CHAPTER 29 PARTICLES AND WAVES

PROBLEMS
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1.

REASONING The energy of the photon is related to its frequency by Equation 29.2,
E = hf . Equation 16.1, v = f , relates the frequency and the wavelength for any wave.
SOLUTION Combining Equations 29.2 and 16.1, and noting that the speed of a photon is
c, the speed of light in a vacuum, we have

c
c
hc
(6.63 10 34 J s)(3.0 10 8 m / s)
=
=
=
= 3.1 10 7 m = 310 nm
19
f
( E / h)
E
6.4 10
J
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2.

REASONING The energy of a photon of frequency f is, according to Equation 29.2,

E = hf , where h is Planck's constant. Since the frequency and wavelength are related by
f = c / (see Equation 16.1), the energy of a photon can be written in terms of the
wavelength as E = hc / . These expressions can be solved for both the wavelength and
the frequency.
SOLUTION
a. The wavelength of the photon is

hc (6.63 10 34 J s)(3.00 10 8 m / s)
=
= 1.63 10 7 m
18
E
1.22 10
J

b. Using the answer from part (a), we find that the frequency of the photon is
f =

c 3.00 10 8 m / s
=
= 1.84 10 15 Hz

1.63 10 7 m

Alternatively, we could use Equation 29.2 directly to obtain the frequency:

f =

E
1.22 10 18 J
=
= 1.84 10 15 Hz
h 6.63 10 34 J s

c. The wavelength and frequency values shown in Figure 24.10 indicate that this photon
corresponds to electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

190 PARTICLES AND WAVES

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3.

REASONING AND SOLUTION The energy of a single photon is

34

E = hf = (6.63 10

26

Js)(98.1 10 Hz) = 6.50 10

The number of photons emitted per second is

Power radiated
5.0 10 4 W
=
= 7 .7 10 29 photons / s
Energy per photon
6.50 10 26 J
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8.

REASONING The wavelength of the photon is related to its frequency f by = c/f

(Equation 16.1), where c is the speed of light. The frequency of the photon is proportional to
its energy E via f = E/h (Equation 29.2), where h is Plancks constant. Thus, = ch/E. The
photon energy is equal to the sum of the maximum kinetic energy KEmax of the ejected
electron and the work function W0 of the metal; E = KE max + W0 (Equation 29.3).
Substituting this expression for E into = ch/E gives

ch
KE max + W0

(1)

2
The maximum kinetic energy is related to the maximum speed vmax by KE max = 1 mvmax
2
(Equation 6.2), where m is the mass of the electron.
2
SOLUTION Substituting KE max = 12 mvmax
into Equation (1), and converting the work
function from electron-volts to joules, gives

ch
1
2

2
mvmax
+ W0

m/s ) ( 6.63 1034 J s )

= 1.9 107 m

19
2

J
1 ( 9.11 10 31 kg ) ( 1.2 106 m/s ) + ( 2.3 eV ) 1.60 10

2
1 eV

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=

( 3.00 108

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Chapter 29 Problems

191

10. REASONING We will first calculate the potential energy of the system at each of the two
separations, and then find the energy difference for the two configurations. Since the
electric potential energy lost by the system is carried off by a photon that is emitted during
the process, the energy difference must be equal to the energy of the photon. The
wavelength of the photon can then by found using Equation 29.2 with Equation 16.1:
E = hc / .
SOLUTION The initial potential energy of the system is (see Equations 19.3 and 19.6)

Fkq I
G
Hr JK
L(8.99 10
= ( 1.6 10 C) M
N

EPE 1 = eV1 = e

19

O
P
Q

N m 2 / C 2 )( 8.30 10 6 C)
= 2 .84 10 14 J
0.420 m

The final potential energy is

EPE 2 = eV2 = ( 1.6 10 19 C)

L
(8.99 10
M
N

O
P
Q

N m 2 / C 2 )( 8.30 10 6 C)
= 7 .56 10 15 J
1.58 m

The energy difference, and therefore the energy of the emitted photon, is
E = EPE 1 EPE 2 = 2 .84 10 14 J 7 .56 10 15 J = 2 .08 10 14 J
The wavelength of this photon is

hc (6.63 10 34 J s)(3.00 10 8 m / s)
=
= 9.56 10 12 m
E
2.08 10 14 J

2 .59 10 5 T
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13. REASONING AND SOLUTION

We know that

6.63 10 34 J s
h
p =
=
= 5.1 10 33 kg m / s

0.13 m
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16. REASONING The angle through which the X-rays are scattered is related to the
difference between the wavelength of the scattered X-rays and the wavelength of the
incident X-rays by Equation 29.7 as

192 PARTICLES AND WAVES

h (
1 cos )
mc

where h is Plancks constant, m is the mass of the electron, and c is the speed of light in a
vacuum. We can use this relation directly to find the angle, since all the other variables are
known.
SOLUTION Solving Equation 29.7 for the angle , we obtain
cos = 1

mc
( )
h

(
9.11 1031 kg ) ( 3.00 108 m/s ) (
= 1
0.2703 109 m 0.2685 109 m ) = 0.26
6.63 1034 J s

= cos 1 ( 0.26 ) = 75
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17. REASONING There are no external forces that act on the system, so the conservation of
linear momentum applies. Since the photon is scattered at = 180 , the collision is
"head-on," and all motion occurs along the horizontal direction, which we take as the x axis.
The incident photon is assumed to be moving along the +x axis. For an initially stationary
electron, the conservation of linear momentum states that:
p
123

