Kimberly Dauber 3/18/2014 Data Collection of Motor Time (s) 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.

07 5.08 5.09 5.1 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.2 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.3 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 Potential (V) 4.363858 4.920635 3.406593 1.789988 2.698413 4.168498 5.555556 4.529915 2.932845 2.644689 4.344322 4.598291 4.37851 2.625153 2.815629 4.227106 5.350427 4.510379 2.869353 2.742369 4.349206 5.159951 4.275946 2.923077 2.757021 2.058608 1.316239 4.735043 1.487179 2.737485 4.422466 5.457875 4.769231 2.981685 1.350427 3.372405 4.974359 4.993895 3.040293 2.771673 5.4 5.41 Time (s) 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.5 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59 5.6 5.61 5.62 5.63 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.7 5.71 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 4.070818 5.68254 Potential (V) 4.915751 2.669109 2.796093 4.070818 5.452991 1.013431 2.503053 2.849817 4.261294 5.619048 4.715507 2.595849 2.610501 4.373626 5.106227 4.647131 2.898657 2.595849 4.334554 6.351648 4.866911 2.888889 2.483516 4.505495 5.526252 4.100122 3.118437 2.893773 4.422466 5.916972 4.798535 2.815629 2.766789 4.080586 4.114774 5.428571 2.815629 2.810745 5.8 5.81 5.82 5.83 Time (s) 5.84 5.85 5.86 5.87 5.88 5.89 5.9 5.91 5.92 5.93 5.94 5.95 5.96 5.97 5.98 5.99 6 4.40293 5.150183 5.286935 2.986569 Potential (V) 2.800977 4.466422 5.345543 4.710623 2.835165 2.3663 4.383394 5.7558 5.120879 3.289377 2.874237 4.886447 1.814408 5.164835 3.074481 2.864469 4.935287

Kimberly Dauber 3/18/2014 Graph of Potential vs. Time (with best fit curve)

This graph shows one second of the motor running. The motor completed 21 cycles in the second, yielding an angular velocity of 21 Hertz. The mathematical model of the motors motion based on the sine curve of best fit is given by

Kimberly Dauber 3/18/2014 Analysis-The equation we developed in class for the motion of a motor was given by

From the graph of the motors motion, we know that

We can assume that The mean induced emf was

and that area . This allows us to solve for the

Since the average value of over one second is average magnetic field of the magnets during this time.

Interestingly, the average magnetic field of the Earth ranges from about 25 to 65 microtesla, much smaller than the magnetic field of the permanent magnets used. Since the permanent magnetic fields have such a comparatively large magnetic field, the magnetic field of the Earth has only a negligible effect on the motor.

Kimberly Dauber 3/18/2014 Conclusion An electric motor (which can also be considered a generator) works because according to Faradays Law, the principles that a changing electric field creates a changing magnetic field and vice versa. There must be a permanent magnetic field present, the two magnets on the sides of the armature in our case. To start with, when current runs through the wire around the armature, the loops act as a solenoid and the magnetic field created by the solenoid interacts with the permanent magnetic field to make the armature turn around its shaft. Once the armatures magnetic field lined up with the permanent magnetic field, it would seem that the motor should stop turning. However, the motor is designed with a commutator (possibly a split-ring commutator) such that after, in this case, one third of a turn, the current in the armature reverses direction. This creates a magnetic field in the opposite direction as before, forcing the motor to continue turning in the same direction. As the motor continues to turn, the process repeats rapidly as long as power is supplied to the armature. Motors also generate a back current against the emf that makes them run. Because the armature is rotating, the magnetic flux through the coils is changing. Thus, according to Faradays Law of Induction, there is an induced emf in the coils that opposes the original voltage. (This is where they dynamo acts as a generator.) As a result, motors become mainly free spinning, with very little force actually acting on them due to the magnetic fields, unless a load is placed on them.

Reflection This years motor lab was much easier than last years motor lab. I rather liked that we did not have to assemble the motors from scratch, since we had all done that already in Honors Physics or AP Physics B. It was much more rewarding to spend time analyzing with Logger Pro and such. Ive already spent half an hour winding coils of wire around a tiny armature; once is enough. Motors are a great way to learn and review Faradays and Lenzs Laws. Its impossible to understand how a dynamo works without an understanding of those vital principles. My advice is to keep this lab just the way it is for next year.