10

10.2

10.2

10.2.1

10

10.2

(API)

11
5102030406080100120140160150mm(6in)
40()

40100mm114.30mm6.02mm102.26mm
80100mm114.30mm8.56mm97.18mm
408015mm1/2in600mm

BS 160040
BS 160010.2.1

DINDIN 244810.2.1
(mm)
15
20
25
32
40
50
40

65

80

100

15.8

21.0

26.6

35.1

40.9

52.5

62.7

77.9

102.3

13.8

18.9

24.3

32.5

38.1

49.2

59.0

73.7

97.2

150

154.1
(mm)
146.4

80

10.2.1

BS 1387BS21

50mm4m
4~7m

10.2.1 4m

10.2.2 4~7m

ANSI B 16.9 A106

6m

10.2.2

10

10.2

4Daniel Bernoulli 1700-1782D ArcyD Arcy

Thompson 1860-19481210.2.3

hf
h1

h2

(u)

(D)

(L)

2
10.2.3

hfmhfJ/kg

L = (m)
D = (m)
u = (m/s)
= (kg/(ms)=Pa s)
= (kg/m3)
ks = * (m)
*

D Arcy-WeisbachD Arcy10.2.1

18421912
1883
D Arcy (10.2.1):

hf = 4 f L u
2gD

10.2.1

hf = m
f

= m

= m/s

10.2.3

10

10.2

= (9.81 m/s2)

D = (m)

D Arcy10.2.210.2.2
10.2.14

hf = f L u
2gD

10.2.2

D Arcy
400%

10.2.2
10.2.1

MoodyColebrook - White
10.2.3

1 = 3.48 _ 1.74 In 2 ks + 9.3

D
f
Re f

10.2.3

= Moody

ks = (m)
D = (m)
Re =
10.2.3Moody

Moody0.0020.02Moody
0.0080.08
400010000010.2.4
10.2.5

10.2.4

10.2.5

D Arcy10.2.110.2.2
10.2.110.2.2
10.2.1 -
45m3/h15150mm1km

10.2.4

10

Velocity ( m s ) =
Velocity ( m s ) =
((m/s)
Velocity
m s )==
Velocity

Volume flowrate ( m s )
Cross sectional area ( m )

10.2

m s )
Volume
flowrate
flowrate
(m3/s) ( m
Volume
( 4 s )

45
m
h
x
Cross
sectional2area
( m )
(m
)
m )
3Cross
600 sectional
s h x area
x (0.15

45 m h x 4
=
Velocity
45 m h x 4
3
600
Velocity
=
Velocity = 0.71 ms sh x x 0.15
3 600 s h x x 0.15
= 0.71 m s
Velocity
Velocity = 0.71 m s

(Re)(k s/d)10.2.6
10.2.7
(Re)

uD

Re =

uD
Re = u D

Re =

Re =

= 1 000 kg/m3

= 0.71 m/s

D =

= 0.15 m

(15)

= 1.138 x 10-3 kg/m s ()

10.2.6

Re = 1 000 x 0.71 x- 30.15

1.138 x 10

10.2.6:

Re = 93 585
Ks
0.000045m
Moody

(D)

ks = /

10.2.7

(D)

ks =

10.2.7

0.000045 m

0.15m
= 0.0003

MoodyD Arcy
Moody10.2.4
: kS /D = 0.000 3

Re = 93585:

(f) = 0.005

10.2.5

(D)

0.15m

Relative roughness

10

= 0.0003

10.2

Ks/D

Re
10.2.4 Moody

D Arcy10.2.4
2
4
4 ff LL u
u2
h
hff =
= 2gD
2gD
2
0.712
hff = 4 x 0.005 x 1000 x 0.71
2 x 9.81 x 0.15
m headloss
hf = 3.43 metres

10.2.6

10

10.2

USA / AUS Moody10.2.5

kS /D = 0.000 3

Re = 93 585

(f) = 0.02

Ks/D

Re
10.2.5Moody

USA/AUS Moody10.2.5
2
ff LL u
u2
h
hff =
= 2gD
2gD

0.02 x 1000 x 0.7122

2 x 9.81 x 0.15
m headloss
hf = 3.43 metres

hff =

D Arcy

10.2.7

10

10.2

80mm50mm44%50mm

80mm50mm21%80mm
50mm50%

10.2.8

F =

P1 - P2
L

10.2.8

= 10.2.6

P1 = 10.2.5
P2 = L10.2.5
L

= (m)

