A) DOSAGE CALCULATIONS B) ALCOHOL DILUTIONS C) ISOTONICTY CALCULATIONS D) PROOF SPIRIT CALCULATIONS E) DOSAGE REPLACEMENT FACTOR F) TEMPERATURE CONVERSION A) DOSAGE

CALCULATIONS1 Based on Age Young Rule (Children under 12 yrs of age) Child's dose = Age (yrs)/ Age (yrs) +12 x Adult dose Example: 1. Let us consider a drug whose dose is 350 mg, then the dose for a three year old child will be: Sol: Child dose = 3/3+12x 325 = 65mg Dillings formula Dose for the child = Age in years/20 x Adult dose Fried's Formula Dose for the child = Age in months/150 x AD Example 2: Consider that the dose of a drug for adult is 100 mg then the dose for a 9 month old infant and a boy of 16 yrs age can be calculated as below: Ans i) Fried's Rule 9/150x100 Dose = 6 mg ii) Dillings formula: Dose = 16/20 x 100 = 80 mg

Based on Body Weight: Clarks's Rule Dose for the child = Weight of the child/ 150 x Adult dose Example 3: If the adult dose of a drug is 10mg the dose for a 40 lb child will be: Child's Dose = 40/150 x 100 = 2.67mg Based On the Body Surface Child's Dose = Body surface area of a child/Body surface area of Adult x Adult dose Average body surface area for adult = 1.73 m2 Example 4: Let us see how to calculate the dose for child who has a body surface equal to 0.57 sq.m. when an average adult dose of a drug is 50 mg Child dose (approx) = 0.57/1.73 x 50 = 16.5 mg. B) ALCOHOL DILUTIONS Alligation method This method is used to find out the intermediate strength by mixing two preparations which are similar and having different strengths. Example 5 Calculate the volume of 95% alcohol required to prepare 600 ml of 70% alcohol? Volume required = 600ml Percentage of alcohol required = 70 Percentage of alcohol used = 95 By allegation method Alcohol Water 95 0 70

70-0 95-70 =25 To produce required % of alcohol, 70 parts of 95% alcohol and 25% of water mixed. Quantity of 95% alcohol required = 600x70/95 = 442.10ml Quantity of water required = 600 x 25/95= 157.90ml. C) ISOTONICTY CALCULATIONS Freezing point method or Cryoscopic method: % w/v of adjusting substance needed = [0.52-a]/b a= Freezing point of the unadjusted solution b=Freezing point of a 1% W/V solution of the adjusting sub. Example 6: Using croscopic method how will you prepare 1% solution of boric acid, iso-osmotic with blood plasma. (Hints: freezing point of 1% w/v solution of boric acid is -0.288o C). The freezing point of 1% w/v solution of NaCl is - 0.576 o C) Solution: % w/v of NaCl required = [0.52 -0.288]/0.576 = 0.402% w/v. So, weigh 1 gm of Boric acid and transfer to a volumetric flask then weigh 0.4 g of NaCl and add it to the boric acid in flask. Then add small quantity of water, dissolve and make up the volume up to 100 ml. Now we will have an iso-osmotic solution. NaCl Equivalent method: Quantity of NaCl required to adjust tonicity = 0.9 - (n x E) n = number of grams of unadjusted substance E = NaCl equivalent (quantity of NaCl i.e. equivalent to 1 gm of drug) White Vincet method: V = w x E x 111.1

Where V = volume of isotonic solution in ml that can be prepared by dissolving drug in water w = wt. of drug E = NaCl equivalent Molecular Concentration: % w/v of adjusting substance required = 0.03M/N M= Gram molecular weight N=Number of ions Example 7: How to prepare an iso-osmotic solution using dextrose. Molecular wt of dextrose=180 Dextrose is non ionizing substance so no ions. W= 0.03 x M = 0.03 x 180 = 5.4 g/100ml D) PROOF SPIRIT CALCULATIONS Any alcoholic solution which has 57.1% v/v alcohol is proof spirit. Steps which are involved in calculating. Firstly let us known how 1.753 is obtained. 57.1 Volume of ethyl alcohol = 100 Volume of P.S Volume of ethyl alcohol= 100/57.1= 1.753 volume of PS Step1: The % strength of alcohol is to be multiplied with 1.753 and substract100 from the value obtained after multiplying. Step2. If value obtained is + then it is over proof Step3. If value obtained is - then it is under proof. Example 8: What is the proof strength for 95% v/v alcohol?

% strength of alcohol x1.753 -100 = 95 x 1.753-100 = 166.53-100= +66.53 o So 66.53 o OP E) DOSAGE REPLACEMENT FACTOR Number of parts by weight of drug that replaces one part by weight of base. Displacement factor= 100 (E-G)/Gx + 1 E = Wt of pure suppositories G = Wt of suppositories containing x % of drug For preparation of suppositories in uniform and accurate weight this factor is used TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 9C = 5F - 160C C = Degree centigrade F = Degree Fahrenheit