Organic Chemistry

By: Leonardo Villarreal, Paola Sanchez and Pau Verdirame

Alkanes
What is it? Shape Uses

ALKANES ARE GAS or LIQUID MOLECULES MADE OF,

CARBON and HYDRON ATOMS ( HYDROM = HYDROGEN )

Alkanes!!are!compounds!t hat consist only carbon!and!hydrogen, it is a! hydrocarbon.It is!also known as paraffins!or saturated hydrocarbons because!carbon and hydrogen atoms are linked together exclusively by Properties

IUPAC Naming

A rational nomenclature system should do at least two things. First, it should indicate how the carbon atoms of a given compound are bonded together in a characteristic lattice of chains and rings.

The alkanes can exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature. The unbranched alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases; pentane through hexadecane are liquids; the homologues larger than hexadecane are solids.

Alkenes
What is it? Shape Uses

Alkenes are a family of hydrocarbons (compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only) containing a carbon-carbon double bond

Alkenes are produced from the alkanes in crude oil by a process called cracking. Cracking uses heat and a catalyst to decompose alkanes.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons which respectively have carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond functional groups.

The melting and boiling points of alkenes are determined by the regularity of the packing of these molecules. Alkene isomers that can achieve more regular packing have higher melting and boiling points than molecules with the same molecular formula but weaker dispersion forces.

Alkynes
What is it? Shape Uses

any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond, including acetylene.

making plastic polymerization making ethyl licole making industrial ethanol making halogen alkanes.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

Alkynes are named according to the same system as other organic compounds, with the suffix -yne used to designate the presence in the molecule of a triple carbon-carbon bond.

Alkynes have physical properties similar to alkanes and alkenes. Lower alkynes upto four carbon atoms are gases, those containing five to thirteen carbon atoms are liquids while higher alkynes are solids.

Halocarbons
What is it? Shape Uses

A chlorofluorocarbon or other compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens.

The most common uses for halocarbons are in solvents, pesticides, refrigerants, fire-resistant oils, ingredients of elastomers, adhesives and sealants, electrical insulating coatings, and plasticizers. Properties

IUPAC Naming

Halocarbons, organic compounds containing one or more halogens, are named using the same procedure. Take the name of the element attached (chlorine) and replace the -ine with -o (chloro). Use the same group prefixes to describe the amount. Ex: CF3CHBrCl is named 2bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.

Are essentially hydrocarbons where hydrogens have been replaced by halogens. When the halogens are in the compound you change the name, fluorine to fluoro, chlorine to chloro, bromine to bromo, and iodine to iodo. An example of this compound is 2-choloropropane, CH3CHClCH3. Like ketones, you should denote where the halogen is located in the compound by numbering the carbons in

Alcohol
What is it? Shape Uses

A colorless volatile flammable liquid that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel.

Drinks, industrial methylated spirits, as a fuel, as a solvent.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

Alcohols are usually named by the first procedure and are designated by an ol suffix, as in ethanol, CH3CH2OH (note that a locator number is not needed on a twocarbon chain). On longer chains the location of the hydroxyl group determines chain numbering. For example: (CH3)2C=CHCH(OH)CH3 is 4-methyl-3penten-2-ol.

They can be prepared and convert into many different types of compounds Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxy functional group (-OH) that is bonded to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The hydroxy functional group strongly contributes to the physical properties of alcohols.

Aldehyde
What is it? Shape Uses

Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen, alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the

Aldehydes are used for many things such as perfumes and flavorings. Other uses of Aldehydes include disinfectants and dying items. Aldehyde is also used in Bake Lite.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix -al to aldehydes. For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde. Since an aldehyde carbonyl group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain, it is always is given the #1 location position in numbering and it is not necessary to include it in the name. There are several simple carbonyl containing compounds which have common names

Aldehydes have properties that are diverse and that depend on the remainder of the molecule. Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde completely so. The volatile aldehydes have pungent odors. Aldehydes degrade in air via the process of autoxidation.

KETONE
What is it?
In chemistry, ketone is a organic compound with structure of RC(=O)R where R and R can be a variarity of carbon containing substituents. A ketone carbonyl function may be located anywhere within a chain or ring, and its position is usually given by a location number. Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group.

Shape

Uses
Hundreds of individual aldehydes and ketones are used by chemists daily to synthesize other compounds, but they are less important in industrial synthesis (that is, the production of compounds on a scale of tons). Only two aldehydes or ketones are used to a significant degree in industry in the United States, as determined by the number of tons

IUPAC Naming

Properties

Ketones!take their!name from their parent alkane chains. The ending -e!is removed and replaced with!-one. The common name for ketones are simply the substituent groups listed alphabetically + ketone. Some common ketones are known by their generic names.! Such as the fact that propanone is commonly referred to as acetone.

A comparison of the properties and reactivity of aldehydes and ketones with those of the alkenes is warranted, since both have a double bond functional group. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl group is polar, and aldehydes and ketones have larger molecular dipole moments (D) than do alkenes. The resonance structures on the right illustrate this polarity, and the relative dipole moments of formaldehyde, other aldehydes and ketones confirm the stabilizing influence that alkyl substituents have on carbocations (the larger the dipole moment the greater the polar character of

Carboxylic Acid
What is it?
The carboxyl functional group that characterizes the carboxylic acids is unusual in that it is composed of two functional groups described earlier in this text. As may be seen in the formula on the right, the carboxyl group is made up of a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group.

Shape

Uses

1. Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of soaps. 2. Organic acids are used in foods, cold drinks, etc. For example, acetic acid is used as vinegar. 3. Organic acids are used for the preparation of many drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc. 4. Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture

IUPAC Naming

Properties
The boiling point is more the 100 so it is more than water. The melting point is around 0 so it is almost the same as water. The table at the beginning of this page gave the melting and boiling points for a homologous group of carboxylic acids having from one to ten carbon atoms. The boiling points increased with size in a regular manner, but the melting points did not. Unbranched acids made up of an even number of carbon atoms have melting points higher than the odd numbered homologs having one more or one less carbon. This reflects differences in intermolecular attractive forces in the crystalline state. In the table of fatty acids we see that the presence of a cis-double bond significantly lowers the melting point of a

Many carboxylic acids are called by the common names. These names were chosen by chemists to usually describe a source of where the compound is found. In common names of aldehydes, carbon atoms near the carboxyl group are often designated by Greek letters. The atom adjacent to the carbonyl function is alpha, the next removed is beta and so on.

Ester
What is it?
They are chemical compounds that consist of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage. They mostly react with oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as alcohol or phenol. Esters are known for their distinctive odors and are commonly used for food aroma and fragrances. The general formula of an ester is

Shape

Uses

1. Esters are used for making artificial flavors and essences. These are used in cold drinks, ice-creams, sweets and perfumes. 2. Esters are used as solvents for oils, fats, gums, resins, cellulose, paints, varnishes, etc. 3. Esters are used as plasticizers.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

Esters are formed through reactions between an acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water. An example of this is the reaction of acetic acid with an alcohol, which yields an acetic ester and water.

General Physical Properties of EstersSome main features of the physical properties of esters are listed below. Esters are neutral(do not change colour of litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange or any other acid-base indicator) compounds. Esters are colourless and exist in liquid state at room temperature. Esters are polar due to the presence of carbonyl (=C=O)group and act as hydrogen bond acceptors not as donors.ester. Esters are volatile in nature and have low boiling and melting points.!