotheBridgeOffice
forreviewasshopdrawings.
5.2 PRELIMINARYWALLDESIGN
5.2.1 InitialDesignRequestfromRoadwayDesigner
Whenaspecialdesignretainingwallisrequiredonaproject,theroadwaydesignershallsubmit
thefollowinginformationtotheBridgeOffice:
a) Anelevationview(profile)ofthewallshowingthefollowing:
Beginningandendingwallstations
Elevationsontopofthewallatthebeginning,end,andatprofilebreakpoints
Theoriginalgroundprofile
Theproposedgroundprofile
b) Roadwaycrosssectionsinthevicinityofthewallthatshowtheexistingandfinalslope
behindthewall
c) ProjectCoverSheet
d) Projecttypicalsectionsassociatedwiththewall
e) Projectplanandprofilesheetsshowingthefollowing:
Limitsofrightofway
Superelevationdata
Horizontalandverticalalignmentdata
Horizontaloffsetstothefaceofthewall,gutterlineatbarrierorfaceofparapetonthe
wallasapplicable
Locationandheightofanysoundbarriersonthewall
Locationofanyoverheadsignsnearthewall
Locationofanyroadwaylightingnearthewall
Locationofanydrainagestructuresthatwillaffectthewall
f) Anyconstructionsequencerequirementsforthewallconstruction
g) Anyarchitecturaltreatmentrequiredforthewall
5.2.2 ItemstoCoordinatewiththeRoadwayDesigner
Oncetheinitialrequestforaspecialdesignwallhasbeenreceived,thefollowingitemsshouldbe
consideredduringcoordinationbetweentheBridgeOfficeandroadwaydesigner:
a) RightofWay:RightofWayandeasementlimitsmaybeaffectedbytheselectedwalltype.
b) ExistingStructures:Surchargesfromexistingadjacentstructuresshouldbeconsideredas
wellastheimpactofthewallonthosestructures.
c) WallTerminationPoints:Terminiforthewallshouldbeselectedtoavoidconstructionand
rightofwayissues.Asituationtoconsideriswhenthereisanelevationdifferencebetween
theproposedtopofwallandgroundlineatanendofthewall.Inthiscase,thesubsequent
slopewrappingaroundthefrontfaceofthewallmayinterferewithobstaclesor
boundaries.
d) TopofWallProfile:Thetopofwallshouldbedesignedtopresentasmoothprofilewithno
sharpbreaks,peaksorvalleys.
e) Drainage:Runoffwaterfrombehindthewallistypicallycollectedinapavedditchatthe
topofthewall.Anappropriatetopofwallslopeandditchshouldbeprovidedtoallowthe
watertodraintotheendsofthewall.Considerationshouldalsobegiventowherethe
wateroutfallsandthevolumeofwaterthatwillbepresent.
f) Utilities:Allutilitylocationsneartheproposedwallshouldbeverifiedasbothburiedand
overheadutilitiesmayconflictwithwallconstruction.Thewallfootingshouldbesetso
thatitwillnotbeinfluencedbyanyadjacentwaterlinethatmayfailinthefuture.
5.2.3 PreliminaryWallPlansandWallFoundationInvestigation
TheBridgeOfficeorconsultantwillusetheinformationoutlinedinSection5.2.1toselectthewall
typeandpreparepreliminarywallplansthatconsistofaplanview,elevationviewandatypical
section.AfterthepreliminarywallplansareapprovedbytheBridgeOffice,theWallFoundation
Investigation(WFI)shallberequested.
5.3 FINALWALLPLANS
Finalwallplansshallbedevelopedbasedupontherecommendationspreviouslyapprovedandthe
WallFoundationInvestigation.IftheWFIrevealsunexpectedgeotechnicalconditions,the
designershallsubmitasecondwallrecommendation,asnecessary,totheBridgeOfficefor
concurrencepriortoproceedingwithfinalwallplans.
Basedonthedesignoptionselected,thefinalwallplansshallbedevelopedasdescribedinthe
followingsubsections.
5.3.1 FinalPlansforInHouseDesign
Thefinalwallplansdevelopedusingtheinhousedesignoptionshallincludethefollowing:
Planviewincludingallrelevantgeometricdata
Elevationview
Generalnotes
Alistofpayitemsandquantities
Sectionview
Weephole/draindetailsforthereliefofwaterpressurebehindthewall
Drainagedetailsforadequatetreatmentofsurfacewaterbehindthewall
Waterproofingdetails
Barrierdetailsontopofwallandatfaceofwall
Lightingdetails
Overheadsigndetails
Reinforcementschedule
5.3.2 FinalPlansforContractorDesign
FinalplanstobeprovidedtotheContractorunderthecontractordesignoptionshallincludethe
following:
Wallenvelopes
Locationofverticalconstructionjoints
Typicalsections
Geotechnicaldesigncriteriaincludingwalldesignparameters
Barrierrequirements
Specialloading,suchasverticalloadsfromfoundationsadjacenttothewalls
Requirementsforlighting,overheadsignstructuresanddrainagestructures.
Alistofpayitemsandquantities,asapplicable
5.4 STAKINGFORRETAININGWALLSONCONSTRUCTION
GDOTStandardSpecification149.3.03.Daddressestheconstructionrequirementsinregardsto
stakingforretainingwalls.Priortoapprovingthecalculationsandplansforcontractordesigned
walls,thereviewershallhavealetterfromthecontractorstatingthatthewallhasbeenstaked
outandthatthefieldconditionsmatchdesignassumptions.
5.5 SPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORINDIVIDUALWALLTYPES
5.5.1 GravityWall
GDOTStandard9031Loutlinestheuseofagravitywallundervariousfrontfaceandretained
slopeconditions.Themaximumheightofagravitywallinanycaseislimitedto10feet.
Itisnotrecommendedtouseagravitywalladjacenttoroadwaysorparkinglotswhereitcreatesa
potentialverticaldropforavehicle.Inthiscase,useaType2sidebarrierwallasspecifiedin
GDOTStandard4948BoraparapetwallasspecifiedinConstructionDetailPW1.
5.5.2 RCCantileverWall
Standards4948Band4948C,aswellasConstructionDetailPW1presentthreetypesofRC
cantileverwallsthatcanbeappliedappropriatelywithoutdesignorreviewbytheBridgeOffice.
ThemaximumheightsforthesewallsarepresentedinTable5.5.21.
Table5.5.21 StandardRCCantileverWallsandHeightLimits
Wall Type Maximum Height
Type2SideBarrier 1210
Type6SideBarrier 106
ParapetRetainingWall 140
WhentheinhousedesignoptionisusedforanRCcantileverwall,itshallbedesignedand
detailedinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDSpecifications.Thebasicsoilpropertiesfordesign,such
asunitweight,angleofinternalfriction,coefficientoffrictionandbearingcapacityshouldbe
providedintheWFIreport.TheGDOTBridgeCellLibrarymaybeusedforfinaldetailing.
Useofcounterfortsisallowedwhenitresultsinthemostcosteffectivedesign.RCcantileverwall
footingsshallbeembeddedaminimumof2feetbelowtheproposedgroundline.Incalculating
thepassiveresistanceforceatthefaceofthewall,this2footsoillayershallbeneglectedto
accountforpotentialdisturbanceinthefuture.
5.5.3 MSEWalls
ContractordesignedMSEwallsaregovernedbySection627oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
ThisspecificationcoversthedesignandconstructionofMSEwalls,andreferstoSection626for
additionalconstructionrequirements.
5.5.3.1 DesignCriteria
AllMSEwallsshallbedesignedandconstructedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:
a) Theminimumcoverfromtheproposedgroundlinetothebottomofthewall(topof
levelingpad)shallbetwofeet.Increasethecoverwhenrequiredasfollows:
Thetopoflevelingpadelevationshallbeatleast2belowthebottomofadjacentditch.
Wheretheproposedgroundlineslopesdownwardfromthefrontfaceofthewall,the
topoflevelingpadelevationshallbesettomaintainaminimum10berminfrontofthe
wall(seeFigure5.5.3.11).
Thetopoflevelingpadelevationshallbesetatorbelowthelevelofadjacentutilities
suchaswaterlinesthatmayfailandscourthefoundationinthefuture.

