Canadian Literature in English

Teresa Gibert

Unit 5: Voices of Diversity

INTRODUCTION
Multiculturalism is reflected in the literary works of many contemporary Canadian writers who have proven how the richness of the country lies in its diversity. As Canadian society is composed of different ethnic groups which form the so-called multicultural mosaic, these writers have articulated the concept of ethnicity and their imaginative quest for personal and communal identity in multifarious ways. Their diverse familial and cultural roots are reflected in a number of extremely powerful texts which deal with issues of history, language, race, gender, class, hybridity, assimilation, political resistance, and cultural exchange. From a between-worlds position, many of these writers explore cross-cultural realities and provide accurate accounts of the immigration experience, since they were born to immigrant parents or were immigrants themselves. They have sought to record the complex manner in which they and their families have adapted to their new environment and how they have experienced both identification with and alienation from their old and new homelands. Although in this Unit we are only going to concentrate on five writers, other outstanding examples that could have been included here (in order to illustrate how ethnic diversity has produced multiple forms of Canadian fiction in the last decades of the twentieth century) are the following: Dionne Brand (who writes about her black Caribbean background), Nino Ricci (who is inspired by his Italian past), and Sky Lee (who explores her Chinese heritage). A second generation Japanese Canadian (Nisei), Joy Kogawa was born and raised in Canada, with a Christian background. In 1942, during the Second World War, she and her family were abruptly relocated from her native Vancouver, first to the ghost town of Slocan, in the interior of British Columbia. Then, in 1945, when all Japanese Canadians were ordered to re-settle east of the Rockies, she endured a second exile because she had to move again from British Columbia into Coaldale (Alberta). Although Kogawa has also published poetry, childrens books and two other novels, she is mainly known as the author of Obasan (1983), a novel about the enforced evacuation from the Pacific Coast and the dispersal of Japanese Canadians. Kogawa achieved great ideological ascendancy through her art because her first novel provided a catalyst or a powerful literary lever for the Japanese Canadians who, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, were attempting to obtain an official apology and some redress. Obasan was instrumental in influencing the Canadian Governments 1988 acknowledgement of genuine regret on behalf of all Canadians for the loss of liberty and property that more than 21,000 Japanese Canadians had suffered, in spite of the fact that no one had been charged with treason. Obasan is generally classified under the heading of historical fiction or, in Linda Hutcheons terms, historiographic metafiction, which the critic defines as fiction that is intensely, self-reflexively art, but is also grounded in historical, social and political realities (1988: 13). Kogawa reinterprets and corrects official versions of history. She tries to set the record straight by revealing what really happened. But Obasan is not a political tract written by a member of an ethnic minority seeking justice. Far from claiming absolute truth for one particular vision or giving a single one-dimensional perspective, Kogawa

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includes multiple points of view and juxtaposes voices, thus enriching the novel with a polyphonic quality that captivates readers. The author has been widely acclaimed for her dexterous mixing of genres, that is, the perfect combination of factual information, historical accounts, official documents, newspaper articles, dreams, myths, tales, autobiography and fiction. Among the most often praised features of Obasan, we could mention its lyric intensity, elegiac tone, allegoric language and carefully crafted weaving of symbols. Many readers also appreciate the gentleness and calm attitude of the narrator, Naomi Nakane (a character partly modelled after Kogawa herself) as well as her lack of bitterness or self-pity. A postmodernist and postcolonial artist, Michael Ondaatje is currently praised for the imaginative force of his works. He is not only a writer, but a photographer and a film-maker as well. For him, filmmaking and writing are two mutually influential creative activities. His books are characterized by the incorporation of various sources and the mixing of different discourses, genres and media. His narrative collages contain both verse and prose, passages of lyric poetry, interviews, popular songs, archival records, and photographs. For instance, Running in the Family (1982), a typically postmodern autobiographical text, is a hybrid book, at once memoir, fiction and photograph album in which the author appears as a compiler. Running in the Family is one of his two autobiographical works, dealing primarily with his family background in Sri Lanka, the country of his birth. He moved to England in 1952, and in 1962, at the age of nineteen, he settled in Canada, a country which has also shaped his literary career. The tension between marginality and integration is recurrent in his works. In many of them he seeks to explore the issues of identity and nationalism, which are linked to the experiences of displacement and exile. His personal experience of migration has allowed him a double perspective and promoted his interest in exploring a cultural hybridity which rejects national borders. Apart from questioning the notion of fixed identities for nations, he also challenges official history and attempts to reconstruct the past as a redefinable present in his narratives, which are often based on historical events and real personages. Over the 1960s Ondaatjes main literary efforts were spent on poetry, which was collected in the volumes The Dainty Monsters (1967) and The Man with Seven Toes (1969), a book inspired by the paintings of Sidney Nolan (1919-1992). He started with a formalized diction, emerging from a school that believes the poem to be an artifact which should include a number of overt intertextual references. His early work as a poet reveals his awareness of the representational powers of language, his aestheticism, his interest in the bizarre and his wish to compel his readers to redefine their own sense of reality. Over the years, Michael Ondaatje has written extremely powerful poetry in such a variety of forms that he defies categorization as a poet, as Margaret Atwood wrote in her introduction to The New Oxford Book of Canadian Verse in English (1982). The exotic imagery and the sensuality of Ondaatjes later poetry has captured the imagination of his readers. Although Ondaatje started his literary career as a poet, today he is best known as the author of The English Patient (1992), a novel that has been praised for its sensuous prose and poetic power. The book won the Booker Prize, the Governor Generals Award and the Trillium Award. Later on, it became a bestseller and gained Ondaatje the widest international audience of his career after the film version of The English Patient obtained nine Oscars.

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Indian-Canadian literature as an identifiable body came into existence around the 1970s, and was produced by members of the wave of immigration that went to Canada in the early 1950s, after independence. These educated and highly qualified South-Asians put down their roots in their adopted homeland in spite of the racist injustice to which they were submitted. Their literary production reflects not only the reactionary opposition that they were undergoing in their own time, but also the lasting effects of the prejudice that the first wave of South-Asian immigrants had suffered since the 1890s, which had led to the restrictive immigration orders-in-councils of 1910 that virtually prevented Indians from entering Canada. One of the writers of the Indian Diaspora, Rohinton Mistry, a Parsi Zoroastrian, 1 was born in Bombay in 1952 and immigrated to Toronto in 1975, where he worked in a bank. Then, after winning a number of literary awards, he quit his bank job in order to write full time. His anthology of short stories Tales from Firozsha Baag (1987), short-listed for the Governor Generals Award, was followed by a widely acclaimed first novel, Such a Long Journey (1991), A Fine Balance (1995), and Family Matters (2002). Such a Long Journey evokes the customs of the middle-class Parsi community of Bombay in the 1970s through the lives of Gustad Noble and his family. Although Mistry claims that Parsi identity is not the central focus of his writing, in fact much of his fiction deals with the assertion of this identity and the will to record the ways of life of a dwindling community which may fade into oblivion due to demographic decline. In Such a Long Journey Mistry emerges as a realist with a well-wrought plot based on personal observations and with a language that constitutes a fine specimen of Indian English, interspersed with Hindi words and literal translations of Hindi phrases. The author incorporates myths from Persian, Hindu, Greek and Christian sources. A Fine Balance studies human relationships in a world permeated by cruel violence. It reveals the social and historical developments of India by focusing on how the state of Emergency intrudes into the lives of four characters in the mid-1970s and leads to their eventual destruction. This novel draws upon the traditional art of Indian narrative fiction, introducing characters and linking them together into a stream of stories. In Family Matters the private and public worlds are linked again, because the novel depicts a Parsi family torn apart in the politically corrupt Bombay of the 1990s. Mistry entertains with his gentle sense of humour and wins the admiration of his audience with his eye for detail, clarity, accuracy, mastery of form, subtlety, irony, understanding and keen insight. Thanks to his sense of character, his people come alive in their world and enjoy a vibrant existence in his readers minds. Confrontation has characterized the relations between Native (or Aboriginal 2) Canadian and non-Native Canadian cultures, giving way to a number of tensions and
Following the Arab invasion of Persia in the seventh century, the Zoroastrians from Khorasan, a province of North Eastern Iran, left their homeland in the early eighth century to avoid conversion to Islam, sailing to India, where they preserved their religion and came to be known as Parsis or Parsees, after Pars, the name of a province in Iran. In colonial times, the Parsis enjoyed a privileged position in India, became Westernized and came to identify with their British masters. But in postcolonial India they were urged to move to the West, where they suffered the psychological trauma of being lumped with other Asian groups, and where they displayed the traits of anguish, loss and nostalgia for their glorious Persian past. 2 The Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 refers to Indians, Mtis, and Inuit under the umbrella term of Aboriginal peoples. They are a highly diversified population. Indians are legally defined as Non-status Indians (because, although they are of Indian ancestry, they are not registered as Indians) and Treaty
1

