Title:-SMART GRID

EEE DEPARTMENT

organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform. The power grid is aging
and congested and faces new challenges and stresses that put at risk its ability to reliably deliver power to an economy that is increasingly dependent on electricity. A growing recognition of the need to modernize the grid to meet tomorrows challenges has found articulation in the vision of a Smart Grid. The essence of this vision is a fullyautomated power delivery network that can ensure a two-way flow of electricity and information between the power plants and appliances and all points in between. The three key technological components of the Smart Grid are distributed intelligence, broadband communications and automated control systems. Focusing in on the role of broadband communications in enabling the Smart Grid, this paper lays out the key communications system requirements and explains

ABSTRACT
A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information about the behavior of all participants (suppliers and consumers) in order to improve the efficiency, importance, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity services. Smart grid policy is

how the Greco network architecture, leveraging Troops wireless broadband products and technology, enables the Smart Grid of the future.

consumers and businesses via lines operating at132kV and lower. This paradigm is changing as businesses and homesbegin generating more wind and solar electricity, enablingthem to sell surplus energy back to their utilities. Modernization is necessary for energy consumptionefficiency, real time management of power flows and toprovide the bi-directional metering needed to compensatelocal producers of power. Although transmission networks arealready controlled in real time, many in the US and Europeancountries are antiquated by world standards, and unable tohandle modern challenges such as those posed by theintermittent nature of alternative electricity generation, orcontinental scale bulk energy transmission.

2. INTRODUCTION
As the world enters a new era of energy consciousness, utilities face unprecedented challenges. Stringent actions, environmental concerns, growing demand for high-quality, reliable electricity, and rising customer expectations areforcing utilities to rethink electricity generation and deliveryfrom the bottom up. Internally, utilities are struggling withaging assets, departing expertise and a lack of informationabout their customers and the state of the grid.At the same time, a plethora of new opportunities areopen to those utilities that are dynamic, innovative andambitious enough to take advantage of them. The availabilityof low cost computing and telecommunications technologies,new generation options, and scalable, modular automationsystems are changing the name of the game.Driven by the dynamics of the new energy environment,leading utilities, technology vendors andgovernment organizations have created a vision of the next Generation of energy delivery systems: the Smart Grid.

4.History
Today's alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on Nikola Tesla's design published in 1888 (see War of Currents). Many implementation decisions that are still in use today were made for the first time using the limited emerging technology available 120 years ago. Specific obsolete power grid assumptions and features (like centralized unidirectionalelectric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control) represent a vision of what was thought possible in the 19th century. Part of this is due to an institutional risk aversion that utilities naturally feel regarding use of untested technologies on a critical infrastructure they have been charged with maintaining. The 20th century power grids were originally built out as local grids which, over time, became interwoven for economic and reliability purposes. One of the largest engineered systems ever constructed, the mature, interconnected electric grid of the late 1960s became conceived of as "dividing and distributing" electric power, on a bulk basis, from a relatively small number

3. DEFINING A SMART GRID

The function of an Electrical grid is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employingvarying levels of communication and coordination, most of Which is manually controlled? Smart grids increase theconnectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long-distance transmission or local distribution tasks. Transmissions networks move electricity in bulk over mediumto long distances, are actively managed, and generally operatefrom 345kV to 800kV over AC and DC lines. Local networkstraditionally moved power in one direction, "distributing" theBulk power to

(i.e., ~thousands) of "central plant" generating stations, to major load centers, and from there to a large number of individual consumers, large and small. The nature of generating technologies available over the first threequarters of the 20th century lent themselves to both notable efficiencies of scale (individual plants of 1000-3000 MW were not uncommon) and to situational-specific locations (hydroelectric plants at high dams, coal-, gas-, and oil-fired plants near supply lines, nuclear plants near supplies of cooling water, and all of them, for a variety of reasons, as far away from population centers as economically possible). As the electric power industry continued to produce ever more-affordable electric power to an ever-increasing base of customers, by the late 1960s it had reached nearly every home and business in the developed world. [References pending]

systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies available from the fast moving business segment of home electronic devices. Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, deploying a standards-compliant communications infrastructure from Trillionth. By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of Ontario. The initiative won the "Best AMR

6.SMART GRID STRUCTURE

Environmental and economic sustainability are essentialvariables in the 21st centurys energy equation. But existinginfrastructure and systems lack the flexibility to evolve tomeet higher demands for efficiency and reliability. The Smart Grid will return balance to this cost-benefitparadigm by introducing intelligent response into theinteraction between supply availability and demand. With thehelp of markets and real-time system information, utilities willbe able to work in unison with consumers to produce the mostcost-effective and efficient supply mix. But before we look atthe benefits inherent to the Smart Grid, we need to firstunderstand its underlying structure, components