b) Themaximumslopebehindthewallshallbe2horizontalto1vertical.
c) Thetopelevationofallwallswhichretainslopingbackfillsshallbesettoaccommodatea
drainageditch,suchastheonepresentedinConstructionDetailD49oralargerditchas
drainagearearequires.TheVshapedditchintendedforgravitywallsshallnotbeused.
Ditchpavingbehindthewallisaroadwayitem,soitshouldbeconfirmedwiththeroadway
designerthatthisquantityisincludedontheroadwayplans.
d) Atabutmentwalls,shoulderpointsatthetopofthewallshallbelocated10beyondthe
wingwalls,measuredperpendiculartothecenterlineofthebridge(seeFigure5.5.3.12).
e) ForMSEwallsusedasthefrontfaceofanendbent(abutment),theminimumdistancefrom
theBackFaceofPavingResttothefrontfaceofthewallshallbe60,measurednormalto
thewall.
f) Atwallabutments,thebackfillbehindtheendbentcapandendofbridgemustbepaidfor
separatelyascubicyardsofAdditionalMSEBackfill.Meanwhile,backfillbehindthewall
panelsisincludedinthesquarefootpriceofwalloncontractordesignedwalls.Thelimitsof
AdditionalMSEBackfillshallbeextendedbackfurthertoaccommodatethesamelength
ofstrapsusedintheassociatedwallsection(seeFigure5.5.3.13).
g) Thereare4typesofMSEwallcopingsavailableasfollows:
TypeA:Basiccopingwithoutbarrier
TypeB:Copingwithparapetandmomentslabtobeusedadjacenttosidewalk
TypeH:CopingwithGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierandmomentslabtobeused
adjacenttotraffic
TypeV:CopingwithGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierwithoutamomentslab
SeeGDOTCopingDetailSheetsforGeorgiaStabilizedEmbankment(GSE)wallsforgeneral
copingdetails.
h) ForMSEwallssupportingtraffic,useTypeHtrafficbarrierascopingratherthanTypeV.
TypeHbarrierconsistsoftheGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierwithamomentslab.Ifa
sidewalkispresentalongthetopofthewall,usea23highTypeBcopingwithaluminum
handrailormatchtheadjacentrailingsystem.
i) BeforeusingMSEwallsonurbanstreets,thedesignershallinvestigatetoseeif
undergroundutilitieswillinterferewiththewallsystemanditsmodulesorstraps.In
general,MSEwallsshallnotbeusedinsituationsinwhichmaintenancecrewsofthe
undergroundutilitieswilldigintothestraps,meshormodules.RCcantileverwallsshallbe
usedintheseinstances.
j) OverheadsignfoundationsshallnotbeplacedonthereinforcedbackfillofMSEwalls.
k) TheGeneralNotesshouldspecifyaplainfinishonthepanelsunlesstheProjectManager
requiresanarchitecturalfinish.Ifthewallisvisibletothepublic,agraffitiproofcoating
shouldbespecified.Itisimportanttoverifythisfinishinthecontractorswallplans,since
theygenerallyuseatexturedfinishbydefault.
l) Bridgereplacementswithwallabutmentsareoftenstageconstructed.Averticaljointis
requiredbetweenthestagestoallowfordifferentialsettlement.
Figure5.5.3.11 BerminFrontofWall
Figure5.5.3.12 ShoulderPointsofMSEWallatAbutments
Figure5.5.3.13 TypicalWallAbutmentDetail
5.5.3.2 ErosionProtectionforEndBents
WhenanMSEwallisusedattheabutment,theareabetweenthefrontfaceoftheendbentcap
andthebackfaceofthewallshallbedetailedwith4inchconcreteslopepaving.Thisdetailis
usedtopreventerosionorlossoffinesduetoconcentratedwaterflowinginthisarea.Theplans
shouldnotethatcostsforthisslopepavingshouldbeincludedinoverallbidsubmittedforthe
contract.
10' 10'
5.5.3.3 CalculationofQuantities
WallsconstructedaccordingtoGDOTStandardSpecification627arepaidforpersquarefootof
wallfacearea.Wallfaceareashallbemeasuredinverticalbandsandpaidforaccordingtothe
heightrangeofthatband,asshowninFigure5.5.3.31.Theheightshallbemeasuredfromthe
topofthelevelingpadtothetopofcoping,gutterline,ortopofsidewalk,dependingon
application.Additionalpaymentforlocationofstepsinthelevelingpadisnotallowed.Instead,
paymentisrestrictedtothewallenvelopeareainthecontractplansunlesstheenvelopechanges
duetofieldconditions.
Figure5.5.3.31 CalculationofWallFacePayItemQuantities
5.5.4 PrefabricatedModularWall
Prefabricatedmodularwalls,suchasDoublewalshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesign
optionasdescribedin5.1.2.3.GDOTStandardSpecification602coverstheuseofDoublewal,
meanwhileaSpecialProvisionshallberequiredinthecontractdocumentsforothersuppliers.
5.5.5 ModularBlockWall
Modularblockwalls,suchasKeystoneshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionas
describedin5.3.2,andwillrequireSpecialProvision630tobeincludedwiththecontract
documents.Modularblockwallsshouldnotbeusedtosupportroadwayorinothersituations
requiringabarrieratthetopofthewall.
5.5.6 SoldierPileWall
Soldierpilewallsupto15feetinheightmaybeusedwhentemporaryshoringisundesirabledue
tocostorrightofwayrestrictions.Thesewallscanbebuiltfromthetopandwoodlaggingactsas
thenecessaryshoringpriortotheinstallationofaconcretefacing.
SoldierPilewallsshallbedesignedusingtheCoulombsmethodtodetermineactiveearth
pressure.Aminimumof2feetofsoilinfrontofthewallshallbeneglectedinthecalculationof
passiveresistanceagainstthediscretesupportelements.Thisdepthmayneedtobeincreasedif
thegroundlineinfrontofthewallslopesdownfromtheface.
DiscretesupportelementsconsistofrolledsteelWorHPsectionsembeddedinpilotholesfilled
withconcrete.Pilotholesectiontobeembeddedundertheproposedgroundline(fromthe
bottomoftheholetothebottomofthefacing)shallbefilledwithclassAconcreteandreinforced
with8#6longitudinalbarsconfinedby#4stirrupsspacedat12.Theremainderofthepilothole
(fromthebottomoffacingtotheexistinggroundline)shallbefilledwithflowablefillwithout
reinforcement.
A12inchthickcastinplaceconcretefacingshallbeattachedtotherolledsteelsectionswith
shearstuds.Theamountoffrontandbackfacereinforcementinthefacingshallbedetermined
neglectinganysupportresistanceprovidedbythetemporarywoodlagging.Wallfacingshall
extend2feetbelowtheproposedgroundlineatthefaceofthewall.
Ifasoldierpilewallisusedastemporaryshoring,thecontractorisresponsibleforthedesignand
detailing.
5.5.7 TieBackWall
Tiebackwallsshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionasdescribedin5.1.2.3.GDOT
StandardSpecification617coverstheuseoftiebackwalls.Permanentfacingfortiebackwalls
shallbecastinplaceconcrete.Pneumaticallyappliedconcrete(shotcrete)willnotbepermitted.
5.5.8 SoilNailWalls
Soilnailwallsshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionasdescribedin5.1.2.3andwill
requireSpecialProvision628tobeincludedinthecontractdocuments.
Soilnailwallsaresubjecttosettlement,sotheyshouldnotbeusedtosupportpavementsor
structures.Theshotcretethatisusedtostabilizethesoilfaceduringtheconstructionofasoilnail
wallisnotanacceptablefinalfinishforapermanentinstallation.Anadditionalsurfacetreatment
shallbespecifiedonthefinalplans.
Chapter6:CULVERTS 61
Chapter6 CULVERTS
6.1 GENERAL
CulvertsforGDOTprojectsarenormallysizedbyroadway/hydraulicdesignersandselectedfrom
theGDOTRoadwayStandards,sotheyareconsideredroadwayitems.Whenunusual
circumstancesprecludetheuseofastandardculvert,aculvertshallbedesignedinaccordance
withLRFD12.11.
6.2 CULVERTSIZING
CulvertsizesshallbedeterminedfollowingthemethodsasspecifiedintheGDOTDrainage
Manual.
6.3 STANDARDCULVERTDESIGN
Wheneverpossible,thedesignershouldusethepredesignedconcreteculvertsectionsfoundin
theGDOTRoadwayStandards,aslistedinTable6.31.
Table6.31 GDOTStandardCulverts
Standard
Number
Description
2312
DetailsForExtendingCulverts(RaisingParapetsorLengtheningCulverts2'or
less)
2317 DetailsforExtendingConcreteBoxCulverts
2318 DetailsforExtendingConcreteBoxCulvertsWithSkewsbelow75
2319A
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsQuadruple10'x10'forDepthsofFillUpto50
Feet
2319B
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsQuadruple10'x10'forDepthsofFillUpto50
Feet
2320A
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',and10'x10'for
DepthsofFillUpto50Feet.
2320B
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',and10'x10'for
DepthsofFillUpto50Feet.
2320C
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',10'x10'for45,60and
75DegSkews
2320D
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',10'x10'for45,60and
75DegSkews
2321
StandardReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertSingle3FTx2FTtoSingle6FTx6FT
ForDepthsofFillUpTo20FT
2321 StandardReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertSingle3FTx2FTtoSingle6FTx6FT
ForDepthsofFillUpTo20FT(Sheet2)
2322
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle4'x6',Single5'x6'forDepthsofFillUp
to20Feet.
2323
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle7'x4'ToSingle9'x10'forDepthsofFill
Upto20Feet.(2sheets)
2324
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle10'x4'ThruSingle10'x12'forDepths
ofFillUpto20Feet.(2sheets)
2325
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble3'x2'6''ToTriple6'x6'forDepthsof
FillUpto20Feet.(2sheets)
2326
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble7'x4'ToTriple9'x10'forDepthsof
2327
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x4'ToTriple10'x12'forDepthsof
2328
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle3'x2'ToTriple6'x6'for75,60and45
Skews(3sheets)
2329
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle7'x4'ToTriple9'x10'For75,60,and
45Skews(4sheets)
2330
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle10'x4'ToTriple10'x12'for75,60,and
45Skews(4sheets)
2331
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertWingwallsandParapetsQuantitiesSingle3'x2'
ToTriple10'x12'For75,60,and45Skews
2332
ConcreteBoxCulvertAprons,BafflesandInletBevelingDetailandAdjacentBox
CulvertJointDetail(2sheets)
2530P PrecastBoxCulvertBarrels4x3Thru10x10SingleandMultipleLines
2535P PrecastBoxCulvertEndsWingwalls,ParapetsToewallsandAprons
6.4 REQUIREDNOTESFORCULVERTPLANS
Thenotespresentedbelowshallbeincludedinallprojectplanscontainingculvertsinorderto
minimizeconcretecrackingthattendstooccurwhenculvertssettle.Theminimumearthcover
andlocationofconstructionjointspresentedinthesenotesarenotspecifieduniformlyinthe
GDOTStandardSpecificationsorpredesignedconcreteculvertsectionsfoundintheGDOT
RoadwayStandards.
WithconcurrencebetweentheOfficeofConstructionandtheBridgeOffice,thesenotesshouldbe
placedinaprominentpositiononplansheetscontainingboxculvertdetails.Therecommended
locationforthefollowingnotesisoneachdrainagecrosssectionsheetwhereaboxculvertis
included:
BOXCULVERTREQUIREMENTS:
MINIMUMFILLHEIGHTFROMTOPOFCULVERTTOBOTTOMOFBASEWITHINTRAVELWAY
SHALLBE12INCHES.
MAXIMUMPOURLENGTHSHALLNOTEXCEED30FEETALONGTHELENGTHOFTHECULVERT.
TRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSSHALLBEPLACEDINTHEBARREL,NORMALTOTHE
CENTERLINEOFCULVERT,ATTHEOUTSIDESHOULDERBREAKPOINTS.LONGITUDINALBARREL
REINFORCINGSTEELSHALLNOTBECONTINUOUSTHROUGHTHESEJOINTS,PROVIDEDTHAT
THEJOINTSAREMORETHAN15FEETFROMTHEBARRELENDS.
WHENTRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSOCCURWITHIN15FEETOFTHEBARRELENDSOR
WITHINTHELIMITSOFTHEPAVEMENT,THELONGITUDINALBARRELREINFORCINGSHALL
THENBECONTINUOUSTHROUGHSUCHJOINTS.THEMINIMUMLENGTHOFLAPSPLICEFOR
LONGITUDINALREINFORCINGSHALLBE24INCHES.
TRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSPLACEDATANYOTHERLOCATIONNOTSPECIFIEDABOVE
SHALLBEFORMEDWITHNOLONGITUDINALREINFORCINGSTEELPASSINGTHROUGHTHE
JOINTS.
6.5 THREESIDEDORBOTTOMLESSCULVERTS
Abottomlessculvertisallowedonlywhennootherpracticalsolution,suchasabridgeorstandard
box,willsatisfytheprojectrequirements.Thismayoccurwhentheonlywaytoobtainan
environmentalclearanceisthroughtheuseofabottomlessculvert.Inthiscase,thedetailedplans
forthebottomlessculvertmustbeincludedinthecontractdocuments.Theprovisionsforthe
sizingofbottomlessculvertsareoutlinedintheGDOTdrainagemanual.
Thefoundationdesignforthebottomlessculvertmustbeincludedinculvertdetailsandstamped
byaregisteredGeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.Inaddition,thefoundationdesignmustdetailhow
thebottomlessculvertfoundationwillbeprotectedfromscour.Riprapisnotconsidered
satisfactoryforprotectingaspreadfootingfromscour.Footingsmustbekeyedintosolidrockor
foundedonpilingembeddedwellbelowthescourline.