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divisions. White Canadian writers have approached Native Canadian cultures as outsiders, but it is the contemporary Native Canadian authors who are using their distinct voices to accurately define their own cultures, past and present, from within. Modern Native Canadian literature is formed by a substantial body of works (poetry, fiction, memoirs and drama) produced by Natives (either by birth or adopted and raised as such) from different tribes, with a variety of languages. The Native storytellers have become bilingual, and nowadays they tend to use English to address both a pan-Native as well as a non-Native audience with a wide range of genres, themes, plots, characters and settings. Recent Native writers reject the static depiction of their peoples, and they generally set their works in the present, thus showing how their rich traditions are continually evolving, renewing themselves and adapting to the contemporary world rather than being on the verge of extinction. While these writers draw inspiration from their ancient past, they focus on the social realities of life on todays Canadian reserves and in urban centres, paying particular attention to the political dimensions of their personal and collective experiences. The idea of community (with intricate webs of kinship) and the sense of group and family history are central to this kind of literature, which emphasizes the importance of all sorts of relationships: among humans, between humans and animals, and between humans and the land. Instead of dwelling on the figure of the solitary Indian imagined by non-Native writers, Native authors present characters who interact and are closely related to one another through blood, marriage, adoption or friendship. Oral patterns of narration are a distinctive feature of Native writings, which are rooted in spoken sources that embrace formal narrative, informal storytelling, political discourse, song and prayer. All these forms of verbal expression were transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation as a way to pass on effectively the respective history, cultural knowledge, religious beliefs, moral values, and rules of behaviour of the Native peoples before they became literate. The fact that the works of Native writers are grounded on oral traditions partly explains why sometimes they do not meet the expectations of non-Native readers, nor are they always in line with the aesthetic criteria and the prevailing trends of Western literary criticism. Among the numerous Native writers who have achieved popular success and academic recognition, Thomas King has been chosen in this Unit to exemplify the presence of Aboriginal voices in contemporary Canadian literature. Born in Sacramento (California) in 1943 to a Cherokee father and a mother of Greek and German descent, Thomas King is now one of Canadas best-known Native writers. He graduated from Chico State College (California) and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Utah in 1986. He emigrated to Canada and taught in the Native Studies Department at the University of Lethbridge (Alberta) for ten years. Then, he was Chair of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis). He returned to Canada and accepted an academic position at the University of Guelph (Ontario), where he became Professor of English whose main specialities are in Native Literature and Creative
Indians (status or registered Indians who are members of a band that signed a treaty). The Mtis are people of European and North American Indian ancestry. The Inuit are Aboriginal people located mainly in the North. At present, while Aboriginal Canadians reside in all the provinces, their proportion in the Territorial North is nearly half of the total population (which is over 100,000).

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Writing. He has co-edited a volume of critical essays entitled The Native in Literature (1987), edited All My Relations: An Anthology of Contemporary Canadian Native Fiction (1990) and is the author of the series of Massey lectures The Truth About Stories (2003), winner of the Trillium Book Award. Ten of his short stories, published in several journals between 1985 and 1992, were collected under the title of One Good Story, That One (1993). A Short History of Indians in Canada (2005) brings together twenty stories of varying length, some of which were new, whereas others had been previously published, such as the introductory brief narrative that became the title story of the volume. In addition to his essays, poems and short stories, Thomas King has published three novels under his own name, Medicine River (1991), Green Grass, Running Water (1994) and Truth and Bright Water (1999), as well as the mystery novels DreadfulWater Shows Up (2002) and The Red Power Murders: A DreadfulWater Mystery (2006), both of them under the pseudonym Hartley GoodWeather. King has also published the following childrens books: A Coyote Columbus Story (1992), Coyote Sings to the Moon (1998), Coyotes New Suit (2004), and A Coyote Solstice Tale (2009). Thomas King was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 2004. Throughout his fiction, Thomas King has articulated a synthesis of the realistic style (which concentrates on everyday life and earthly events) and the mythical style (characterized by a focus on the grotesque and the use of surrealistic imagery that leads to a world of fantasy and supernaturalism). By depicting people and objects with photographic naturalism while resorting to fantasy and giving credit to all kinds of mysterious manifestations, Thomas King does not intend to duplicate reality, but to challenge and correct it. His art, which is intensely political, concentrates on the experiences of contemporary Native Canadians. His writing, which places serious concerns within a comic framework, is directed towards consciousness-raising. Through humour, King plays with his readers expectations and serves the specific didactic purpose of correcting widespread misconceptions about Native peoples and their cultures (e.g. the stereotypes of the vanishing Indian and the Noble Savage, two clichs which he analyzed in his doctoral dissertation). His endless joking, in the form of bicultural play, becomes an effective tool for the subversion of power structures, a sharp weapon in the fight against dominant authority, and an important force in survival. Kings short stories demonstrate in practical terms that Native Canadian oral literature is a thriving tradition, rather than something that has already vanished as an art form. An important aspect of Kings novels is their rhythm, for he looks at them as musical pieces, symphonies. Most of his characters are either Blackfoot or Cree Indians from Alberta. In his parodies of master-narratives, King makes extensive use of Coyote as the Native trickster, a comic, clownish figure that can change gender, appearing as either male or female.