5.First cities with smart grids

The earliest, and still largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian system installed by EnelSpa. of Italy. Completed in 2005, theTelgestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because the company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own system integrator, and developed their own system software. The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial scale use of smart grid technology to the home, and delivers annual savings of 500 million euro at a project cost of 2.1 billion euro. In the US, the city of Austin, Texas has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that communicate via a wireless mesh network. It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses. Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both

andcharacteristics.

Smart Grid Components:

At the physical level, the Smart Grid is comprised of five fundamental components: New Grid Components:. Distributed Generation (DG),such as residential-scale CCHP (Combined Cycle Heat and Power) units, PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles), micro-turbines, solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, and grid energy storage units enableincreased bidirectional power flow between powerdistributors and end-users Sensing and Control Devices: Core duties areevaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoringequipment health, energy theft prevention, and controlstrategies support. Technologies include: advancedmicroprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter readingequipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamicline rating (typically based on online readings byDistributed temperature sensing combined with Realtime thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagneticsignature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and realtimepricing tools, advanced switches and cables,backscatter radio technology, and Digital protectiverelays.

Smart meters: A smart grid replaces analogmechanical meters with digital meters that recordusage in real time. Smart meters are similar toAdvanced Metering Infrastructure meters and providea communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and othersmart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, suchdevices can shut down during times of peak demand. Phasor measurement units: High speed sensors calledPMUs distributed throughout their network can beused to monitor power quality and in some casesrespond automatically to them. Phasors arerepresentations of the waveforms of alternatingcurrent, which ideally in real-time, are identical leverywhere on the network and conform to the mostdesirable shape. In the 1980s, it was realized that theclock pulses from global positioning system (GPS). satellites could be used for very precise timemeasurements in the grid. With large numbers ofPMUs and the ability to compare shapes fromalternating current readings everywhere on the grid,research suggests that automated systems will be ableto revolutionize the management of power systems byresponding to system conditions in a rapid, dynamicFashion. CommunicationInfrastructure:Communicati onnetworks based on fiber-optics, microwave, infrared,power line carrier (PLC),and/or wireless radionetworks such as GSM and CDMA, transfer massiveamounts of data. Some communications are up to date,but are not uniform because they have been developedin an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. Inmost cases, data is being collected via modem ratherthan direct network connection. Areas forimprovement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory controland data acquisition (SCADA), energy managementsystems, wireless mesh networks and othertechnologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow forreal-time control, information and data exchange

tooptimize system reliability, asset utilization, andsecurity Automation and IT Backend:Power system automationenables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions tospecific grid disruptions or outages. Thesetechnologies rely on and contribute to each of the otherfour key areas. Three technology categories foradvanced control methods are: distributed intelligentagents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operationalapplications (SCADA, substation automation, demandresponse, etc). The Voltage Stability Monitoring &Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivitybasedsuccessive linear programming method to reliablydetermine the optimal control solution . Advanced Analytic: Advanced applications withincreased functionality and versatility allow gridoperators, project managers and business executives toanalyze and extract useful information from thegrid. Information systems that reduce complexity sothat operators and managers have tools to effectivelyand efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Technologies includevisualization techniques that reduce large quantities ofdata into easily understood visual formats, software.

placed new reliability concerns as observed with frequentoutages in the recent years. Sensitivity of digitalequipments, such as data centers, and consumer electronics,into intermittent outages has redefined the concept ofreliability. As a result, power generation, transmission, andconsumption has been the focus of investigations as to seewhat remedies will address the above challenges therebytransforming the power grid into a more efficient, reliable,and communicationrich system. Smart power grid is a hostof solutions that is aimed to realize these lofty goals byempowering customers, improving the capacity of thetransmission lines and distribution systems, providinginformation and real time pricing between theutilityand clients, and higher levels of utilization for renewableenergy sources to name a few.

7.1 THE EXISTING GRID

The existing electricity grid is a product of rapidUrbanization and infrastructure developments in variousParts of the world in the past century. Though they exist inMany differing geographies, the utility companies haveGenerally adopted similar technologies. The growth of theelectrical power system, however, has been influenced byeconomic, political, and geographic factors that are uniqueto each utility company [2]. Despite such differences, thebasic topology of the existing electrical power system hasremained unchanged. Since its inception, the power industryhas operated with clear demarcations between itsgeneration, transmission, and distribution subsystems andthus has shaped different levels of automation, evolution, and transformation in each silo.