10.2.2
10.2.6=270kg/h

10.2.6 10.2.2

10.2.8

10

10.2

270kg/h

50m5%
100m10%
20%
=150m+10%=165m

270kg/h
100m
3.5%
165
x 3.5% = 5.8%
=
100

= 270 kg/h + 5.8% = 286 kg/h

10.2.2 10.1P1P2
10.2.8F
10.2.2 10.1

bar g
6.5
6.6
6.7

(F)
49.76
51.05
52.36

6.9
7.0
7.1

55.02
56.38
57.75

10.2.2
P1 (7.0 bar g) = 56.38

P2 (6.6 bar g) = 51.05

P1P210.2.8 F

F =

P1 - P 2
L

F =

56.38 - 51.05
165m

10.2.8

F = 0.032
10.20.0320.030
0.0400.030
10.2.310.2

(F)
0.025
0.030
0.040

15
10.99
12.00
14.46

20
33.48
36.78
44.16

25
70.73
77.23
93.17

32
127.3
137.9
169.2

(DN)
40
50
(kg /h)
209.8 459.7
229.9 501.1
279.5 600.7

65
834.6
919.4
1 093

80
1 367
1 480
1 790

100
2 970
3 264
3 923

150
200
8 817 19 332
9 792 20 917
11 622 25 254

10.2.9

10

10.2

0.030
40mm229.9kg/h
50mm501.1kg/h
286kg/h50mm

=
=
:

(m3/s)
(m2)

m/s

(kg/h)Vg(m3/kg)4
3600 s/hD2(m2)

m/s

= 286 kg/h ()
(Vg) = 0.24 m3/kg (7 bar g)
(D) = 0.05 m ()
=

286 kg/h0.24 m3/kg4

3600 s/h0.052(m2)

m/s

= 9.7 m/s

47m/S6.6 bar g
10.110.2.3

10.2.3
10.2.210.1
= 7 bar g
= 286 kg/h
P2 = 6.6 bar g
100m =
100m =

(P1-P2)
L

100

(7.0-6.6)
165

100

100m = 0.24 bar

7 bar gA
A286kg/hB
BC
0.24 bar/100mDE
DEBC40mm50mm

10.2.10

10

10.2

10.2.7 -

D Arcy10.2.1

2540m/s
40m/s
76m/s

15m/s
50m
10.2.4

10.2.11

10

10.2

10.2.4 40

bar g

0.4
0.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
14

m/s

15

20

25

32

15.80

20.93

26.64

35.04

9
14
23
10
17
28
12
20
32
18
29
47
23
38
61
28
47
75
34
56
90
39
65
104
44
74
118
49
82
131
60
100
160
80
134
214

15
25
40
18
30
48
21
35
56
31
51
82
40
67
107
50
83
132
59
98
157
68
114
182
77
129
206
86
144
230
105
175
280
141
235
375

25
41
66
29
49
78
34
57
91
50
83
133
65
109
174
80
134
215
96
159
255
111
184
295
125
209
334
140
233
373
170
283
453
228
380
608

43
71
113
51
85
136
59
99
158
86
144
230
113
188
301
139
232
371
165
276
441
191
319
511
217
362
579
242
404
646
294
490
785
394
657
1 052

15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40
15
25
40

()
40
50
65
40
40.90
52.50
62.70
kg/h
58
95
136
97
159
227
154
254
363
69
114
163
115
190
271
185
304
434
81
133
189
134
221
315
215
354
505
118
194
277
196
323
461
314
517
737
154
254
362
256
423
603
410
676
964
190
313
446
316
521
743
506
833
1 189
225
371
529
375
619
882
601
990
1 411
261
430
613
435
716
1 022
696
1 146
1 635
296
487
695
493
812
1 158
788
1 299
1 853
330
544
775
550
906
1 292
880
1 450
2 068
401
660
942
668
1 101
1 570
1 069
1 761
2 512
537
886
1 263
896
1 476
2 105
1 433
2 362
3 368

(kg/h)
80

100

125

150

77.92

102.26

128.20

154.05

210
350
561
251
419
671
292
487
779
427
712
1 139
559
931
1 490
689
1 148
1 836
817
1 362
2 180
947
1 578
2 525
1 073
1 788
2 861
1 198
1 996
3 194
1 455
2 425
3 880
1 951
3 251
5 202