Momentum
of incident
photon

p + pelectron
1 4 2 43
1 4 2 43

Momentum
of scattered
photon

Momentum
of recoil
electron

where the momentum of the scattered photon is negative since is moves along the x
direction (the scattering angle is 180). Using the relation p = h/ (Equation 29.6), where h
is Plancks constant and is the wavelength of the photon, we can write the expression for
the momentum of the electron as
pelectron = p + p =

h h
1 1
+
= h +

SOLUTION Substituting numerical values into the equation above, we have

1
1

pelectron = (6.626 10 34 J s)
+
= 4.755 10 24 kg m/s
9
9
0.2750 10 m 0.2825 10 m
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Chapter 29 Problems

193

21. REASONING AND SOLUTION The de Broglie wavelength is

6.63 10 34 J s
h
=
=
mv
1.3 10 4 kg 0.020 m / s

hb

2 .6 10 28 m

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22. REASONING AND SOLUTION The de Broglie wavelength is given by Equation 29.8 as
= h/p, where p is the magnitude of the momentum of the particle. The magnitude of the
momentum is p = mv, where m is the mass and v is the speed of the particle. Using this
expression in Equation 29.8, we find that

h
mv

v =

or

6.63 10 34 J s
h
=
= 1.41 10 3 m / s
27
9
m
1.67 10 kg 0.282 10 m

hc

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23. REASONING AND SOLUTION The de Broglie wavelength is given by Equation 29.8 as
= h / p , where p is the magnitude of the momentum of the particle. The magnitude of the
momentum is p = mv , where m is the mass and v is the speed of the particle. Using this
expression in Equation 29.8, we find that = h / ( mv ) , or
v=

6.63 10 34 J s
h
=
= 3.05 10 7 m / s
27
14
m
1.67 10 kg 1.30 10 m

hc

The kinetic energy of the proton is

KE = 21 mv 2 = 21 ( 1.67 10 27 kg)(3.05 10 7 m / s) 2 = 7.77 10 13 J
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24. REASONING The speed v of a particle is related to the magnitude p of its momentum by
v = p/m (Equation 7.2). The magnitude of the momentum is related to the particles
de Broglie wavelength by p = h/ (Equation 29.8), where h is Plancks constant. Thus, the
speed of a particle can be expressed as v = h/(m). We will use this relation to find the speed
of the proton.
SOLUTION The speeds of the proton and electron are
vproton =

h
mproton proton

and

velectron =

h
melectron electron

194 PARTICLES AND WAVES

Dividing the first equation by the second equation, and noting that electron= proton, we
obtain
vproton
m

m
= electron electron = electron
velectron
mproton proton
mproton
Using values for melectron and mproton taken from the inside of the front cover, we find that
the speed of the proton is
9.111031 kg
m

3
vproton = velectron electron = ( 4.50 106 m/s )
= 2.45 10 m/s
27
mproton
kg
1.67 10

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Chapter 29 Problems

195

31. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to the uncertainty principle, the minimum
uncertainty in the momentum can be determined from p y y = h / ( 4 ) . Since p y = mv y ,
it follows that p y = mv y . Thus, the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of the oxygen
molecule is given by
v y =

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 4.0 10 6 m/s
26
3
4 m y 4 5.3 10 kg 0.25 10 m

)(

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32. REASONING We assume that the electron is moving along the y direction, and that it can
be anywhere within the sphere. Therefore, the uncertainty in the electrons position is equal
to the diameter d of the sphere, so y = d. The minimum uncertainty py in the y component
of the electrons momentum is given by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as
p y = h / ( 4 y ) (Equation 29.10).
SOLUTION Setting y = d in the relation p y = h / ( 4 y ) gives
h
h
6.63 1034 J s
=
=
= 8.8 1021 kg m/s

15
4 y 4 d 4 ( 6.0 10
m)
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p y =

33. REASONING We know that the object is somewhere on the line. Therefore, the
uncertainty in the objects position is y = 2.5 m. The minimum uncertainty in the objects
momentum is py and is specified by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Equation 29.10)
in the form (py)(y) = h/(4). Since momentum is mass m times velocity v, the uncertainty
in the velocity v is related to the uncertainty in the momentum by v = (py)/m.
SOLUTION
a. Using the uncertainty principle, we find the minimum uncertainty in the momentum as
follows:
h
p y ( y ) =
4

py =

h
6.63 1034 J s
=
= 2.11035 kg m/s
4 y
4 ( 2.5 m )

b. For a golf ball this uncertainty in momentum corresponds to an uncertainty in velocity

that is given by

196 PARTICLES AND WAVES

v y =

py
m

2.11035 kg m/s
= 4.7 1034 m/s
0.045 kg

c. For an electron this uncertainty in momentum corresponds to an uncertainty in velocity

that is given by
p y 2.1 1035 kg m/s
v y =
=
= 2.3 105 m/s
31
m
9.1110
kg
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36. REASONING AND SOLUTION The uncertainty in the position is y = = h/mv. Now,
since py = mvy = h/4 , we have mvy = mv(h/mv) = hv/v = h/4. Solving for v
yields
v = v/4 = (4.5 105 m/s)/4 =

3.6 104m/s

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