7. EVOLUTION OF SMART GRID

Continued economic growth and fulfillment of highStandards in human life depends on reliable and affordableaccess to electricity. Over the past few decades, there hasbeen a paradigm shift in the way electricity is generated,transmitted, and consumed. However, fossil fuels continueto form a dominant initial source of energy in theindustrialized countries. The steady economic growth ofsome of those industrialized countries gradually exposedthe unsustainable nature of the energy policy that is highlydependent on foreign fossil fuels. On the other hand, anaging power grid that faces new challenges posed by higherdemands and increasing digital and nonlinear loads has

Figure 1: The Existing Grid [2]As Figure 1 demonstrates, the

As Figure demonstrates, the existing electricity grids a strictly hierarchical system in which power plants at theTop of the chain ensure power delivery to customers loadsat the bottom of the chain. The system is essentially a oneWay pipeline where the source has no real-time informationabout the service parameters of the termination points. TheGrid is therefore over engineered to withstand maximumanticipated peak demand across its aggregated load. Andsince this peak demand is an infrequent occurrence, thesystem is inherently inefficient. Moreover, anunprecedented rise in demand for electrical power, coupled with lagging investments in the electrical power.

the rising demand for electricity, hasaccelerated the need to modernize the distribution networkby introducing technologies that can help with demandsidemanagement and revenue protection. As Figure 2 shows, the metering side of thedistribution system has been the focus of most recentinfrastructure investments. The earlier projects in this sectorsaw the introduction of automated meter reading (AMR)systems in the distribution network. AMR lets utilities readthe consumption records, alarms, and status fromAs suggests, although AMR technologyproved to be initially attractive, utility companies haverealized that AMR does not address the major issue theyneed to solve: demand-side management. Due to its onewaycommunication system, AMRs capability is restrictedto reading meter data. It does not let utilities take correctiveAction based on the information received from th

7.2 Smart grid evolution

Given the fact that nearly 90% of all power outages and disturbances have their roots in the distributionnetwork, the move towards the smart grid has to star at thebottom of the chain, in the distribution system. Moreover,the rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels, coupled withthe inability of utility companies to expand their generationcapacity in line with

e meters.

8.Components of a Smart Grid

A Smart Grid comprises three major components: 1) demand management, 2) distributed electricity generation, and 3)

transmission management.

and

distribution

grid

1) Demand Management: Reducing Electricity Consumption in Homes, Offices, and Factories Demand management works to reduce electricity consumption in homes, offices, and factories by continually monitoring electricity consumption and actively managing howappliances consume energy. It consists of demand-response programs, smart meters and variable electricity pricing, smart buildings with smart appliances, and energy dashboards. Combined, these innovations allow utility companies and consumers to manage and respond to the variances in electricity demand more effectively. Demand responseduring periods of peak energy use, utility companies send electronic alerts asking consumers to reduce their energy consumption by turning off nonessential appliances. When the Smart Grid is fully developed, alert signals will be automatically sent to appliances, eliminating the need for manual intervention. If enough consumers comply with this approach, the reduction in power consumption could be enough to keep a typical utility company from building an additional power plantthe most expensive asset utility companies operate.4 To increase the number of consumers who comply, utility companies may offer cash payments or reduce consumers electric bills. Smart meters and variable pricing Todays electricity prices on the wholesale market are volatile because they are determined by supply and demand, as well as by situations that depend on generation capacity, fuel prices, weather conditions, and demand fluctuations over time. On average, off-peak prices at night are 50 percent less than prices during the day. During demand peaks, prices can be many times greater than those of off-peak periods.

2) Distributed Electricity Generation: Accelerating Widespread Installation of Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy using micro generation devicesAlready, some homes and offices find it cost-effective to produce some or all of their own electricity using micro generation devicessmall-scale energy-generation equipment designed for use in homes and offices. Micro generation devices primarily include rooftop solar panels, wind turbines, fossil fuel cogeneration plants, and soon, PHEVs that can generate electricity for sale back to the grid. These devices are becoming more affordable for residential, commercial, and industrial customers. Depending on the technology type and operating environment, micro generation devices can be cost-competitive compared to conventional generation methods. Even so, widespread adoption of these technologies will require government incentives, public awareness campaigns, and further technology development. When fully developed, a Smart Grid will allow owners of micro generation devices and other energy-generation equipment to sell energy back to utility companies for a profit more easily. When this happens, consumers become an active part of the grid rather than being separate from it. Despite the obvious benefits, renewable energy generation also provides a unique challenge: wind and solar power are much more variable than conventional power plants. For example, when the wind stops blowing or the sky becomes overcast, these systems stop generating power, creating shortages in the electrical grid. To compensate, utility companies must be able to anticipate these shortages in time to start up conventional power plants to temporarily offset the energy deficit. The Smart Grid will integrate weather reports, real-time output monitoring, and grid-load balancing to respond to this variability proactively.