SYNOPSIS
1. Multiculturalism reflected in the works of contemporary Canadian writers. Canadian society as a multicultural mosaic. Articulating the concept of ethnicity and the imaginative quest for personal and communal identity in multifarious ways. Issues of history, language, race, gender, class, hybridity, assimilation, resistance, and cultural exchange. Ethnic diversity as a source of Canadian fiction. Exploration of cross-cultural realities. Realistic accounts of the

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immigration experience. Adaptation to a new environment: identification with and alienation from the old and new homelands. 2. Joy Kogawa (b. 1935): Second generation Japanese Canadian (Nisei). Poetry, childrens books and three novels. Obasan (1983): about the forced evacuation and dispersal of Japanese Canadians during World War II. Ideological ascendancy for the Japanese Canadian redress cause. Historiographic metafiction. Multiple points of view and juxtaposition of voices (polyphony). Dexterous mixing of genres. Lyric intensity, elegiac tone, allegoric language and carefully crafted weaving of symbols. The narrator: calm attitude, lack of bitterness and self-pity. 3. Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943): A postmodernist and postcolonial artist: writer, photographer and film-maker. Incorporation of various sources and mixing of different discourses, genres and media. Narrative collages: lyric poetry, interviews, popular songs, archival records, and photographs. Tension between marginality and integration. Issues of identity and nationalism. Experiences of displacement and exile. Personal experience of migration from Sri Lanka: double perspective and interest in exploring cultural hybridity. Questioning the notion of fixed identities for nations and official history. Early poetry: The Dainty Monsters (1967) and The Man with Seven Toes (1969). Formalized diction. The poem as an artifact. Overt intertextual references. The representational powers of language. Aestheticism. Interest in the bizarre. Variety of forms. Exotic imagery and sensuality. The English Patient (1992): sensuous prose and poetic power. Bestseller. 4. Rohinton Mistry (b. 1952): Parsi Zoroastrian; South-Asian immigrant in Canada. Tales from Firozsha Baag (1987), Such a Long Journey (1991) and A Fine Balance (1995). The assertion of Parsi identity. Realism. Indian English with Hindi words. Myths from Persian, Hindu, Greek and Christian sources. Drawing upon the traditional art of Indian narrative fiction. Linking the private and public worlds. Gentle sense of humour, eye for detail, clarity, accuracy, mastery of form, subtlety, irony, understanding and keen insight. The sense of character. 5. Contemporary Native Canadian literature: a substantial body of works (poetry, fiction, memoirs and drama) produced by Natives from different tribes with a variety of languages. Use of English to address a pan-Native and a non-Native audience with a wide range of genres, themes, plots, characters and settings. Works generally set in the present, focused on social realities and political dimensions. The idea of community. Oral patterns of narration. 6. Thomas King (b. 1943): American-born mixed-blood academic and fiction writer. Collections of short stories: One Good Story, That One (1993), and A Short History of Indians in Canada (2005). Novels: Medicine River (1991), Green Grass, Running Water (1994), and Truth and Bright Water (1999). Other publications: essays, lectures, poems, childrens stories, and mystery stories. Synthesis of realistic and mythical styles. Challenging and correcting reality. Intensely political art focused on the experiences of contemporary Native

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Canadians. Consciousness-raising: serious concerns within a comic framework. Humour as a subversive tool. Correction of misconceptions about Native peoples. Bicultural play. Oral literature: novels as musical pieces, symphonies. Main characters: Blackfoot or Cree Indians from Alberta. Parodies of master-narratives. The trickster: Coyote, a comic, clownish figure.

ACTIVITIES
1. Read the introduction on Joy Kogawa (ANA, pages 731-32; ACLE, pages 75052). Then, read the short story Obasan (ANA, pages 736-41; ACLE, pages 75257), which Kogawa later rewrote as chapter three of her novel of the same title. Pay particular attention to the writers understated prose, which is full of allusions, emotional echoes, ironic juxtapositions, symbols, similes and metaphors. The narrator of the story is Naomi Nakane, and the old woman she describes is Obasan, one of her two aunts. Note that the character of Obasan (whose name is the Japanese word for aunt) stands for silence, constancy, calmness, patience, acceptance of fate, self-effacement, verbal inarticulateness, and communication through body language and symbolic actions. In an interview, Kogawa remarked that she chose the name of Obasan as the title of her novel because this aunt is totally silent, and added if we never see Obasan, she will always be oppressed (Wayne 1981: 23). At the beginning of the story, the death of Naomis Uncle has brought her back to the house where she lived as a child when she was evacuated from Vancouver, and where she intends to comfort the widow, Obasan. In this setting, Naomi tries to confront her past through reminiscence, by pondering the painful memories of her exile. She reflects on how her own family suffered the effects of the unjust treatment to which Japanese Canadians were submitted during and after World War II. 2. Read the introduction on Michael Ondaatje (ANA, pages 885-87; ACLE, pages 928-30) and make a list of the main features of his poetry and fiction. Then, read the following poems: The Cinnamon Peeler and Wells (ANA, pages 892-94 and 897-98; ACLE, 939-40 and 946-47). The Cinnamon Peeler is the title poem of a volume Ondaatje first published in 1989 and Wells is included in Handwriting (1998), a collection of poetry inspired by the authors country of birth. Both The Cinnamon Peeler and Wells are intensely personal poems written in a strongly sensory language. Their exotic imagery appears to stem from Ondaatjes childhood memories of Sri Lanka. Note how The Cinnamon Peeler begins in conditional desire (If I were a cinnamon peeler), but then the speaker leaves the conditional behind and inhabits the persona of the cinnamon peeler. 3. Read the introduction on Rohinton Mistry (ANA, pages 1072-1074; ACLE, pages 1086-1087). Then, read Swimming Lessons (ANA, pages 1074-1089; ACLE, pages 1087-1102). Swimming Lessons is the last of the eleven stories included in the collection Tales from Firozsha Baag 3 and the only one set
3

Firozsha Baag is a residential block or apartment building in Bombay which is inhabited by middleclass Parsi families.

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primarily in Canada, though it also contains shifts to India, where the narrators parents read and comment on the text which their son has recently written in Toronto. The unnamed narrator is presumably Kersi, the narrator of a previous story, Lend Me Your Light, a writer engaged in defining his own hybridity, like Mistry. The fact that Swimming Lessons is written in two types of print is an integral part of its narrative technique, for it indicates the shifting of point of view, an uncommon feature in Mistrys fiction. India-Bombay-Firozsha Baag are juxtaposed with the Canadian experience. Note that the initial failure of the protagonist to master both the Chowpatty Beach waters in Bombay and the swimming pool water in Canada symbolizes his failure to assimilate into either society. However, by the end of the story, when he reopens his eyes under the water of his bath-tub, he feels reborn, for he sees life in the dual perspective of the Eastern and Western worlds. 4. Read the introduction on Thomas King (ANA, pages 913-14; ACLE, pages 94849) and make a list of the main features of his works. Then, read A Coyote Columbus Story (ANA, pages 914-17; ACLE, pages 949-53) bearing in mind that it is meant to be read aloud and listened to. Pay attention to how the repetitions, the typographical layout and the punctuation of Kings experimental text are all designed to evoke distinctive speech rhythms and capture the authentic flavour of Native oral storytelling. Note how the author uses a comic strategy to deal with a tragic subject: the effects of colonization. The tale of Columbuss triumphant journey to the Americas is retold from an alternative perspective that deflates all glory. Thomas Kings counter-narrative mocks dominant imperialist discourse and is directed at subverting the authority of the Eurocentric narrative of heroic conquest that was so enthusiastically celebrated on the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary (1992). According to this version of the story, Columbus and his crew were created by Old Coyote, and that was her big mistake. She was not interested in power, in seeking obedience, or in imposing any world views. She created different kinds of beings hoping that they would become her companions to play ball, and when they successively rejected her invitation, she did not punish them or try to force upon them any rules of behaviour. All these creatures lived happily until she created Columbus and his crew, who imposed their own norms and became exploitative towards the Indians, but then the harm had been done and it was too late for Old Coyote to rectify. 5. Use your notes to write a brief essay on one of the following topics about the short stories you have read in this Unit: The fragmentary nature of the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. Ambiguities and discontinuities in the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. Binary oppositions in the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King.

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The experience of displacement in the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. The narrators of the works of Joy Kogawa, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. Imagery in the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. Characterization in the works of Joy Kogawa, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King. How is the concept of ethnicity articulated by Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King? The weaving of fantasy and real experience in the works of Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, and Thomas King.

