Load Reduction Factor ACI Code Section 9.

3 specifies the following values to be used:

Tension controlled section Compression controlled section With Spiral Reinforcement Other Reinforcement members Plain Concrete Shear and Torsion Bearing on Concrete Strut and tie models

= 0.90

= 0.75 = 0.65 = 0.60 = 0.75 = 0.65 = 0.75

WSD

Resisting moment of concrete

Resisting moment of steel

So the beam will fail by yielding

Design steps of USD Beam

Minimum

General solution of

Axial capacity of tied column

( )

Axial capacity of spiral column

( )

Design a footing of column by USD method considering that the length of the footing is 1.5 times of width of the footing. Given

and Column size Solution ( Assume self weight 3% ( ) )

Now

B = 7.03 ft

L = 10.55 ft

Assume t = 23 Punching Shear (

d = 23 3 =20

) (

Resisting Shear Wide beam shear

Moment calculation
( )

Minimum

Provide
( ) ( )

Provide Pre-stressed Concrete: Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loadings are counteracted to a desired degree. In reinforced concrete members the pre-stress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.

Losses of pre-stressing Losses due to Elastic shortening Creep of concrete Shrinkage of concrete Steel relaxation Anchorage slip Frictional loss Bending of member

1. Classify soil Based on grain size. Classification System or Name of the organization Unified AASHTO MIT ASTM Permeability Gravel 75 4.75 75 2 >2 > 4.75 Particle size (mm) Sand 4.75 0.075 2 0.05 2 0.06 4.75 0.075 Silt 0.05 0.002 0.06 0.002 0.075 0.002 Clay

Fines (silts and clays) < 0.075 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002

)[

)(

)]

Uniformity Coefficient

Coefficient of Curvature

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% D60

% Finer by Mass

50% 40% D30 30% 20% D10 10% 0 10 1 Grain Size, D (mm) 0.1

The moisture contents of a soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are called consistency limits or Atterberg limits PI = LL PL.

Where,

Compaction It is a dynamic Process Volume reduction by removing of air voids from soil grains It is almost instantaneous

Consolidation It is a static Process Volume reduction by removing of water from soil grains It is time dependent phenomenon

phenomenon Soil is Unsaturated Specified Compaction techniques are used in this process. Soil is always saturated Consolidation occurs on account of a load placed on the soil

100

90

Well Graded Uniform Graded Open Graded

80

70

60

Percent Passing

50

40

Gap Graded

30

20

10

Dense Graded

0.6

0.2

0.10

0.06

0.02

0.01

0.005

0.002

Particle Size in mm (log Scale)

Void ratio: Void ratio (e) is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids. Mathematically

Porosity: Porosity (n) is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume. Mathematically

The relationship between void ratio and porosity

( ( ) )

Degree of saturation Degree of saturation (S) is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids.

The degree of saturation is commonly expressed as a percentage.

Moisture Content Moisture content (w) is also referred to as water content and is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids in a given volume of soil. Mathematically

Unit weight Unit weight ( ) is the weight of soil per unit volume.

The unit weight can also be expressed in terms of weight of soil solids, moisture content, and total volume.

Density Index or Relative Density The term relative density is commonly used to indicate the in situ denseness or looseness of granular soil. The ratio between the minimum density to the maximum density of granular soil is defined as relative density.

Where

Where

Laboratory Tests of Soil Properties Grain size distribution Consistency Test Sieve analysis and hydrometer test Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index Consolidation Standard proctor, Modified proctor Specific Gravity Corresponding Tests: 1. Unconfined Compression test 2. Direct Shear test 3. Tri-axial test

Compressibility Compaction Characteristics Unit Weight Shear Strength 1. Cohesive Soils 2. Non-cohesive soils 3. General

Field Tests of Soil Properties Compaction control Test Moisture Density relation In place density Shear Strength (Soft Clay) Vane shear test Relative Density (Granular Soil) Penetration test Field density Core Cutting Sand replacement Permeability Pumping test Soil Sampling and resistance of the soil Standard Penetration test to penetration of the sampler Split Barrel Sampling Bearing Capacity Corresponding Tests Pavement CBR, Plate Beating test Footing Plate Bearing test Piles Corresponding Tests Vertical Piles Load Test Batter Piles Lateral Load Test 2. Example Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of a mat foundation measuring on saturated clay with

Solution: [ ( )] [ ]

( )

( )

)] [

The mat has dimension of

. The live load and dead load on the mat are

20MN. The mat is placed over a layer of sot clay. The unit weight of het clay is Find the Solution: for a fully compensated foundation.