 Storage and PHEVsUntil recently, pumped water storage was the only economically viable way to store electricity on a large scale. With the development of PHEVs and electric cars, new opportunities will become available. For example, car batteries can be used to store energy when it is inexpensive and sell it back to the grid when prices are higher. For drivers, their vehicles would become a viable means to arbitrage the cost of power, while utility companies could use fleets of PHEVs to supply power to the grid to respond to peaks in electricity demand. Transmission and Distribution Grid Management Utility companies are turning to IT solutions to monitor and control the electrical grid in real time. These solutions can prolong the useful life of the existing grid, delaying major investments needed to upgrade and replace current infrastructure. Until now, monitoring has focused only on high-voltage transmission grids. Increasing overall grid reliability and utilization, however, will also require enhanced monitoring of mediumand low-voltage distribution grids. Grid monitoring and controlExpensive power outages can be avoided if proper action is taken immediately to isolate the cause of the outage. Utility companies are installing sensors to monitor and control the electrical grid in near-real time (seconds to milliseconds) to detect faults in time to respond. These monitoring and control systems are being extended from the point of transmission down to the distribution grid. Grid performance information is integrated into utility companies supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems to provide automatic, near-real-time electronic control of the grid. Grid security and surveillancemany of the assets used to generate and transmit electricity are vulnerable to terrorist attacks and natural disasters. Substations, transformers, and power lines are being

connected to data networks, allowing utility companies to monitor their security using live video, tamper sensors, and active monitoring.

9.THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OFSMART GRID

The resulting forecasts of global power sector CO2emissions are illustrated in Figure 4. The ConservativeScenario leads to 5 percent reduction in annual powersector CO2 emissions by 2030, with the average annualgrowth rate in CO2 emissions dropping from 0.7 percent to0.5 percent. The Expanded Scenario produces even furtherreductions. Power sector CO2 emissions in 2030 drop by 16percent relative to the Business as Usual (BAU) case. CO2emissions are essentially flattened under this scenario, withthe annual change in CO2 emissions becoming an averagedecrease of 0.1 percent per year. Global Power Sector CO2 Emissions Projections Australian GHG Emissions Projected to 2020 highlights the challenge to deliver future deep cutsin greenhouse gas emissions. Australias GHG emissionsare rising and this trend is projected to increase until at least2020. By 2020, national emissions are projected to reach22% above 1990 levels, even with current measuresdelivering significant abatement.

8.Goals of the smart grid

Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices. Smart energy demand describes the energy user component of the smart grid. It goes beyond and means much more than even energy efficiency and demand response combined. Smart energy demand is what delivers the majority of smart meter and smart grid benefits.

Smart energy demand is a broad concept. It includes any energy-user actions to:

Enhancement of reliability reduce peak demand, shift usage to off-peak hours, lower total energy consumption, actively manage electric vehicle charging, actively manage other usage to respond to solar, wind, and other renewable resources buy more efficient appliances and equipment over time based on a better understanding of how energy is used by each appliance or item of equipment.

overall infrastructure thatenables smart houses to collaborate based on web services, the existing generating capacity and the available power fromrenewable sources can be utilized more efficiently as in the Current energy system in which (smart) houses are treated as isolated and passive individual units.

SMART GRID

All of these actions minimize adverse impacts on electricity grids and maximize utility and, as a result, consumer savings.Smart Energy Demand mechanisms and tactics include:

smart meters, dynamic pricing, smart thermostats and smart appliances, automated control of equipment, real-time and next day energy information feedback to electricity users, usage by appliance data Scheduling and control of loads such as electric vehicle chargers, home area networks (HANs), and others.

9. CONCLUSION The collaboration of intelligently networked smart houseswith the smart grid can increase the overall energy systemsEfficiency. The concepts presented in the paper willdemonstrate how energy suppliers or other service providerscan integrate functionalities provided by the smart metersituated in the smart house into its own business processesthrough web services. With an