FURTHER READING
In the UNED Main Library you will find a number of books by the writers studied in this Unit. Kogawa, Joy. Itsuka. London: Penguin, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 KOG. . Naomis Road. Toronto: Stoddart, 1995. Signatura: 820 (73) - 93 19 KOG. . Obasan. New York: Doubleday, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 KOG. . The Rain Ascends. New York: Knopf, 1995. Signatura: 820 (73) 19 KOG. . Woman in the Woods. Oakville, ON: Mosaic, 1985. Signatura 820 (73) -1 19 KOG. Ondaatje, Michael. The Cinnamon Peeler: Selected Poems. London: Picador, 1989. Signatura: 820(73) - 1 19 OND. . The Collected Works of Billy the Kid. Concord, ON: Anansi, 1997. Signatura: 820-1 19 OND. . Coming Through Slaughter. Concord, ON: Anansi, 1995. Signatura: 820-31 19 OND. . The Dainty Monsters. Toronto: Coach House, 1991. Signatura: 820 - 1 19 OND. . Elimination Dance. London, ON: Brick, 1995. Signatura: 820 - 7 19 OND. . The English Patient. London: Bloomsbury, 1992. Signatura: 820 - 31 19 OND. . Handwriting: Poems. Toronto: McClelland, 1998. Signatura: 820 - 1 19 OND. . In the Skin of a Lion. Toronto: Random House, 1996. Signatura: 820 - 94 19 OND. . Running in the Family. Toronto: McClelland, 1993. Signatura: 820 - 94 19 OND. . Anils Ghost. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Signatura: 820 - 31 19 OND. Mistry, Rohinton. A Fine Balance. Toronto: McClelland, 1995. Signatura: 820 (73) -31 19 MIS. . Such a Long Journey. New Canadian Library. Toronto: McClelland, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73) -31 19 MIS.

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. Tales from Firozsha Baag. Toronto: McClelland, 1997. Signatura: 820(73)-34 19 MIS.

King, Thomas. All My Relations: An Anthology of Contemporary Canadian Native Fiction. Toronto: McClelland, 1991. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 ALL. . A Coyote Columbus Story. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1992. Signatura: 820 (73) - 91 19 KIN. . Coyotes New Suit. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2004. Signatura: 820 (73) - 93 19 KIN. . Green Grass, Running Water. New York: Harper, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 KIN. . Medicine River. Toronto: Penguin, 1991. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 KIN. . One Good Story, That One. New York: Harper Collins, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73) - 34 19 KIN. . A Short History of Indians in Canada. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2005. Signatura: 820 (73) - 34 19 KIN. . The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative. Toronto: Anansi, 2003. Signatura: 820 (73) - 94 19 KIN. [GoodWeather, Hartley] DreadfulWater Shows Up: A Novel. 1999. Simon and Schuster, 2002. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31 19 GOD. King, Thomas, et al. Our Story: Aboriginal Voices on Canadas Past. Doubleday / Anchor Canada, 2006. Signatura: 820 (73) - 3 19 OUR.

Selected Criticism on Multicultural Literature

Anderson, Alan B., and James S. Frideres. Ethnicity in Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1981. Aziz, Nurjehan, ed. Floating the Borders. New Contexts in Canadian Criticism. Toronto: Tsar, 2000. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 FLO. This collection includes essays about Vassanji, Mistry and Bissoondath, among others. Balan, Jars. Identifications: Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada. Edmonton: U of Alberta P, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1982. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 IDE. Bannerji, Himani. On the Dark Side of the Nation: Politics of Multiculturalism and the State of Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies 31.3 (Fall 1996): 103-128. Bissoondath, Neil. Selling Illusions. The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada, 1994. Signatura: 316.35 (71) BIS. Brand, Dionne. Bread out of Stone: Recollections Sex, Recognitions Race, Dreaming Politics. Toronto: Coach House, 1994. Signatura: 396 BRA. Chao, Lien. Beyond Silence: Chinese Canadian Literature. Toronto: Tsar, 1997. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 CHA. Chow, Rey. Ethics After Idealism: Theory, Culture, Ethnicity, Reading. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1998. Clarke, George Elliott, and Ellen Seligman, eds. Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature. Toronto: McClelland, 1997. Signatura: 820 (73) EYE. Davis, Roco G., and Rosala Baena, eds. Tricks with a Glass: Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 TRI.

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Canadian Literature in English

Teresa Gibert

Gibert Maceda, M Teresa. Ni vctimas ni verdugos: la afirmacin de las mujeres en la literatura canadiense actual. ES. Revista de Filologa Inglesa 17 (1993): 75-82. . Escritoras de las minoras tnicas en Canad. EPOS 9 (1993): 475-88. . Unity in Diversity: Coming to Terms with a Plural National Identity in Canadian Literature. Ed. Jos Antonio Zabalbeascoa, Lina Sierra and Jess Cora. Canada: Cosmopolitanism and Diversity. Alcal: Universidad de Alcal, 1996. 71-91. . Turning Histories of Childhood into Stories for Children: Autobiographical Fiction about the Internment of Japanese Canadians during WW II. Stories for Children, Histories of Childhood. 2 vols. Ed. Rosie Findlay and Sbastien Salbayre. GRAAT 36. Tours: Presses Universitaires Franois Rabelais, 2007. Vol. II. 267-283. . Pragmatism, Ethics and Aesthetics in the Narratives of the Japanese-Canadian Displacement. Transport(s) in the British Empire and the Commonwealth. Ed. Michle Lurdos and Judith Misrahi-Barak. Les Carnets du Cerpac n 4. Montpellier: Service des Publications Universit Paul Valry Montpellier III, 2007. 203-23. Gordon, Avery E., and Christopher Newfield, eds. Mapping Multiculturalism. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996. Hutcheon, Linda, and Marion Richmond, eds. Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1990. Signatura: 820 (73)- 3 19 OTH. Kamboureli, Smaro. Canadian Ethnic Anthologies: Representations of Ethnicity. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature 25.4 (Oct. 1994): 11-52. . Scandalous Bodies: Diasporic Literature in English Canada. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1999. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 KAM. Loriggio, Francesco. The Question of the Corpus: Ethnicity and Canadian Literature. Future Indicative: Literary Theory and Canadian Literature. Ed. John Moss. Ottawa: U of Ottawa P, 1987. 53-69. McAlpine, Kirstie. Narratives of Silence: Marlene Nourbese Philip and Joy Kogawa. The Guises of Canadian Diversity. Ed. Serge Jaumain and Marc Maufort. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995. 133-42. Signatura: 82. 0 GUI. Minh-ha, Trinh T. When the Moon Waxes Red: Representation, Gender, and Cultural Politics. New York: Routledge, 1991. Mukherjee, Arun. Oppositional Aesthetics: Readings From a Hyphenated Space. Toronto: Tsar, 1994. Part Two: Minority Canadian Writing. Signatura: 82. 0 MUK. Pal, Leslie A. Interest of State: The Politics of Language, Multiculturalism, and Feminism in Canada. Montreal: MacGill-Queens UP, 1993. Signatura: 36 PAL. Palumbo-Liu, David, ed. The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institutions, and Interventions. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1995. Schaub, Danielle, et al. eds. Precarious Present/Promising Future? Ethnicity and Identities in Canadian Literature. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996. Siemerling, Winfried, ed. Writing Ethnicity: Cross-Cultural Consciousness in Canadian and Qubcois Literature. Toronto: ECW Press, 1996. Signatura: 820(73).0 WRI. Silvera, Makeda, ed. The Other Woman: Women of Colour in Contemporary Canadian Literature. Toronto: Sister Vision, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 OTH. Singh, Amritjit et al. Memory, Narrative, and Identity: New Essays in Ethnic Literatures. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 MEM. Verduyn, Christl. Pulling Together: Canadian Literary Pluralities. Journal of Canadian Studies 31.3 (Fall 1996): 3-8. , ed. Literary Pluralities. Peterborough: Broadview, 1998.