362
603
965
433
722
1 155
503
839
1342
735
1 226
1 961
962
1 603
2 565
1 186
1 976
3 162
1 408
2 347
3 755
1 631
2 718
4 348
1 848
3 080
4 928
2 063
3 438
5 501
2 506
4 176
6 682
3 360
5 600
8 960

569
948
1 517
681
1 135
1 815
791
1 319
2 110
1 156
1 927
3 083
1 512
2 520
4 032
1 864
3 106
4 970
2 213
3 688
5 901
2 563
4 271
6 834
2 904
4 841
7 745
3 242
5 403
8 645
3 938
6 563
10 502
5 281
8 801
14 082

822
1 369
2 191
983
1 638
2 621
1 142
1 904
3 046
1 669
2 782
4 451
2 183
3 639
5 822
2 691
4 485
7 176
3 195
5 325
8 521
3 700
6 167
9 867
4 194
6 989
11 183
4 681
7 802
12 484
5 686
9 477
15 164
7 625
12 708
20 333

u = (m/s)
vg = (m3/kg)
ms = (kg/s)
V = (m3/s) = msxvg
(A)
=

10.2.12

D2
4

(V)
(u)
V
u

10

10.2

10.2.4
7 bar g5000kg/h25m/s

(u) = 25 m/s
7 bar g (Vg) = 0.24 m3/kg
(m) = 5000 kg/h 1.389 kg/s
= mVg
= 1.389 kg/s0.24 m3/kg
= 0.333 m3/s

(A) =

(V)
(u)

(D) = 0.130m 130mm

25m/s130mm150mm
10.2.8
10.2.5
10.2.410.2.8
= 7 bar g
= 5000 kg/h
= 25 m/s

7 bar gA5000kg/h
B
B25m/sCC
D
130mm150mm

10.2.13

10

10.2

(mm)

(bar

g)

10.2.8 -

()

5070m/s10.2.910.2.10
10.2.6
50 bar g45030t/h
50m/s
1.10.2
2.200m10.1
1
10.2.1045050 bar
A

10.2.14

10

10.2

A30000kg/h (30t/h) B
B50m/s C
C120mm
10.2.180150mm146.4mm
2
10.2.945050 barA
A30000kg/h (30t/h) B
B146mmC
Cbar/100mD
bar/100m0.9 bar/100m200m
200m
x 0.9 bar = 1.8 bar
=
100m

10.2.910.2.10

10.2.10
10.2.10200m
1

( P1( 1.937 5 - (P2 ( 1.937 5

m1.853
=
L
0.011 D 4.987

10.2.9

P1 = (bar a)
P2 = (bar a)
L

= (m)

ms = (kg/h)
D = (mm)
2

P =

L vg m
0.08 D5

10.2.10

P = (bar)
L =
Vg = (m3/kg)
m = (kg/h)
D = (mm)

EN 45510ASME 31.1

- 50m
- 0.1 bar/50m

10.2.15

10

10.2

10.1(F)

bar a

bar (F)

bar g

bar (F)

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.013

0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

10.2.16

0.0301
0.0115
0.0253
0.0442
0.0681
0.0970
0.1308
0.1694
0.2128
0.2610
0.3140
0.3716
0.4340
0.5010
0.5727
0.6489
0.7298
0.8153
0.9053
1.0250

1.025
1.126
1.230
1.339
1.453
1.572
1.694
1.822
1.953
2.090
2.230
2.375
2.525
2.679
2.837
2.999
3.166
3.338
3.514
3.694
3.878
4.067
4.260
4.458
4.660
4.866
5.076
5.291
5.510
5.734
5.961
6.193
6.429
6.670
6.915
7.164
7.417
7.675
7.937
8.203
8.473

bar g
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
6.00
6.10
6.20
6.30
6.40
6.50
6.60
6.70
6.80
6.90
7.00
7.10
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.50

bar (F)
8.748
9.026
9.309
9.597
9.888
10.18
10.48
10.79
11.40
11.41
11.72
12.05
12.37
12.70
13.03
13.37
13.71
14.06
14.41
14.76
15.48
16.22
16.98
17.75
18.54
19.34
20.16
21.00
21.85
22.72
23.61
24.51
25.43
26.36
27.32
28.28
29.27
30.27
31.29
32.32
33.37
34.44
35.52
36.62
37.73
38.86
40.01
41.17
42.35
43.54
44.76
45.98
47.23
48.48
49.76
51.05
52.36
53.68
55.02
56.38
57.75
59.13
60.54
61.96
63.39