)(

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the quantities of such materials present in the water. COD, however, as measured in a COD test, also includes the demand of biologically degradable materials because more compounds can be oxidized chemically than biologically. Hence, the COD is larger than the BOD.

The amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to oxidize organic wastes aerobically is called biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD). Why COD is greater than BOD? Because BOD contains only biodegradable but whereas COD includes both biodegradable and non biodegradable that is the reason why cod is larger than BOD.

1. Example: At 25 , hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 0.001M. Determine the solution. Answer: Given, [ ] of the

We know, [ = = ]

2.

Factors influencing water use: Size of city Climate and location Industrial development Habits and living standards Parks and gardens Water quality Water pressure Cost of water

3. Essential elements of water supply Source of supply Collection system Treatment plant Distribution system 4. The most common water treatment methods are Plain sedimentation Sedimentation with coagulation Filtration Disinfection Sewer A sewer is a conduit through which wastewater, storm water, or other wastes flow. Sewerage is a system of sewers. The system may comprise sanitary sewers, storm sewers, or a combination of both. Usually, it includes all the sewers between the ends of building-drainage systems and sewage treatment plants or other points of disposal. Sanitary or separate sewer o Sanitary sewage o Industrial sewage Storm sewer Combined sewer 5. Name deferent types of test for environmental engineering Determination of Iron Concentration of Water Determination of Sulfur from a Soluble Sulfate Solution Determination of of water Determination of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Determination of Alkalinity of Water Determination of Ammonia in an Ammonium Salt Determination of Chlorine Concentration of Water Determination of Arsenic Determination of Hardness of Water Determination of Dissolved Oxygen Determination of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Determination of Chemical oxygen Demand (COD) Determination of Turbidity of Water

Correction for pull

Where,

Correction for sag

Where

Correction for slope or vertical alignment

If slopes are given in terms of vertical angels

Where,

Es or G =

Cement Compound Tri calcium silicate Di calcium silicate Tri calcium aluminate Tetra calcium aluminoferrite Gypsum or Calcium Sulphate

Weight Percentage 50 % 25 % 10 % 10 % 5%

Abbreviation C3S C2S C3A C4AF

Chemical Formula Ca3SiO5 or 3CaO.SiO2 Ca2SiO4 or 2CaO.SiO2 Ca3Al2O6 or 3CaO .Al2O3 Ca4Al2Fe2O10 or 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 CaSO4.2H2O

1. Write the standard of strength testing of cement according to ASTM C 109. American Society for Testing Materials Standard (ASTM C-109) 3 -days 1740 psi (12.0 MPa) 7 -days 2760 psi (19.0 MPa) 28 -days 4060 psi (28.0 MPa)

2. Write allowable slumps for various constructions Slumps Type of Construction RCC Foundation walls & Footings Plain Footings, caissons & substructure walls Slabs, beams & reinforced walls Building columns Pavements Heavy mass constructions mm 25 75 25 75 25 100 25 100 25 75 25 - 50 Inch 13 13 14 14 13 12

Sand is commonly divided into five sub-categories based on size: a) Very fine sand (1/16 - 1/8 mm) b) Fine sand (1/8 mm - 1/4 mm) c) Medium sand (1/4 mm - 1/2 mm) d) Coarse sand (1/2 mm - I mm), and e) Very coarse sand (I mm. - 2 mm). 3. Example The fineness modulus of two different types of sand is 2.84, and 2.24 respectively. The fineness modulus of their mixture is 2.54. Find the mixing ratio. Assume

R: 1 = 1:1
Cul-de-sec Local Street
Unrestricted access

Collector Street

Increasing use of street for access purposes; parking, loading, etc.

Major Arterial

Decreasing degree of access control

Expressway

Freeway

Compleate access control

No through traffic

Increasing proportion of though traffic; increasing speed

No through traffic

Right of Way
Road Margin
1m

Road Margin Berm 10 m Slope (2:1) 3m

Road

Borrow pit 10 m

Way 10 m

Slope (2:1) 3m

Berm 10 m

Borrow pit 10 m

1m

1 2:

2:
1m

Section of National Highway

1. What are the lab testing of Aggregates of roadway. Ans o o o o o o o o o Los Angeles Abrasion test Aggregate Impact value Aggregate Crushing Value Soundness Test Gradation test Unit weight and Void test Flakiness Index Elongation Index Angularity Number

2. What are the laboratory test for bituminous materials Ans o o o o o o o o o o Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials Loss on Heating test Penetration test Softening Point test Solubility test Ductility test Flash And Fire Points test Spot test Specific Gravity test Distillation test