Chapter7:MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES 71
Chapter7 MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES
7.1 TemporaryDetourBridges
Temporarydetourbridgesareusedtofacilitatetheconstructionofaprojectandareintendedto
beremoveduponeithercompletionoftheentireprojectorataparticularprojectstage.
Temporarydetourbridgesaregenerallyusedforstreamcrossings,buttheymightbeutilizedfor
gradeseparationsorrailroadcrossings.GDOTStandardSpecification541addressesthematerials,
design,construction,maintenance,removalandpaymentfordetourbridges.
Sitespecifichydraulicstudiesplayanimportantroleindesignofdetourbridgesatstream
crossings.SeeGDOTDrainageManualChapter14fordesigncriteriagoverningdetour
bridges.
7.1.1 TemporaryDetourBridgeLength
1) Comparethestreamvelocitiesbetweenthenatural(unconstricted)streamandthe
existingbridgeopening.Iftheexistingbridgevelocitiesarelessthanapproximately
2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)velocitiesandtherearenovisiblesignsof
scourattheexistingbridge,thenconsiderationcanbegiventohavingatemporary
detourbridgelengthlessthantheexistingbridge.Thedetourbridgelengthshould
beminimized.Atemporarydetourbridgelengthapproximately2/3thelengthof
theexistingbridgelength(typicallyagoodfirstiteration)shouldbeconsidered
thoughthismustbeanalyzed,verifiedandrefinedifnecessary.Atemporarydetour
bridgelengthlessthantheexistingbridgewillactasaconstrictionandwilltendto
increasebackwaterupstreamofthebridge.Thetemporarydetourbridgelength
shouldremainlargeenoughsothatitwillnotinduce:
a. Designyearvelocitiesthroughthetemporarydetourbridgeopeningwhich
aremorethanapproximately2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)stream
velocitiesunless:
i. Thetemporarydetourbridgelengthmatchestheexistingbridgelength,
or
ii. Thestreambediscomprisedofascourresistantmaterial
b. Anincreaseinthedesignyearbackwatermorethan1.0ftabovethe
existingbridgeconditions
2) Iftheexistingbridgevelocitiesaregreaterthanapproximately2.0timesthenatural
(unconstricted)streamvelocitiesortherearevisiblesignsofcontractionorlocal
scourattheexistingbridge,thenthetemporarydetourbridgeshallbethesame
length*astheexistingbridge.*Seenote5below.
3) Thelengthofthetemporarydetourbridgeshallbelongenoughtoensurethatthe
toeofslopesofthebridgebeaminimum10.0ftfromthetopofbanksofthemain
channel.Thisbufferzoneisneededforerosioncontrolmeasures.
4) Temporarybridgesshouldbestudiedinincrementallengthsdivisibleevenlyby20.0
ft.
5) Whileunlikely,itispossiblethatatemporarydetourbridgecanbelongerthanthe
existingbridge.Thisscenariocouldariseasaresultofextremeorunusualhydraulic
circumstances.ThedesignerandtheDepartmentshouldbeinagreementbefore
specifyingadetourbridgelongerthantheexistingbridge.
7.1.2 TemporaryDetourBridgeElevations
1) Ifthetemporarydetourbridgelengthistobethesameastheexistingbridgelength,
thenthelowmemberofthetemporarydetourbridgeshallclearthedesignyear
(10yearor2year)floodstageelevationoftheexistingbridge(constricted)
conditionbyapproximately1.0ft.
2) Ifthetemporarydetourbridgeistobeshorterthantheexistingbridge,additional
backwatermaybegenerated.Inthissituation,thereareseveralfactorswhich
shouldbeconsidered:
a. Thedesignyear(10yearor2year)floodstageupstreamofthebridgeshould
notbeincreasedbymorethan1.0foot.Examinetheareajustupstreamofthe
bridge.Iftherearehomes,businesses,property,etc.whichwouldbeimpacted
byraisingthefloodstageupstreamofthetemporarybridge,thenthe
temporarydetourbridgelengthshouldbeaslongastheexistingbridge.
b. Iftherearenopropertiesupstreamofthetemporarydetourbridgewhichcould
beimpactedbyariseinthedesignyearfloodstage,thenthesuperstructure
(lowsteel)ofthetemporarydetourbridgeelevationshallbesettoclearthe
designyear(10yearor2year)floodstageelevationinducedbythetemporary
detourbridgeconstrictionbyapproximately1.0ft.Thisriseshouldnotexceed
1.0ft.Thisriseshouldbelimitedsothatitdoesnotgeneratevelocitiesmore
thanapproximately2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)streamvelocities
unlessstreambedgeologypermits.
3) Streambedgeologyshouldbeconsidered.Ifthestreambediscomprisedofascour
resistantmaterial,velocityincreasesgreaterthanapproximately2.0timesthe
natural(unconstricted)conditionsmightbeinconsequential.Therefore,inthese
geologicconditions,thebridgelengthcouldpossiblybereducedmorethanwitha
sandystreambed.However,themaximum1.0ftincreaseinbackwatershouldstill
beobserved.
4) Temporarydetourroadwaygeometricsspecificallyprofilesshouldbeconsidered
whensettingtheelevationofthetemporarydetourbridge.
7.1.3 TemporaryDetourBridgeLocation
1) Itisrecommendedthatunlessotherconsiderationsexist(environmental,rightof
way,buildings(orotherstructures),utilities,roadwaygeometry,channelgeometry,
etc.),thetemporarydetourbridgebelocateddownstreamoftheexistingbridge.
Thisshouldensurethat,intheeventthatthetemporarydetourbridgeisbreached
duringadesignflood,itsfailurewillnotresultinthelossoftheexistingbridgeor
theproposedbridge.
2) For2lanebridges,thecenterlinetocenterlinedistanceofthetemporarydetour
bridgetotheexistingbridgeshouldbeaminimumof50ft.Thisoffsetshouldensure
theconstructabilityofthetemporaryandpermanentbridgeaswellasthe
temporaryandpermanentroadway.Attheengineersdiscretioninspatially
constrainedsituations,thisoffsetdistancecanbereducedtoaslittleas42ft.
3) Itshouldbeassumedthatthetemporarydetourbridgebecenteredaboutthe
streamchanneland/oralignedwiththeexistingbridge.
7.1.4 TemporaryDetourBridgeWidth
Thedetourbridgewidthshallaccommodatethenumberandwidthoflanesshownintheroadway
detourplans.Theminimumlanewidthsfordetourbridgesaretypically11feetforinterstate
detoursand10feetfornoninterstatedetours.Theminimumclearancefromedgeoftravelway
totrafficbarrieris2feet.
7.2 PedestrianBridges
Pedestrianbridgesarestructureswhichprimarilycarrypedestrianand/orbicycletraffic.
PedestrianstructuresshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDGuide
SpecificationsforDesignofPedestrianBridges.TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)requires
thatnogradebesteeperthan1:12(8.33%)forstructuresthatcarrypedestriantraffic.
Projectscontainingpedestrianbridgesmayhaveveryspecificarchitecturalrequirements.
CoordinationwiththeGDOTProjectManagerisnecessarypriortocommencingworkonthis
structuretype.
7.3 SupportStructuresforSigns,SignalsandLights
7.3.1 StandardSupports
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseGDOTstandardsupportsaslistedinTable
7.3.11.Structuresnotaddressedbythesestandardsaredesignedbythecontractorin
accordancewiththeAASHTOStandardSpecificationsforStructuralSupportsforHighwaySigns,
LuminairesandTrafficSignals.Thecontractorisrequiredtosubmitshopdrawingsforapprovalby
theBridgeOffice.
Table7.3.11 GDOTStandardSupports
Standard/Detail
Number
Description
4030 DetailsofGalvanizedMetalCircularGuardrailforProtectionofR.R.Signs
9023A RailroadGradeCrossingSignsandMarkings
9024A
RailroadGradeCrossingRailroadSigningandMarkingatCrossingwithRR
Signalsand/orGates
9041
AssemblyDetailsonAluminumBoltedExtrudedPanelsforSpecial
RoadsideSigns
9042
AluminumBoltedExtrudedPanelsAssemblyComponentDetails(For
SpecialRoadsideSigns)
9054A
ErectionandFoundationDetailsforSpecialRoadsideSignsBreakaway
TypePosts
9054B
TypePosts
9054C
TypePosts
9055
TypePosts(Wood)(Tobeusedonlywherespecified)
T03c DetailsofStrainPoleErectionforOverheadSigns
T03d DetailsofTimberPoleErectionforOverheadSigns
TS04 DetailsofMetalTrafficSignalSupportStructures
TS05 DetailsofConcreteTrafficSignalStrainPoles