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Canadian Literature in English

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Willett, Cynthia, ed. Theorizing Multiculturalism. A Guide to the Current Debate. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Wiliamson, Janice. Sounding Differences: Conversations with Seventeen Canadian Women Writers. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73).0 SOU.

WEB Pages on Joy Kogawa

Biography of Joy Kogawa http://kogawa.homestead.com Interview with writer Joy Kogawa, by Sally Ito http://www.papertigers.org/interviews/archived_interviews/jkogawa.html Joy Kogawa (Canadian Women Poets) http://www.brocku.ca/canadianwomenpoets/Kogawa.htm Joy Kogawa, Obasan http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/Kogawa.html Voices from the Gaps: Joy Kogawa http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/kogawaJoy.php Moral - in Whose Sense? Joy Kogawas Obasan and Julia Kristevas Powers of Horror, by Robin Potter http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol15_1/&filename=Pot ter.htm Speaking the Silence: Joy Kogawas Obasan, by Gary Willis http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol12_2/&filename=Wil lis.htm

Selected Criticism on Joy Kogawa

Adachi, Ken. The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese Canadians. Toronto: McClelland, 1976. Signatura: 971ADA. Bilan, R.P. [Review of Obasan] University of Toronto Quarterly 51 (1982): 316-18. Bow, Leslie Anne. For Every Gesture of Loyalty, There Doesnt Have to Be a Betrayal: Feminism and Cultural Nationalism in Asian American Womens Literature. Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 54-05A, 1993. 1800. Brandt, Di. Silent Mothers/Noisy Daughters: Joy Kogawas Obasan and Sky Lees Disappearing Moon Caf. Wild Mother Dancing. Winnipeg: U of Manitoba P, 1993. 109-33. Signatura: 820 (73) - 3 0 BRA. Brydon, Diana. Obasan: Joy Kogawas Lament for a Nation. Kunapipi 16. 1 (1994): 465-70. Cheung, King-kok. Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa. Series: Reading Women Writing. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. Chua, Cheng Lok. Witnessing the Japanese Canadian Experience in World War II: Processual Structure, Symbolism, and Irony in Joy Kogawas Obasan. Reading the Literatures of Asian America. Ed. Shirley Geok-Lin Lim and Amy Ling. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1992. 97-108. Darias, Eva. Joy Kogawas Obasan: Resistance and the Strategies of Language. Revista Espaola de Estudios Canadienses 1.3 (Oct. 1992): 433-47.

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Canadian Literature in English

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. Division, Language and Doubleness in the Writings of Joy Kogawa. Tenerife: Universidad de La Laguna, 1998. Signatura: 820 (73) KOGAWA1 DAR. Davidson, Arnold. Writing Against the Silence: Joy Kogawas Obasan. Toronto: ECW Press, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73) KOGAWA 1. Fairbanks, Carol. Joy Kogawas Obasan: A Study in Political Efficacy. The Journal of American and Canadian Studies 5 (Spring 1990): 73-92. Fujita, Gayle Kimi. To Attend the Sound of Stone: The Sensibility of Silence in Obasan. MELUS 12.3 (Fall 1985): 33-42. . The Ceremonial Self in Japanese American Literature (Asian American, Etsu Sugimoto, Joy Kogawa, Monica Sone, John Okada). Dissertation Abstracts International. vol. 47-05A, 1986, 1727. Gibert-Maceda, M Teresa. Los silencios de Joy Kogawa. El discurso artstico en oriente y occidente: semejanzas y contrastes. Ed. Jos Luis Carams Lage et al. Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo, 1997. Vol. I, 489-505. . From Obasan to Itsuka: The Power of Silence in Joy Kogawas Rewriting of History. Estudios de Filologa Inglesa. Homenaje a Jack White. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2000. 65-78. Goellnicht, Donald C. Minority History as Metafiction: Joy Kogawas Obasan. Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 8 (Fall 1989) 287-306. Hune, Shirley, ed. Asian Americans: Comparative and Global Perspectives. Pullman: Washington State UP, 1991. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 ASI. Hutcheon, Linda. The Canadian Postmodern: A Study of Contemporary English-Canadian Fiction. Toronto: Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Signatura: 820-3.0 HUT. Jones, Manina. The Avenues of Speech and Silence: Telling Difference in Joy Kogawas Obasan. Theory Between the Disciplines: Authority/Vision/Politics. Ed. Martin Kreiswirth and Mark A. Cheetham. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1990. 213-29. Kella, Elizabeth. Beloved Communities: Solidarity and Difference in Fiction by Michael Ondaatje, Toni Morrison, and Joy Kogawa. Uppsala University Library: Uppsala, 2000. Lim, Shirley Geok-lin. Japanese American Womens Life Stories: Maternality in Monica Sones Nisei Daughter and Joy Kogawas Obasan. Feminist Studies 16.2 (Summer 1990): 288-312. MacLaine, Brent. Writing Plain Visions: The Mystic Migrant in Joy Kogawas Obasan. Singapore: National University of Singapore, 1990. Magnusson, A. Lynne. Language and Longing in Joy Kogawas Obasan. Canadian Literature 116 (Spring 1988): 58-66. Mason, Harris. Joy Kogawa. Toronto: ECW Press, 1997. Morgan, Janice, and C.T. Hall, eds. Redefining Autobiography in Twentieth-Century Womens Fiction. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. Signatura: 82-94.0 RED. Potter, Robin. Moral - in Whose Sense? Joy Kogawas Obasan and Julia Kristevas Powers of Horror. Studies in Canadian Literature 15.1 (1990): 117-39. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol15_1/&filename=Pot ter.htm Rae, Ian. Reconsidering Lilith. Canadian Literature 174 (Autumn 2002): 162-63. http://www.canlit.ca/reviews/174/132_Rae.html Redekop, Magdalene. [Interview with Joy Kogawa] Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Ed. Linda Hutcheon and Marion Richmond. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1990. 95-101. Signatura: 820 (73)- 3 19 OTH.

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Canadian Literature in English

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Rose, Marilyn Russell. Politics into Art: Kogawas Obasan and the Rhetoric of Fiction. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 21.2-3 (Spring 1988): 215-26. St. Andrews, B. A. Reclaiming a Canadian Heritage: Kogawas Obasan. International Fiction Review 13.1 (Winter 1986): 29-31. Thiesmeyer, Lynn. Joy Kogawas Obasan: Unsilencing the Silence of Americas Concentration Camps. Journal of the Faculty of Humanities (Japan Womens University) 41 (1991): 63-80. Thompson, Lars, and Becci Hayes. Companions To Literature: A Teachers Guide for Obasan, Joy Kogawa. SBF Media, 1989. Williamson, Janice. Sounding Differences: Conversations with Seventeen Canadian Women Writers. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 SOU. Willis, Gary. Speaking the Silence: Joy Kogawas Obasan. Studies in Canadian Literature 12.2 (1987): 239-49. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol12_2/&filename=Wil lis.htm Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1993. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 WON.