bar g
7.60
7.70
7.80
7.90
8.00
8.10
8.20
8.30
8.40
8.50
8.60
8.70
8.80
8.90
9.00
9.10
9.20
9.30
9.40
9.50
9.60
9.70
9.80
9.90
10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80
11.00
11.20
11.40
11.60
11.80
12.00
12.20
12.40
12.60
12.80
13.00
13.20
13.40
13.60
13.80
14.00
14.20
14.40
14.60
14.80
15.00
15.20
15.40
15.60
15.80
16.00
16.20
16.40
16.60
16.80
17.00
17.20
17.40
17.60
17.80
18.00

bar (F)
64.84
66.31
67.79
69.29
70.80
72.33
73.88
75.44
77.02
78.61
80.22
81.84
83.49
85.14
86.81
88.50
90.20
91.92
93.66
95.41
97.18
98.96
100.75
102.57
104.40
108.10
111.87
115.70
119.59
123.54
127.56
131.64
135.78
139.98
144.25
148.57
152.96
157.41
161.92
166.50
171.13
175.83
180.58
185.40
190.29
195.23
200.23
205.30
210.42
215.61
220.86
226.17
231.50
236.97
242.46
248.01
253.62
259.30
265.03
270.83
276.69
282.60
288.58
294.52
300.72

10

10.2

10.2

0.00016
0.00020
0.00025
0.00030
0.00035
0.00045
0.00055
0.00065
0.00075
0.00085
0.00100
0.00125
0.00150
0.00175
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
0.0060
0.0080
0.0100
0.0125
0.0150
0.0175
0.0200
0.0250
0.0300
0.0400
0.0500
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900

15

1.96
2.10
2.39
2.48
2.84
3.16
3.44
4.17
4.71
5.25
6.08
6.86
7.35
8.27
8.58
9.80
10.99
12.00
14.46
16.43
18.14
21.08
24.03
25.99
28.50
34.32
37.72
41.37
43.34
49.93
50.31
55.90
62.28
63.07
72.08
73.28

20

3.62
4.04
4.46
4.87
5.52
5.84
6.26
7.35
7.51
8.58
9.48
10.34
12.50
14.12
15.69
18.34
20.64
22.20
25.00
26.39
30.16
33.48
36.78
44.16
49.53
52.96
62.28
70.12
77.48
84.13
102.0
112.7
122.7
128.7
147.1
150.0
166.7
185.3
188.8
215.8
218.4

25

6.86
7.94
8.99
9.56
10.57
11.98
12.75
13.57
15.17
16.30
18.63
20.75
22.5
26.97
30.40
35.80
39.23
44.13
47.28
53.33
55.78
63.75
70.73
77.23
93.17
104.4
115.7
134.8
152.0
167.7
183.9
220.7
245.2
266.6
283.2
323.6
326.6
362.9
402.1
407.6
465.8
476.6

32

10.84
11.95
12.44
14.56
16.18
17.76
19.31
21.88
23.50
24.96
28.04
29.61
33.83
37.25
40.45
48.55
54.92
60.31
70.12
79.44
81.00
95.62
100.4
114.7
127.3
137.9
169.2
191.2
210.8
245.2
277.0
306.5
334.2
402.1
447.9
487.3
514.9
588.4
600.2
666.9
735.5
750.9
858.1

40
16.18
17.92
19.31
20.59
23.39
26.52
29.14
31.72
35.95
38.25
40.72
45.97
49.34
56.39
61.30
66.66
80.91
90.23
99.05
116.2
130.4
140.1
157.2
165.6
189.3
209.8
229.9
279.5
313.8
343.2
402.1
456.0
500.2
551.7
622.0
735.5
804.5
841.0
961.1
979.9
1089
1201

(mm)
50
65
80
(kg/h)

30.40
34.32
38.19
41.83
43.76
50.75
57.09
62.38
68.04
77.11
81.89
87.57
98.84
103.4
118.2
132.0
143.4
173.1
196.1
215.8
251.5
283.9
302.1
342.0
360.4
411.9
459.7
501.1
600.7
676.7
750.3
872.8
980.7
1079
1195
1427
1565
1710
1802
2059
2083
23214