TS06 DetailsofStrainPolesandMastArmPoleFoundations
TS07 GroundingDetailsforOverheadSpanWireSignsandTrafficSignals
7.3.2 StrainPolesonBridges
Overheadlanesignsaresometimesneededoverbridgeswithturnlanes.Thesesignsareattached
totensionedwiressupportedbyTypeI,IIorIIIstrainpoles,asspecifiedintheGDOTStandard
Specification639.Wheneverpossible,thesestrainpolesshallbestandalonestructureswiththeir
ownfoundation.However,insomeurbanareasthereisnotanappropriateplacetolocatea
strainpoleonthegroundandthereforeastrainpolemustbemountedonthebridge.Whenthis
situationoccurs,onlysteelstrainpolesshallbeusedandsupportedonthebridgesubstructure,
notthesuperstructure.Bothofthepolesinthepairshallbelocatedatthesamebentandthe
cablesattachedtothepolesshallbeparalleltothebent,inordertokeepallloadsintheplaneof
thebent.Sinceanchorboltsforstrainpolesaretypically54incheslong,throughboltsare
necessaryoncapslessthan57inchesdeep.
TypeIVstrainpolessupportingcableormastarmmountedtrafficsignalsaregenerallynot
allowedonbridges.
7.4 SoundBarriers
Asoundbarrierisastructureerectedtoattenuatenoisecreatedbytraffic.Itconsistsofrolled
steelsectionpostssupportingwallpanelsmadeofvariousmaterials.Thepostsareembeddedina
concreteshaftormountedwithboltedbaseplatestofootings,trafficbarriersorretainingwalls.
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseGDOTstandardsoundbarriersaslistedin
Table7.41.Structuresnotaddressedbythesestandardsaredesignedbythecontractorin
accordancewithChapter15oftheAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifications.Vehicularcollision
forcesdefinedinLRFD15.8.4maybeignored.Thecontractorisrequiredtosubmitshopdrawings
forapprovalbytheBridgeOffice.
Table7.41 GDOTStandardSoundBarrierDetails
DetailNumber Description
N1A FoundationandPostDetails
N1B FoundationandPostDetails
N2 DetailsatConcreteSideBarrier
N3 SpreadFootingAlternateforSoundBarrierWall
N4 SoundBarrier,TypeB,InterlockingSteelPanels
N5 SoundBarrier,TypeC,PrecastConcretePanels
N6
SoundBarrier,TypeF,GlassReinforcedThermoCompositePanelsFilled
withRecycledTireRubber
N7 SoundBarrier,TypeG,PrecastAutoclavedAeratedConcretePanels
Chapter8:FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS
Chapter8 FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS
8.1 FinalPlanRevisionsandReDesigns
8.1.1 RevisionsandAmendments
8.1.1.1 RevisionsPriorToLetting
Usethefollowingprocedurewhenrevisingplansafterfinalplans(includingrevisionsresulting
fromtheFinalFieldPlanReview)havebeentransmittedtotheProjectManager:
a) CheckwiththeProjectManagertofindoutwhethertheplanscanberevised.Iftheycan,
revisetheplansandtransmitthemtotheProjectManager.
b) Iftheplanscannotberevised,thedesigner,inconsultationwiththeAssistantStateBridge
Engineershallprepareanamendmentlistingtherequiredchanges.Thisamendmentwillbe
providedtotheOfficeofBiddingAdministrationbytheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.
Revisedquantitiescanbechangedpriortotheadvertisement(4weekspriortotheletting),but
aftertheplansareinthehandsofthepublic,theoriginalquantitycanonlybelinedthroughwith
thenewquantitywritteninadjacently.
8.1.1.2 Amendments
8.1.1.2.1 General
Onceaprojecthasbeenlet,amendmentstothecontractmustbepostedtotheplans.
Amendmentsshouldnotbeposteduntiltheprojecthasbeenawardedorrejected.
8.1.1.2.2 ForRejectedProjects
Iftheprojectisrejected,theamendmentsshouldbemadeassoonaspossiblesothattheywillbe
intheplanswhentheprojectisrebid.Theamendmentsshouldbemarkedasrevisions,andany
otherrevisionsshouldbemadeatthistime.TheGroupLeadershouldmakesurethattherevisions
arepostedbeforetheplansarereadvertised.
8.1.1.2.3 ForAwardedProjects
Iftheprojectisawarded,allchangestotheplanswhichareincludedintheamendmentsshould
bemadewhenacopyoftheamendmentsisreceivedfromtheOfficeofBiddingAdministration.
Changesshouldbemadeexactlyasshownintheamendment.Thesechangesshouldbemarkedas
revisions,withthenotationPeramendmentintheRevisionbox.Nootherchangesshouldbe
transmittedwiththeserevisions.Ifanyotherchangestotheplansareneeded,thechangesdueto
theamendmentsshouldbetransmitted,then,atalaterdate,anyotherrevisionsshouldbe
processed.Inthetransmittalletterfortheamendments,includethecommentAsper
amendmentsandattachacopyofthecorrespondingamendmentstothetransmittal.Thisisto
ensurethateveryoneunderstandsthatthechangestoplansareactuallyalreadypartofthe
contractsincetheywereissuedasanamendment.
Whentransmittingcontractdrawings,thedesignershouldfillinthesheetnumberandtotal
numberofsheetslocatedinthetoprighthandcornerofeachrevisedsheet.
8.1.1.3 RevisionsafterLetting(UseonConstructionRevisions)
Usethefollowingprocedurewhenrevisingplansonprojectslettocontract:
a) RevisequantitiesintheSummaryofQuantitiesordetailsheetsbyliningthroughthe
previousquantityandplacingthenewquantityadjacenttothat.
b) Identifytherevisionbyasymbol,typicallyatrianglewiththerevisionnumberinside.
c) Denotetherevisiondateandcommentintherevisionbox.
d) Fillinthesheetnumberandtotalnumberofsheetslocatedinthetoprighthandcornerof
eachrevisedsheet.
e) RevisionsonmajorInterstateProjectsmustbeclearedbytheFHWAbeforebeingfinalized.
Itshouldbenotedinthetransmittalletterthattherevisionhasbeendiscussedwiththe
FHWA.
f) DonotchangethecharacteroftheworkwithoutconsultingwiththeOfficeofConstruction
concerningaSupplementalAgreement.
g) Thetransmittallettershouldcontainbriefstatementsofthechanges.Thetransmittal
shouldindicateanypayitemsforwhichthequantitieschanged.
h) Revisionsmadetoagreewithshopdrawingsshouldbestatedassuchonthetransmittal
letter.
8.1.2 PlanChangesandRevisionsDuringConstruction
8.1.2.1 General
OnceaContracthasbeenawarded,anybridgeplanchangesorrevisionsshallbecoordinatedwith
theOfficeofConstructionortheGDOTfieldengineerinchargeoftheproject.Thispolicymustbe
carefullyfollowedtominimizeconflictsamongmaterialsuppliers,contractors,GDOTpersonnel
andotherinterestedparties.SincetheDistrictsareresponsibleforadministeringconstruction
contracts,anyrevisionsorchangesaffectingthecontractmustbecoordinatedwiththeDistrict
ConstructionOffice.
WhentheContractorsredesignisapproved,fullsizeprintsshallbeobtained.TheContractor
shouldputatitleblockintheupperrightcorneroftheplansandusesheetnumbersasshownin
theroadwayplans,whenpractical.IfthePlanandElevation(P&E)sheetforthebridgewas
roadwaysheet64of135,thentheredesignsheetswouldbe64A,64B,etc.Ifonlythebeam
designischanging,thenusethesheetnumberofthebeams.Therevisedsheetsshallbesentto
theOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.
8.1.2.2 ContractorRedesignbySpecifications
ContractorredesignsinaccordancewiththeGDOTStandardSpecifications,asdescribedinthe
followingsections,donotrequiretheapprovaloftheOfficeofConstruction
8.1.2.2.1 ReinforcedConcreteDeckGirders
WhenthecontractplansfeatureRCDGs,contractorsmaysubmitaredesignutilizingeitherpre
stressedconcretestemsorTypeIModbeamsinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification
542.TheGDOTengineershallverifythestructuraladequacyoftheredesignandthatall
hydraulicrequirementsoftheinitialdesignaremetbeforeapprovingthesubmittal.
8.1.2.2.2 WeldedWireFabric
GDOTStandardSpecification865allowsthesubstitutionofweldedwirefabric(WWF)forrebarin
PSCbeams,butdoesnotaddresssubstitutionsinotherstructuralelements.Itisthepolicyofthe
BridgeOfficetoallowsuchsubstitutionsaslongastheWWFwillprovideanareaofsteelequalto
theplanvalueineachdirection.Noreductioninareawillbeallowedbasedonhigherstrengthof
WWF.
8.1.2.3 OtherContractorRedesigns
ProposalsbytheContractortorevisetheprojectforefficiency,costsavingsorother