WEB Pages on Michael Ondaatje

Michael Ondaatje Information http://www.tru.ca/faculty/tfriedman/ondaatje.htm Michael Ondaatje (Encyclopdia Britannica) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428982/Michael-Ondaatje Michael Ondaatje: An Overview (Canadian Literature and Culture in the Postcolonial Literature and Culture Web) http://www.postcolonialweb.org/canada/literature/ondaatje/ondaatjeov.html Canadian Writers: Michael Ondaatje http://www.athabascau.ca/writers/ondaatje.html The Evolution of Form in Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid and Coming Through Slaughter, by Alice Van Wart http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol17/Van%20wart.htm Writing Through Terror, by Douglas Barbour http://canlit.ca/reviews/writing_through_terror Mapping the Womans Body in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient, by Lilijana Burcar http://www.postcolonialweb.org/canada/literature/ondaatje/burcar/burcar1.html

Selected Criticism on Michael Ondaatje

Barbour, Douglas. Michael Ondaatje. Twaynes World Authors Series 835. New York: Twayne, 1993. Beran, Carol L. Ex-Centricity: Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion and Hugh MacLennans Barometer Rising. Studies in Canadian Literature 18.1 (1993): 71-84.

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Canadian Literature in English

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http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol18_1/&filename=Ber an.htm Bolland, John. Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. A Readers Guide. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. Signatura: 820 ONDAATJE1 BOL. Bowering, George. Ondaatje Learning to Do. Imaginary Hand: Essays by George Bowering. Edmonton: NeWest, 1988. 163-70. Bush, Catherine. Michael Ondaatje: An Interview by Catherine Bush. Conjunctions 15 (1990): 87-98. Chamberlain, J.E. Let There Be Commerce Between Us: The Poetry of Michael Ondaatje. Descant 43 (Fall 1983): 89-98. Clarke, George Elliott. Michael Ondaatje and the Production of Myth. Studies in Canadian Literature 16.1 (1991): 1-21. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol16_1/&filename=Cla rke.htm Coleman, Daniel. Masculinitys Severed Self: Gender and Orientalism in Out of Egypt and Running in the Family. Studies in Canadian Literature 18.2 (1993): 62-80. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol18_2/&filename=Col eman.htm Cook, Victoria. Exploring Transnational Identities in Ondaatjes Anils Ghost. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/cook04.html Cooke, John. The Influence of Painting on Five Canadian Writers: Alice Munro, Hugh Wood, Timothy Findley, Margaret Atwood, and Michael Ondaatje. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1996. Curran, Beverley. Ondaatjes The English Patient and Altered States of Narrative. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/curran04.html Davey, Frank. Michael Ondaatje. From There to Here: A Guide to English-Canadian Literature Since 1960. Erin, ON: Porcepic, 1974. 222-27. Ellis, Susan. Trade and Power, Money and War: Rethinking Masculinity in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. Studies in Canadian Literature 21.2 (1996): 22-36. Ferris, Ina. Michael Ondaatje and the Turn to the Narrative. Present Tense. Ed. John Moss. Toronto: NC Press, 1985. 74-84. Fledderus, Bill. The English Patient Reposed in His Bed Like a [Fisher?] King: Elements of Grail Romance in Ondaatjes The English Patient. Studies in Canadian Literature 22.1 (1997): 19-54. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=Vol22_1/&filename=fle dderu.html Gamlin, Gordon. Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion and the Oral Narrative. Canadian Literature 135 (1992): 68-71. Ganapathy-Dore, Geetha. The Novel of the Nowhere Man: Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. Commonwealth: Essays and Studies 16.2 (Spring 1993): 96100.

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Canadian Literature in English

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Goldman, Marlene. Representations of Buddhism in Ondaatjes Anils Ghost. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/goldman04.html Greenstein, Michael. Ondaatjes Metamorphoses In the Skin of a Lion. Canadian Literature 126 (1990): 116-30. Hawkins, Susan E., and Susan Danielson. The Patients of Empire. LIT: Literature Interpretation Theory 13.2 (April-June 2002): 139-53. Heath, Jeffrey, ed. Profiles in Canadian Literature. Toronto: Dundurn, 1980-91. Vol. 8. Signatura: 820 (73) E PRO. Heble, Ajay. Michael Ondaatje and the Problem of History. CLIO: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History 19.2 (1990): 97-110. Heighton, Steve. Approaching That Perfect Edge: Kinetic Techniques in the Poetry and Fiction of Michael Ondaatje. Studies in Canadian Literature 13 (1988): 223-43. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol13_2/&filename=Hei ghton.htm Hilger, Stephanie M. Ondaatjes The English Patient and Rewriting History. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/hilger04.html Hsu, Hsuan. Post-nationalism and the Cinematic Apparatus in Minghellas Adaptation of Ondaatjes The English Patient. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/hsu04.html Huggan, Graham. Exoticism and Ethnicity in Michael Ondaatjes Running in the Family. Essays on Canadian Writing 57 (1995): 116-27. Hunter, Lynette. Form and Energy in the Poetry of Michael Ondaatje. Journal of Canadian Poetry 1.1 (Winter 1978): 49-70. Hutcheon, Linda. [Interview with Michael Ondaatje] Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Ed. Linda Hutcheon and Marion Richmond. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1990. 196-202. Signatura: 820 (73)- 3 19 OTH. Ibarrola-Armendariz, Aitor. Boundary Erasing: Postnational Characterization in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. Tricks with a Glass: Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Ed. Roco G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 37-57. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 TRI. Ingelbien, Raphal. A Novelists Caravaggism: Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion. The Guises of Canadian Diversity. Ed. Serge Jaumain and Marc Maufort. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995. 27-37. Signatura: 82. 0 GUI. Ismail, Quadri. Discipline and Colony: The English Patient and the Crows Nest of Post Coloniality. Postcolonial Studies 2.3 (1999): 403-36. Jacobs, J.U. Exploring, Mapping and Naming in Postcolonial Fiction: Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. Nomina Africana: Journal of the Names Society of Southern Africa 8.2 (Nov. 1994): 1-12. Jacobs, Naomi. Michael Ondaatje and the New Fiction Biographies. Studies in Canadian Literature 11.1 (1986): 2-18. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol11_1/&filename=Jac obs.htm