55.41
62.77
69.31
75.85
80.24
92.68
103.8
113.8
124.1
140.7
148.6
159.8
179.3
188.8
215.8
240.5
262.0
313.8
354.0
392.3
456.0
514.9
547.3
620.6
665.1
760.1
834.6
919.4
1093
1231
1373
1594
1804
1986
2161
2599
2876
3126
32.61
3727

90.72
103.0
113.2
124.1
130.0
150.9
170.8
186.7
203.2
230.2
245.2
261.8
295.1
311.1
355.5
391.3
429.8
514.9
578.6
647.3
750.3
845.9
901.9
1020
1073
1226
1367
1480
1790
2 020
2231
2599
2942
3236
3494
4217
4668
5057

100

150

200

250

300

199.1
225.6
249.9
271.2
285.3
333.2
373.1
409.8
445.9
505.4
539.4
577.9
652.8
686.5
784.6
881.7
924.4
1128
1275
1412
1648
1863
1983
2230
2360
2697
2970
3264
3923
4413
4855
5688
6424
7110
7769
9317

598.2
662.0
735.5
804.5
845.3
979.7
1101
1207
1315
1490
1579
1699
1908
2017
2305
2456
2767
3330
3727
4148
4879
5 492
5867
6620
6994
7993
8817
9792
11622
13044
14368
16672
18879
20841

1275
1437
1678
1733
1823
2118
2382
2595
2836
3215
3383
3634
4091
4291
4904
5422
6068
7208
8189
9072
10543
11867
12697
14251
15017
17163
19332
20917
25254
28441
31384
36532

2329
2623
2904
4172
3346
3884
4338
4781
5172
5861
6228
6655
7493
7852
8974
10090
11033
13240
14858
16476
19173
21576
23074
25974
27461
31384
34750
37 697
45 604
51489
57373

3800
4276
4715
5149
5406
6267
7057
7741
8367
9482
10052
10639
11999
13087
14956
16503
18021
21625
24469
26970
31384
35307
37785
42616
44194
50508
56581
62522
75026
85324

10.2.17

10

10.2

10.1 -

10.2.18

10

10.2

10.2 -

10.2.19

10

10.2.20

10.2

10

10.2

10.2.21

10

10.2

Questions
1. A boiler is operated at 10 bar g and is required to supply 500 kg /h of saturated steam at 9.8
bar g to equipment 110 m away. The pipe run is torturous and contains many fittings adding
20% to the equivalent length. What size pipe should be selected?
a | 100 mm nominal bore

b | 80 mm nominal bore

c | 50 mm nominal bore

d | 65 mm nominal bore

2. A 100 mm steam pipe has been selected for a particular steam flowrate with
8.3 bar g at the inlet and 7.7 bar g at the end of the run. Calculations show that,
for this flowrate and size of pipe, the pressure at the end of the run will actually be 7.9 bar
g. Which of the following is true?
a | The steam velocity is higher than expected, and could cause noise

b | The pipe has some additional spare capacity for future additional loads

c | The resistance to flow is higher than expected

d | A larger pipe is required

3. A 40 m long 5 bar g saturated steam pipe is to be sized to carry 850 kg /h of steam. Should
the pipe be sized on velocity or pressure drop?
a | Pressure drop to limit the steam velocity

b | On a velocity over 40 m/s

c | On a velocity of about 25 m/s

d | Either, provided the steam velocity does not exceed, approximately 5 m /s

4. A 40 m pipe incorporating a number of bends and fittings is to be sized by the velocity method
to handle 1 200 kg /h of saturated steam at 4 bar g. What size pipe is required?
a | 100 mm

b | 80 mm

c | 125 mm

d | The pipe should be sized on pressure drop, and not by velocity

5. A straight run of pipe 30 m long and carrying saturated steam at 10 bar g is to be sized by
the velocity method to pass 20 000 kg/h. What size pipe is required?
a | 175 mm

b | 150 mm

c | 200 mm

d | 250 mm

6. From the following, what is the effect of sizing a 100 m long, 8 bar g steam pipe by the
velocity method?

a | Sizing by velocity takes no account of pressure drop along the pipe

b | If the velocity is more than 40 m /s, the pressure drop along the pipe may be

very small and in practice a small pipe may be used

c | If a low velocity is selected, the chosen pipe will probably be undersized resulting

in steam starvation at the plant

d | Over a length of 100 m, the noise of steam flow can be unacceptable

Answers

1: d, 2: b, 3: c, 4: a, 5: d, 6: a

10.2.22