considerationsaresubjecttoapprovalbytheOfficeofConstructionwithareviewperformedby
theBridgeOfficeasnecessary.InallcommunicationswiththeContractorduringthereview
process,thedesignershallkeeptheGDOTfieldengineersinformedandcoordinatewiththe
liaisonsoftheOfficeofConstruction.Allproposedchangesoriginatingwithmaterialsuppliersor
fabricatorsmustbesubmittedbytheContractor.
8.1.2.4 RevisionsforErrorsandFieldConditions
Whenthecontractplansneedtobemodified,thefollowingactionsshallbetakendependingon
thecauseoftheerror:
a) ConstructionErrors:WhentheContractormakesanerrorduringconstruction,the
ContractorshallproposeasolutiontobeapprovedbytheDepartment.Department
personnelshouldnotoffersolutionstotheContractor.Anydamagesorreductionin
paymentarenegotiatedbytheOfficeofConstruction.
b) DesignErrors:Whenthereisanerrorontheplans,theDepartmentwilltypicallypropose
corrections.
c) FieldConditions:Whenunexpectedconditionsareencounteredthatforceachangetothe
design,thesolutionshouldbefoundthroughcooperationwithallparties.
AnyrevisionsmadefortheaboveconditionsshallbecoordinatedwiththeStateBridge
ConstructionEngineerortheGDOTfieldengineerinchargeoftheproject.Therevisionofthe
plansshallbemadeasspecifiedinSection8.1.1.3.TherevisedsheetsshallbesenttotheProject
ManagerfordistributionasaUseOnConstructionrevision.
8.2 ShopDrawings
ShopdrawingsarerequiredasspecifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification105.02.Itemsrequiring
shopdrawingsincludemetaldeckforms,bearingpads,PSCbeams,steelbeams,detourbridges,
cofferdams,fencing,handrail,othertypesofbearings,etc.Theshopdrawingsshouldbe
submittedbytheContractor,notdirectlyfromthefabricator.Ifthedesignerreceivesdrawings
fromthefabricator,theContractormustbenotifiedandareviewwillnotcommenceuntilaletter
coveringthedrawingsisreceivedfromtheContractor.
8.2.1 ShopDrawingReview
8.2.1.1 TimelinessofReview
Becausethefabricatormusthavetheplansapprovedbeforestartingfabrication,shopdrawing
approvalsaretimecritical,soreviewsshouldbeprompt(typicallywithintwoweeks).The
designershallkeepashopdrawinglogshowingthedateofthesubmittaltotheBridgeOffice,date
ofreturntotheContractorandanindicationofapprovalorexceptionstotheshopdrawings.
8.2.1.2 ProfessionalEngineersStampforDesignChanges
ShopdrawingsshallbestampedandsignedbyaGeorgiaProfessionalEngineerwhenadesign
changeismadefromthecontractplans.
8.2.1.3 ShopDrawingCompatibility
Inadditiontoevaluatingthecomplianceofeachshopdrawingsubmittal,thedesignershould
ensurethatnoconflictsoccurwithothershopdrawingsorthecontractdrawings.Potentialareas
ofconflictincludethefollowing:
beamsanddeckforms
beamsanddiaphragmholes
handrailpostspacingontheshopdrawingsandtheinsetsforpostonthebridgeplans
8.2.1.4 ConditionalApproval
ThereviewershallnotprovideconditionalapprovalforshopdrawingsormarkthemApprovedas
Noted.Ifchangesareminorthereviewermayallowcorrectedsheetstobesubstitutedsothat
theentiresetcanthenbeapproved.
8.2.1.5 StampingofDrawings
Thereviewershallstampeverypageofeachcopyofapprovedshopdrawings.Whenshop
drawingsaretoberevised,thereviewermaystamponlythosesheetsrequiringrevision.Onlythe
firstsheetofdesigncalculationsneedstobestamped.
8.2.1.6 Distribution
SeeSection1.6.9.2.4fordistributionofshopdrawingsthathavebeenreviewed.
8.2.1.7 ShopDrawingLog
ThedesignershallkeepashopdrawinglogshowingthedateofthesubmittaltotheBridgeOffice,
dateofreturntotheContractorandanindicationofapprovalorrejection.
8.2.1.8 RecordKeeping
Alloriginalshopdrawingtransmittalletters,bothinandoutshallbesenttotheGeneralFiles.
Thisshouldbedonebyincludingtheoriginalletterwiththesetsofdrawingsprovidedtotheoffice
clerkfortransmittal.Allotherpartiesshallgetphotocopiesoftheseletters.
8.2.1.9 ConsultantReview
ShopdrawingsreviewedbyconsultantsmustbesentthroughtheBridgeOfficewhichwillalso
stampthemaftertheconsultantsreview.FabricationisnotallowedtoproceedwithoutaBridge
Officeapprovalstamp.
8.2.2 MetalDeckForms
8.2.2.1 ProfessionalEngineersStamp
MetaldeckformshopdrawingsmustincludethestampoftheregisteredGeorgiaP.E.responsible
forthedesign.
8.2.2.2 KeyReviewItems
Metaldeckformshopdrawingsindicatingintermediatesupportsbetweenbeamsshallnotbe
approved.
Metaldeckformsshallhaveaminimumof1ofbearingonthesupportangleateachend,as
specifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification500.08.E.10.
Thereviewershallensurethatthegaugeofsteelshownontheshopdrawingsmatchesthedesign
calculationsandthatthecalculateddeflectiondoesnotexceedtheallowablelimits.
Forcontinuoussteelbeams,thereshallbenoweldingbetweenthehangersandtheflangeatthe
locationswherethetopflangeisintensionunderanyloadingcondition.Therefore,theshop
drawingshallindicatethatstrapsconnectingthesehangersacrossthetopflangeareprovidedat
theselocationswhichshouldbeclearlyindicatedontheplans.
8.2.2.3 SubmittaltotheOfficeofMaterials
ApprovedshopdrawingsformetaldeckformsarenotrequiredtobeforwardedtotheOfficeof
Materials.
8.2.3 BearingPads
Bearingpadslocatedfartherthan40feetfromafixedbentshallberedesignedwhenthe
contractorreplacesRCDGswithTypeIModPSCbeams.Thereviewershallensuretheshop
drawingsmatchwiththebearingsintheredesignedbridgeplans.
ApprovedshopdrawingsforbearingpadsshallbeforwardedtotheInspectionBranchChiefatthe
OfficeofMaterials.
8.2.4 PSCBeams
8.2.4.1 PEsStamponModifiedBeamDrawings
PSCbeamshopdrawingsmaycontainslightmodificationsfromthecontractdrawingstoaidinthe
fabricationprocess.Aslongasthesemodificationsdonotchangethestressdistributioninthe
PSCbeamfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractordoesnotneedtosubmitcalculationsandnoPE
stampisrequired.
SometimesPSCbeamsinshopdrawingsaremodifiedfromoneholddowntotwotoreducethe
holddownforce.Iftherearenootherchangesinthebeamdesign,theContractorwillnotbe
requiredtosubmitredesigncalculationsprovidedthatthenewholddownsarenomorethan3
0fromthemidpointofthebeam.
Whenthemodificationschangethestressdistributionfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractor
shallsubmitdesigncalculationsalongwithasetofbeamdrawings,stampedbyaregistered
GeorgiaPE,tobeincludedintherecordsetofplans.
8.2.4.2 FabricationLength
Thereviewershallverifythefabricationlengthswhichmaybeslightlydifferentfromtheplan
lengths.Thefabricationlengthaccommodateselasticshortening,gradeadjustments,concrete
shrinkage,epoxycoatingendtreatments,etc.
8.2.4.3 StrandsandStirrups
Thearrangementofstraightanddrapedstrandsshallbeverifiedtoensurenoconflictwitheither
diaphragmholesordowelbarchases.Themiddlestrandsinthetopflangemaybeshiftedtobe
locatedbetweenthestirrups.
Stirrupsshallbedetailedoutsidethestrandsintheweb.
8.2.4.4 EmbeddedElements
PSCbeamshopdrawingsshallcorrespondwiththemetaldeckformshopdrawingssincetheclips
mustbelocatedcorrectlyonthebeamsinorderforthedeckformstobeinstalled.Inclusionof
overhangbracketsshallbeverifiedonexteriorbeams.
Forsafetyrailsupports,itisacceptabletouseareinforcingbarembeddedinthebeamattherail
postlocations.Thisbarshouldbecutofforbentintothedecksteelafterthesafetyrailisno
longerneeded.ItisnotacceptabletodetailpipesinthetopofaPSCbeamtosupportsafety
railingposts.Thisisnotacceptablesincethesepipesmayholdwaterwhichfreezesandcauses
splitsinthebeam.
Liftingloopsshallbeadequatelyembeddednearthegirderends.Theliftingloopsshallextend
throughthegirdertowithin4ofthebottomsothattheweightofthegirderwillnotcause
tensionstressesatthejunctionofwebandtopflange.Thelocationoftheliftingloopsshall
complywiththecontractdrawings.
8.2.4.5 MinimumReleaseTime