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Jewinski, Ed. Michael Ondaatje: Express Yourself Beautifully. Toronto: ECW Press, 1994. Signatura: 929 Ondaatje JEW. Kamboureli, Smaro. The Alphabet of the Self: Generic and Other Slippages in Michael Ondaatje's Running in the Family. Reflections: Autobiography and Canadian Literature. Ed. K.P. Stich. Ottawa: U of Ottawa P, 1988. 79-91. Kella, Elizabeth. Beloved Communities: Solidarity and Difference in Fiction by Michael Ondaatje, Toni Morrison, and Joy Kogawa. Uppsala University Library: Uppsala, 2000. Llarena-Ascanio, Mara Jess. Michael Ondaatjes Use of History. The Guises of Canadian Diversity. Ed. Serge Jaumain and Marc Maufort. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995. 19-26. Signatura: 82. 0 GUI. Lowry, Glen. The Representation of Race in Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/lowry04.html Mukherjee, Arun. The Poetry of Michael Ondaatje and Cyril Dabydeen. Journal of Commonwealth Literature 20.1 (1985): 49-67. Mundwiler, Leslie. Michael Ondaatje: Word, Image, Imagination. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1984. Overbye, Karen. Re-Membering the Body: Constructing the Self as Hero in In the Skin of a Lion. Studies in Canadian Literature 17.2 (1992): 1-13. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol17_2/&filename=Ov erbye.htm Renger, Nicola. Cartography, Historiography, and Identity in Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient. Being/s in Transit: Travelling, Migration, Dislocation. Ed. Liselotte Glage. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 111-24. Russell John. Michael Ondaatjes Running in the Family. Ariel 22.2 (April 1991): 2340. Saklofske, Jon. The Motif of the Collector and Implications of Historical Appropriation in Ondaatjes Novels. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/saklofske04.html Sanghera, Sandeep. Touching the Language of Citizenship in Ondaatjes Anils Ghost. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/sanghera04.html Sarris, Fotois. In the Skin of a Lion: Michael Ondaatjes Tenebristic Narrative. Essays on Canadian Writing 44 (1991): 183-201. Schumacher, Rod. Patricks Quest: Narration and Subjectivity in Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion. Studies in Canadian Literature 21.2 (1996): 1-21. Scobie, Stephen. His Legend a Jungle Sleep: Michael Ondaatje and Henri Rousseau. Canadian Literature 76 (Spring 1978): 6-21. . The Reading Lesson: Michael Ondaatje and the Patients of Desire. Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (Summer 1994): 92-106. Seligman, Craig. Review of The English Patient. New Republic 208.11 (March 15, 1993): 38-41. Siemerling, Winfried. Discoveries of the Other: Alterity in the Work of Leonard Cohen, Hubert Aquin, Michael Ondaatje, and Nicole Brossard. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 SIE.

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Canadian Literature in English

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. Oral History and the Writing of the Other in Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/siemerling04.html Simpson, D. Mark. Minefield Readings: the Postcolonial English Patient. Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (Summer 1994): 216-37. Solecki, Sam. Nets and Chaos: The Poetry of Michael Ondaatje. Studies in Canadian Literature 2.1 (Winter 1977): 36-48. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol2_1/&filename=solec ki.htm . An Interview with Michael Ondaatje. Rune 2 (Spring 1975): 39-54. . Michael Ondaatje. Descant 42 (Fall 1983): 77-88. , ed. Spider Blues: Essays on Michael Ondaatje. Montreal: Vhicule, 1985. Signatura: 820 Ondaatje1 SPI. Stich, Klaus Peter, ed. Reflections. Autobiography and Canadian Literature. Ottawa: U of Ottawa P, 1988. Signatura: 820 (73) - 94.0REF. Summers-Bremner, Eluned. Reading Ondaatjes Poetry. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/summers-bremner04.html Totosy de Zepetnek, Steven. The English Patient: Truth Is Stranger than Fiction. Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (Summer 1994): 141-53. . Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient, History, and the Other. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 1.4 (December 1999). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb99-4/totosy99-2.html . Preface to Comparative Cultural Studies and Michael Ondaatjes Writing. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/totosy(preface)04-3.html . Selected Bibliography of Critical Work about Michael Ondaatjes Texts. Clcweb: Comparative Literature & Culture: a WWWeb Journal 6.3 (September 2004). http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb043/michaelondaatje(bibliography04).html Turci, Monica. Approaching That Perfect Edge: A Reading of the Metafictional Writings of Michael Ondaatje (1967-1982). Bologna: Ptron Editore, 2001. Van Wart, Alice. The Evolution of Form in Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid and Coming through Slaughter. Canadian Poetry 17 (Fall/Winter 1985): 1-28. Wachtel, Eleanor. An Interview with Michael Ondaatje. Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (Summer 1994): 250-61. Waldman, Nell. Michael Ondaatje. Toronto: ECW Press, 1992. Watson, Sheila. Michael Ondaatje: The Mechanization of Death. Spider Blues: Essays on Michael Ondaatje. Ed. Sam Solecki. Montreal: Vhicule, 1985. 15665. Signatura: 820 Ondaatje1 SPI. Whiten, Clifton. PCR Interview with Michael Ondaatje. Poetry Canada Review 2.2 (Winter 1980-81): 6. Wilton, Ray. Things Happened: Narrative in Michael Ondaatjes the man with seven toes. Canadian Literature 137 (Summer 1993): 63-74. York, Lorraine Mary. Making and Destroying: The Photographic Image in Michael Ondaatjes Works. The Other Side of Dailiness: Photography in the Works of

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Alice Munro, Timothy Findley, Michael Ondaatje and Margaret Laurence. Toronto: ECW Press, 1988. 93-120. Signatura: 820 (73) - 3.0 YOR. Younis, Raymond Aaron. Nationhood and Decolonization in The English Patient. Literature-Film Quarterly 26.1 (1998): 2-9.

WEB Pages on Rohinton Mistry

Rohinton Mistry http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Mistry.html Rohinton Mistry http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth73 Rohinton Mistry http://www.athabascau.ca/writers/rmistry.html Interview with Rohinton Mistry, by Linda Richards http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/mistry.html

Selected Criticism on Rohinton Mistry

Bharucha, Nilufer E. Rohinton Mistry: Ethnic Enclosures and Transcultural Spaces. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2003. Davis, Roco G. Paradigms of Postcolonial and Immigrant Doubleness: Rohinton Mistrys Tales From Firozsha Baag. Tricks with a Glass: Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Ed. Roco G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 7192. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 TRI. Dodiya, Jaydipsinh, ed. The Fiction of Rohinton Mistry: Critical Studies. New Delhi: Sangam Books, 1998. Gorlier, Claudio. Canadindia: Reality and Memory in Rohinton Mistrys Tales from Firozsha Baag. Journal of Indian Writing in English 30.2 (2002): 11-16. Hancock, Geoff. An Interview with Rohinton Mistry. Canadian Fiction Magazine 65 (1989): 143-50. Heble, Ajay. A Foreign Presence in the Stall: Towards a Poetics of Cultural Hybridity in Rohinton Mistrys Migration Stories. Canadian Literature 137 (Summer 1993): 51-61. Kain, Geoffrey. The Enigma of Departure: The Dynamics of Cultural Ambiguity in Rohinton Mistrys Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from Firozsha Baag. Ideas of Home: Literature of Asian Migration. Ed. Geoffrey Kain. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1997. 63-74. Kumar, Narendra V.L.V.N. Hero as Outsider: Canadian Experience in Rohinton Mistrys Short Stories. Essays on Canadian Literature. Ed. K. Balachandran. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, 2001. 114-22. Leckie, Barbara. Rohinton Mistry. Toronto: ECW Press, 1995. Malak, Amin. Images of India. [Review of Tales From Firozsha Baag] Canadian Literature 119 (Winter 1988): 101-03. . Insider/Outsider Views on Belonging: The Short Stories of Bharati Mukherjee and Rohinton Mistry. Short Fiction in the New Literatures in English. Ed. J. Bardolph. Nice: U of Nice P, 1989. 189-95. Mathur, Ashok. The Margin is the Message: On Mistry, Mukherjee and In Between. Critical Mass 1 (Spring 1990): 19-29.

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Morey, Peter. Running Repairs: Corruption, Community and Duty in Rohinton Mistrys Family Matters. Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38 (2003): 5975. Moss, Laura. Can Rohinton Mistrys Realism Rescue the Novel? Postcolonizing the Commonwealth: Studies in Literature and Culture. Ed. Rowland Smith. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2000. 157-65. New, William H. Edges, Spaces, Borderblur: Reflections on the Short Story Composite in Canada. Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain (1952-2002). Ed. Ignacio M. Palacios Martnez et al. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 83-100. Novak, Dagmar. [Interview with Rohinton Mistry] Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Ed. Linda Hutcheon and Marion Richmond. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1990. 256-62. Signatura: 820 (73)- 3 19 OTH. Richards, Linda. Interview with Rohinton Mistry. January Magazine (March 2003). http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/mistry.html Ross, Robert. Seeking and Maintaining Balance: Rohinton Mistrys Fiction. World Literature Today 73 (1999): 239-44. Wilson, Paul. Giving Free Rein: Paul Wilson Speaks with Rohinton Mistry. Books in Canada (March 1996): 2-4.

Selected Criticism on Native Canadian Literature

Cardinal, Douglas, and Jeannette Armstrong. The Native Creative Process. Penticton, BC: Theytus Books, 1991. Signatura: 397 CAR. Clark, Ella E. Indian Legends of Canada. Toronto: McClelland, 1992. Signatura: 398CLA. Dickinson, Peter. Orality in Literacy: Listening to Indigenous Writing. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 14.2 (1994). http://www.brandonu.ca/library/cjns/14.2/Dickinson.pdf Emberley, Julia. Thresholds of Difference: Feminist Critique, Native Womens Writings, Postcolonial Theory. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1995. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 EMB. Grant, Agnes. Our Bit of Truth: An Anthology of Canadian Native Writing. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications, 1990. Signatura: 820 (73) OUR. Harry, Margaret. Literature in English by Native Canadians (Indians and Inuit). Studies in Canadian Literature 10.1-2 (1985): 146-53. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol10_1_2/&filename= Harry.htm Kennedy, Michael P.J. Inuit Literature in English: A Chronological Survey. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 13.1 (1993): 31-41. http://www.brandonu.ca/Library/CJNS/13.1/kennedy.pdf King, Thomas, ed. All My Relations: An Anthology of Contemporary Canadian Native Fiction. Toronto: McClelland, 1991. Signatura: 820 (73)- 31 19 ALL. King, Thomas, Cheryl Dawnan Calver, and Helen Hoy, eds. The Native in Literature. Oakville, ON: ECW Press, 1987. Lutz, Hartmut. Contemporary Challenges: Conversations with Canadian Native Authors. Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 CON. Miska, John. Ethnic and Native Canadian Literature: A Bibliography. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1990.

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Canadian Literature in English

Teresa Gibert

Monkman, Leslie. A Native Heritage: Images of the Indian in English-Canadian Literature. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1981. Mowat, William, and Christine Mowat. Native Peoples in Canadian Literature. Toronto: Macmillan, 1975. New, W.H., ed. Native Writers and Canadian Writing. Vancouver: U of British Columbia P, 1992. Signatura: 820 (73). 0 NAT. Reviewed by Guy Lanoue in: http://www.brandonu.ca/Library/CJNS/10.2/lanoue.pdf Petrone, Penny. Native Literature in Canada. From the Oral Tradition to the Present. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1990. Signatura: 820 (73) - 09 PET.

WEB Pages on Thomas King

Thomas King http://www.nwpassages.com/bios/king.asp Thomas King (Native American Authors Project) http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A44 Canadian Writers: Thomas King http://www.athabascau.ca/writers/tking.html Anansi: Thomas King http://www.groseducationalmedia.ca/king.html A Writer without Reservations, by Mary Dickieson http://www.uoguelph.ca/atguelph/00-01-19/people.html Thomas King: Canadas Native Writer Tells His Story, by Natasha Davies http://firstnationsdrum.com/2002/09/thomas-king-canadas-native-writer-tellshis-story Written Orality in Thomas King's Short Fiction, by Teresa Gibert http://jsse.revues.org /index792.html An Interview with Thomas King, by Margery Fee and Sneja Gunew http://canlit.ca/interviews/18 Another Interview with Thomas King, by Jordan Wilson http://canlit.ca/interviews/21

Selected Criticism on Thomas King

On Thomas King. Special issue of Canadian Literature. 161/162 (Summer/Autumn 1999). http://www.canlit.ca/site/getPDF/issue/161-162 Atwood, Margaret. A Double-Bladed Knife. Subversive Laughter in Two Stories by Thomas King. Canadian Literature 124-125 (1990): 243-50. Rpt. Native Writers and Canadian Writing. Ed. W.H. New. Vancouver: U of British Columbia P, 1990. 243-50. Signatura: 820 (73) . 0 NAT. Davidson, Arnold E. Epilogue: The One About The One About Coyote Going West. Coyote Country: Fictions of the Canadian West. Durham: Duke UP, 1994. 197-99. Signatura: 820 (73) - 31.0 DAV. Davidson, Arnold E., Priscilla L. Walton, and Jennifer Andrews. Border Crossings: Thomas Kings Cultural Inversions. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2002. Signatura: 820 (73) KING, THOMAS 1 DAV.

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Canadian Literature in English

Teresa Gibert

Gibert Maceda, Teresa. Narrative Strategies in Thomas Kings Short Stories. Telling Stories: Postcolonial Short Fiction in English. Ed. Jacqueline Bardolph. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. 67-76. Signatura: 820-3. 0 EUR. . Written Orality in Thomas Kings Short Fiction. Journal of the Short Story in English 47 (Autumn 2006): 97-109. http://jsse.revues.org/index792.html . Subverting the Master Narrative of Heroic Conquest: Thomas Kings A Coyote Columbus Story (1992). Estudios de Filologa Inglesa: Homenaje a la Dra. Asuncin Alba Pelayo. Ed. Teresa Gibert Maceda y Laura Alba Juez. Madrid: UNED, 2008. 409-20. Signatura: 802.0EST. 49 copias disponibles en Centros Asociados. . The Politics and Poetics of Thomas Kings Textual Hauntings. Postcolonial Ghosts. Ed. Melanie Joseph-Vilain and Judith Misrahi-Barak. Les Carnets du Cerpac n 8. Montpellier: Presses universitaires de la Mditerrane, 2009. 25368. Signatura: 820.0POS. . Stories Are All We Are: Thomas Kings Theory and Practice of Storytelling. Stories Through Theories/Theories Through Stories: North American Indian Writing, Storytelling, and Critique. Ed. Gordon D. Henry Jr., Nieves Pascual Soler, and Silvia Martnez-Falquina. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 2009. 259-74. Signatura: 820 (73) .0NOR. Gray, James Allison. Between Voice and Text: Bicultural Negotiation in the Contemporary Native American Novel (Welch, James, Silko, Leslie Marmon, King, Thomas, Vizenor, Gerald). DAI, 1995, vol. 56-04A, 1354. New, William H. Edges, Spaces, Borderblur: Reflections on the Short Story Composite in Canada. Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain (1952-2002). Ed. Ignacio M. Palacios Martnez et al. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 83-100. Signatura: 802.0ASO. Ridington, Robin. Theorizing Coyotes Cannon: Sharing Stories With Thomas King. Theorizing the Americanist Tradition. Ed. Lisa Philips Valentine and Regna Darnell. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1999. 19-37. http://www.retreatisland.com/Theorizing%20Coyote's%20Cannon.doc Rooke, Constance. (1990) Interview with Tom King. World Literature Written in English 30. 2 (Autumn 1990): 62-76. Truchan-Tataryn, Maria, and Susan Gingell. Dances with Coyote: Narrative Voices in Thomas Kings One Good Story, That One. Postcolonial Text 2.3 (2006): 1-23. http://usask.academia.edu/SusanGingell/Papers/366390/Dances_with_Coyote_N arrative_Voices_in_Thomas_Kings_One_Good_Story_That_One. Walton, Priscilla L. An Interview with Thomas King. Chimo 21 (1990): 24-28.

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