PSCbeamshopdrawingsshallspecifyastrandreleasetimeofnolessthan18hourstocomply
withtheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
8.2.4.6 SubmittaltotheOfficeofMaterials
ApprovedshopdrawingsforPSCbeamsshouldbeforwardedtotheConcreteBranchChiefatthe
OfficeofMaterials.
8.2.5 DetourBridges
ThedetourbridgeshallbedesignedbytheContractorandtheshopdrawingsshallbestampedby
aregisteredGeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.WhentheContractorsubmitsanewdetourbridge
design,theBridgeOfficeencouragesthatthedesignbeinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFD
Specificationstoensureitslongtermviability.However,thecurrentGDOTpolicyallowsfor
designsinaccordancewiththeAASHTOStandardSpecifications.
Thereviewershallverifythedesignofthedetourbridgeincludingcompliancewiththeplansfor
length,widthandminimumbottomofbeamelevation.
Therearepreapproveddetourbridgedesignsownedbysomebridgecontractors.Sincetheshop
drawingsforthesebridgeshavebeenpreviouslyreviewedandacceptedbytheBridgeOffice,the
Contractorisnotrequiredtosubmittheshopdrawingsbutthereviewermayrequestthem.The
reviewershallstillverifywhethertheoverallsizeofthebridgematchesthecontractplansandif
thepiletypesandswaybracingcomplywiththeheightrequirementsonthepreapproved
drawings.
ApproveddetourbridgeshopdrawingsarenotrequiredtobeforwardedtotheOfficeof
Materials.
8.2.6 SteelBeams
WhenasteelbeamdesignismodifiedbytheContractorfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractor
shallsubmitdesigncalculationsalongwithasetofbeamdrawings,stampedbyaregistered
GeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.
Approvedshopdrawingsforallsteelstructuresincludingplategirders,weldedcontinuousrolled
beamsandpotbearingsshallbeforwardedtotheInspectionBranchChiefattheOfficeof
MaterialsandtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.
8.2.7 PostTensionedMembers
ApprovedshopdrawingsforposttensionedmembersshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesign
PolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.Designcalculationsforthepost
tensioningoperationshallberetainedinthebridgedesignfiles.
8.2.8 ContractorDesignedWalls
ContractordesignedwallshopdrawingsshallbestampedbyaregisteredGeorgiaProfessional
Engineer.Thereviewershallensuretheshopdrawingscomplywithplanrequirementsincluding
finishandgraffitiproofcoating.Priortoapprovingthecalculationsandplans,thereviewershall
havealetterfromthecontractorstatingthatthewallhasbeenstakedoutandthatitfitsthesite.
SeeSection149.3.03.DoftheStandardSpecifications.
ApprovedshopdrawingsshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportfor
inclusionintherecordsetofplans.Itisnotnecessarytoforwardapprovedwallshopdrawingsto
theOfficeofMaterials.
8.2.9 ContractorDesignedSignSupports
ContractordesignedsignsupportshopdrawingsshallbestampedbyaregisteredGeorgia
ProfessionalEngineer.Thereviewershallensuretheshopdrawingscomplywithplan
requirements.
ApprovedshopdrawingsshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportfor
inclusionintherecordsetofplans.Itisrequiredtoforwardapprovedsignsupportshopdrawings
totheInspectionBranchoftheOfficeofMaterials.
8.2.10 MiscellaneousShopDrawings
Shopdrawingsformiscellaneousitemssuchasfencing,shoring,andcofferdamsarenotrequired,
butwillbereviewedifsubmitted.
8.3 AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet
EachsetofbridgeplansshallincludeanAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet.Thissheetwill
includespacesforfieldpersonneltorecordthetipelevationsofallpiles,topandtipofcaisson
elevations,thebottomoffootingelevationsandthebottomofsealelevations.Forpilefootings,a
schematicshouldbeincluded,withthepilesnumberedlefttoright,thenbacktoahead.
AsBuiltFoundationInformationsheetsshallbecompletedbytheGDOTProjectEngineerand
returnedtotheBridgeOffice.Thisinformationshallbeincorporatedinthedesignfilesanda
revisedsheetwillbetransmittedasspecifiedinSection1.6.9.2.4.Thisinformationisimportant
forlongtermevaluationofthestructure.
InformationcollectedduringdatapiledrivingmaybesenttotheBridgeOfficebymistake.It
shouldbeforwardedtotheGeotechnicalBureauoftheOfficeofMaterials.
Chapter9:SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES 91
Chapter9 SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES
9.1 GENERAL
SeismicdesignofbridgesshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththeLRFD3.10,LRFD4.7.4and
LRFD5.10.11.Basedonthedesignearthquakeandsubsurfacesoilconditionatthebridgesite,
theseismicperformancezoneandsubsequentlythedesignprocedureshallbedetermined.
Seismichazardatabridgesitecouldbecharacterizedbythedesignresponsespectrumthatis
establishedusingthegeneralprocedureorsitespecificprocedure,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.
9.1.1 SiteClass
Siteclass,fromAtoF,atthebridgelocationshallbedeterminedbasedonthesoiltypeand
propertiesoftheupper100feetofthesoilprofile,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.3.1.Itwillbe
determinedbytheGeotechnicalBureauandprovidedontheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
report.
ForsiteclassAthroughE,theseismicperformancezoneanddesignresponsespectrumcanbe
determinedusingthegeneralprocedureasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.1.SiteclassFrequiresthe
sitespecificprocedure,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.2,todetermineseismicperformancezoneand
toestablishdesignresponsespectrum.
9.1.2 DesignEarthquakeParameters
TheLRFDSpecificationsprovidethedesignearthquakeparametersinthemapsinLRFD3.10.2.1,
whichwillbeusedtodeterminetheseismicperformancezoneandthedesignresponsespectrum
ofthebridgesite.Usingthegeographicalinformationofthebridgelocation,thefollowingthree
accelerationcoefficientsshouldbereadfromthemaps:
Horizontalpeakgroundaccelerationcoefficient,PGA
Horizontalresponsespectralaccelerationcoefficientatperiodof0.2second,S
S
Horizontalresponsespectralaccelerationcoefficientatperiodof1.0second,S
1
9.1.3 SeismicPerformanceZone
Seismicperformancezone,from1to4,ofthebridgesiteshallbedeterminedusingthelong
periodaccelerationcoefficient,S
D1
,inaccordancewithLRFD3.10.6,exceptforthebridgesinthe
siteclassF.S
D1
shallbecalculatedbymultiplyingS
1
andthecorrespondingsitefactorforlong
periodspectrumrange,F
v
,asdeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD3.10.3.2.Seismicperformance
zoneforthesiteclassFshallbedeterminedusingthevalueofS
D1
fromthesitespecificresponse
analysis.
ThestateofGeorgiaislocatedinarelativelylowseismichazardzoneandthegeneralguidelines
regardingtheseismicperformancezonesinGeorgiaarepresentedasfollows:
a) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassA,BorC,allbridgesitesinGeorgiawillbeclassifiedas
seismicperformancezone1.
b) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassD,thebridgesitesinnorthernandeasternGeorgia
withS
1
of0.0625orabovewillbeclassifiedasseismiczone2andothersiteswillbe
classifiedasseismiczone1.
c) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassE,onlythebridgesitesinsouthernGeorgiawithS
1
below0.0429willbeclassifiedasseismiczone1andothersiteswillbeclassifiedasseismic
zone2.
d) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassF,theseismicperformancezonewillbedeterminedby
asitespecificresponseanalysis.
9.1.4 DesignResponseSpectrum
ForthebridgesinsiteclassAthroughE,designresponsespectrumshallbeestablishedas
specifiedinLRFD3.10.4.1,usingtheaccelerationcoefficientsreadfromthemapsinLRFD3.10.2.1
andthesitefactorsspecifiedinLRFD3.10.3.2.
ForthebridgesinsiteclassF,thedesignresponsespectrumshallbeestablishedfromasite
responseanalysisinaccordancewithLRFD3.10.2.2andprovidedintheBridgeFoundation
Investigation(BFI)report.Thelongperiodaccelerationcoefficient,S
D1
,shallbedeterminedfrom
thesiteresponseanalysisandusedtodeterminetheseismicperformancezoneinaccordance
withLRFD3.10.6.
Thisspectrumshouldbeusedtodeterminethelateralforcebythedesignearthquake.Thislateral
forcewillbeappliedtothesubstructureandconnectionsasspecifiedinSection9.2.
9.2 SESIMICDESIGNPROCEDURES
Seismicanalysismethodstodeterminethedesignearthquakeloadsonthesubstructureshallbe
selectedasspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.Theanalysis
methodisselectedbasedontheseismiczone,operationalclassandregularityofthebridge.All
bridgesaredesignatedasOtherBridgesfortheoperationalclassasdefinedinLRFD3.10.5,
unlessdesignatedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
Therequirementforminimumsupportlengthatexpansionbearings,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.4,
shallbesatisfiedforallbridges.
TheseismicdesignflowchartpresentedinLRFDAPPENDIXA3maybeusedasanaidfordesignof
bridgesindifferentseismiczones.
9.2.1 SingleSpanBridges
Singlespanbridgesdonotrequireaseismicanalysisregardlessoftheseismiczone,asspecifiedin
LRFD4.7.4.2.Theconnectiondesignforcesinrestraineddirectionsshallbedeterminedin
accordancewithLRFD3.10.9.1.
9.2.2 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
Multispanbridgesinseismiczone1donotrequireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.
TheconnectiondesignforcesinrestraineddirectionsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD
3.10.9.2,usingtheloadfactorforliveloadsof0.5.
9.2.3 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
Multispanbridgesinseismiczone2requireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.Oneof
threeelasticanalysismethods,i.e.,uniformloadmethod,singlemodemethod,ormultimode
method,shouldbeusedfortheseismicanalysis.
Horizontalstaticearthquakeloadingsinlongitudinalandtransversedirectionsshouldbe
calculatedfromoneoftheanalysismethodsspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.1,thencombinedand
modifiedtodeterminetheseismicdesignloadcasesasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.9.3.Theseload
casesshallbecombinedwithotherloadsfortheExtremeEventILimitState,asspecifiedinLRFD
3.4.1.
FortheExtremeEventILimitState,theloadfactorsfordeadloads,
p
,shallbe1.0forsteelpile
bentsinaccordancewithLRFD6.5.5.Forallothersubstructuretypes,theloadfactorsfordead
loadsshallbeinaccordancewithLRFD3.4.1.
TheloadfactorforliveloadsintheExtremeEventILimitState,
EQ
,shallbe0.5forallsubstructure
types,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
TheresistancefactorsintheExtremeEventILimitStateshallbe1.0forsteelpilebentsin
accordancewithLRFD6.5.5and0.9forothersubstructuretypesinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1b.
9.2.4 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
Multispanbridgesinseismiczones3and4requireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.
Anelasticmethodortimehistorymethodshouldbeusedfortheseismicanalysis.
Horizontalloadingsshouldbetakenasthelesserofthemodifieddesignforcescalculatedin
accordancewithLRFD3.10.9.4.2ortheinelastichingingforcesdeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD3.10.9.4.3.Thesehorizontalloadingsshouldbecombinedandmodifiedtodeterminethe
seismicdesignloadcasesasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.9.4.Theseloadcasesshallbecombinedwith
otherloadsfortheExtremeEventILimitState,asspecifiedinLRFD3.4.1.
FortheExtremeEventILimitState,theloadfactorsfordeadloads,
p
,shallbe1.0forsteelpile
bentsinaccordancewithLRFD6.5.5.Forallothersubstructuretypes,theloadfactorsfordead
loadsshallbeinaccordancewithLRFD3.4.1.
TheloadfactorforliveloadsintheExtremeEventILimitState,
EQ
,shallbe0.5forallsubstructure
types,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
TheresistancefactorsintheExtremeEventILimitStateshallbe1.0forsteelpilebentsin
accordancewithLRFD6.5.5and0.9forothersubstructuretypesinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1b.
9.3 SESIMICDETAILINGREQUIREMENTS
BridgesubstructuresshallbedetailedasrequiredinLRFD5.10.11.Theseismicdetailing
requirementsfortheamountandspacingofreinforcementshallalwaysbecheckedafterthe
generaldetailingrequirementsaremet,andmorereinforcementshallbeaddedasnecessary.
Seismichooksoflateralreinforcement,asspecifiedinLRFD5.10.2.2,shallbeusedintheplastic
hingeregions,typicallylocatedattopandbottomofcolumnsandpilebents.
9.3.1 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
Thebridgesinseismiczone1withthelongperiodaccelerationcoefficient,S
D1
,of0.10orgreater
shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirements,asspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.2.Intheplastichinge
regionsofcolumnsandpilebents,theminimumamountandthemaximumspacingoftransverse
reinforcementshallmeettherequirementsspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.4.1dandLRFD5.10.11.4.1e,
respectively.
9.3.2 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
Thebridgesinseismiczone2shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirementsspecifiedinLRFD
5.10.11.3.Columns/pilebentsandwalltypepiersshallbedetailedinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1andLRFD5.10.11.4.2,respectively.
Theamountoflongitudinalreinforcementinacolumnshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD5.10.11.4.1awithanexceptionforthemaximumamountbeingspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.3.
Thisrequirementforlongitudinalreinforcementshallapplytotheentireheightofthecolumn.
Theamountoftransversereinforcementinacolumnorpileshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredin
LRFD5.10.11.4.1corLRFD5.10.11.4.1d.Thespacingoftransversereinforcementshallnotbe
largerthanthatrequiredin5.10.11.4.1e.Theserequirementsfortransversereinforcementshall
applytotheplastichingeregions.Thetransversereinforcementshallextendintotheadjoining
membersinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.11.4.3.
SplicingoflongitudinalreinforcementshallconformtotheprovisionsinLRFD5.10.11.4.1f.
Longitudinalandtransversereinforcementsinconcretepilesshallconformtotheprovisionsin
LRFD5.13.4.6.2.
9.3.3 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
Thebridgesinseismiczone3or4shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirementsspecifiedinLRFD
5.10.11.4.Columns/pilebentsandwalltypepiersshallbedetailedinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1andLRFD5.10.11.4.2,respectively.
Theamountoflongitudinalreinforcementinacolumnshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD5.10.11.4.1a.Thisrequirementforlongitudinalreinforcementshallapplytotheentire
heightofthecolumn.
Theamountoftransversereinforcementinacolumnorpileshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredin
LRFD5.10.11.4.1corLRFD5.10.11.4.1d.Thespacingoftransversereinforcementshallnotbe
largerthanthatrequiredin5.10.11.4.1e.Theserequirementsfortransversereinforcementshall
applytotheplastichingeregions.Thetransversereinforcementshallextendintotheadjoining
membersinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.11.4.3.
SplicingoflongitudinalreinforcementshallconformtotheprovisionsinLRFD5.10.11.4.1f.
Longitudinalandtransversereinforcementsinconcretepilesshallconformtotheprovisionsin
LRFD5.13.4.6.3.

APPENDIX9ATYPICALSEISMICDETAILINGS
Figure9A1 TypicalSectionofColumninPlasticHingeRegionsforSeismicZones2,3and4
#11 BARS, TYP.
#5 BARS, TYP.
4" MIN.
NOTE: ALL HOOKS 135
o
OR GREATER
Figure9A2 ColumnDetailingGuidanceforSeismicZones2,3,and4
D
MINIMUM DISTANCE
A - MAXIMUM OF D/2 AND 15"
B - MAXIMUM OF D, L/6, AND 18"
MAXIMUM SPACING
X - MINIMUM OF D/4 AND 4"
Y - MINMUM OF D AND 12"
Z - MINIMUM OF D/4 AND 4"
Figure9A3 HPileConnectionDetailforSeismicZones2,3,and4
2
4
"

M
I
N
.

Diseño de Puentes Norma LFRD-2

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

LRFD BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE DESIGN MANUAL

Georgia Department of Transportation

Other helpful links:

BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

DATE August 1, 2005

FILE BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

DATE October 26, 2010

BRST0-0030-01(025) Stewart County

DATE October 26, 2010

BRST0-0030-01(025), Stewart County

DATE October 26, 2010

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

March 15, 2013

CSX OVERHEAD BRIDGE CROSSING DATA

P.I.No. Route StreamName

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