Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
, M.A. Amalina
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 24 June 2011
Received in revised form 7 October 2011
Accepted 7 October 2011
Available online 27 October 2011
Keywords:
Nanouid
Viscosity
Temperature
Particle size
Volume concentration
a b s t r a c t
The past decade has seen the rapid development of nanouids science in many aspects. Number of
research is conducted that is mostly focused on the thermal conductivity of these uids. However, nano-
uid viscosity also deserves the same attention as thermal conductivity. In this paper, different charac-
teristics of viscosity of nanouids including nanouid preparation methods, temperature, particle size
and shape, and volume fraction effects are thoroughly compiled and reviewed. Furthermore, a precise
review on theoretical models/correlations of conventional models related to nanouid viscosity is pre-
sented. The existing experimental results about the nanouids viscosity show clearly that viscosity aug-
mented accordingly with an increase of volume concentration and decreased with the temperature rise.
However, there are some contradictory results on the effects of temperature on viscosity. Moreover, it is
shown that particle size has some noteworthy effects over viscosity of nanouids.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Nanouid is a new dimensional thermo uid term emerged
after the pioneering work by Choi [1]. Nanouid is a solidliquid
mixture which consists of nanoparticles and a base liquid. Nano-
particles are basically metal (Cu, Ni, Al, etc.), oxides (Al
2
O
3
, TiO
2
,
CuO, SiO
2
, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, BaTiO
3
, etc.) and some other compounds
(AlN, SiC, CaCO
3
, graphene, etc.) and base uids usually include
water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, engine oil, etc. Due to very
small sizes and large specic surface areas of the nanoparticles,
nanouids have superior properties like high thermal conductivity,
minimal clogging in ow passages, long-term stability, and homo-
geneity [2]. Conventional uids such as ethylene glycol (EG), water
and oil have poor heat transfer properties but their vast applica-
tions in power generation, chemical processes, heating and cooling
processes, transportation, electronics, automotive and other micro-
sized applications make the re-processing of those thermo uids to
have better heat transfer properties quite essential.
Viscosity describes the internal resistance of a uid to ow and
it is an important property for all thermal applications involving
uids [3]. The pumping power is related with the viscosity of a
uid. In laminar ow, the pressure drop is directly proportional
to the viscosity. Furthermore, convective heat transfer coefcient
is inuenced by viscosity. Hence, viscosity is as important as ther-
mal conductivity in engineering systems involving uid ow [4].
There has been a lot of research done about nanouids recently
but most of them are related with the heat transfer properties
having different contents including heat transfer enhancement
[57], thermal conductivity measurement [810], thermal conduc-
tivity enhancement [1121], effective thermal conductivity [22
28], thermal conductivity of suspensions [2931], thermal proper-
ties enhancement [32], thermal transport [33], thermal conductiv-
ity improvement [34], estimation of thermal conductivity [35], and
others [3642]. Some review papers [43,44] emphasized only the
thermal conductivity of nanouids. Recently some new issues have
been introduced in literatures like thermal diffusion coefcient of
nanouid [45], slip mechanisms in nanouids [46], electrical con-
ductivity of nanouids [47], nanouids for cooling of electronic de-
vices [48]. Very few researches have been performed on the
viscosity of nanouids although viscosity seems to be a signicant
property and viscosity should be taken into consideration for heat
transfer performance studies of a nanouid [49,50].
Some articles have been published considering rheological
behavior of nanouids such as viscosity. First, Masuda et al. [51]
measured the viscosity of some water-based nanouids for Al
2
O
3
,
SiO
2
and TiO
2
. Then Pak and Cho [52] presented some additional
data for Al
2
O
3
/water nanouid. Some parameters like, tempera-
ture, particle size and shape, volume concentrations have shown
to have a great effect over viscosity of nanouid. Murshed et al.
[53] measured the volumetric effect on viscosity for Al
2
O
3
and
TiO
2
with deionized water (DIW) and concluded that viscosity in-
creases about 82% and 86%, respectively, for 5 vol.% of Al
2
O
3
and
TiO
2
. Chen et al. [54] measured the volume fraction and tempera-
ture effects on viscosity for multi walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) with distilled water for a temperature range of 5 C
to 65 C. They reported that viscosity increases accordingly with
nanoparticle loadings when the volume fraction is higher than
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.10.021
T
0:794/
2094:47
T
2
0:192/
2
8:11
/
T
27463:863
T
3
:0127/
3
1:6044
/
2
T
2:1754
/
T
2
(28)
This model has been compared with Brinkman model and it has
been found that the Nguyen et al. data and Brinkman model gives
completely different predictions.
Some correlations simultaneously consider the effects of parti-
cle diameter along with volume fraction and temperature.
Masoumi et al. [128] established a new theoretical model for
nanouids viscosity prediction based on Brownian motion. This
model could be used to calculate the effective viscosity in terms
of temperature, the mean particle diameter, the nanoparticle vol-
ume fraction, the nanoparticle density and the base uid physical
properties. Fluid consisting of two different uids also can be pre-
dicted by this model
l
nf
= l
bf
qPV
B
d
2
P
72Cd
(29)
where q
P
is the density, d
p
is particle diameter, d is the distance be-
tween the nanoparticles, V
B
and C are functions of the temperature.
V
B
=
1
dP
18K
b
T
pqPdP
_
, K
b
is Boltzmann constant; C is a correction factor and
C = l
1
bf
[(c
1
d
p
c
2
)/ (c
3
d
p
c
4
)[; c
1
c
2
c
3
and c
4
are constants. The
authors calculate this model by using very limited experimental
data of [52,70] for nanouids consisting of 13 nm Al
2
O
3
nanoparti-
cles and water and 28 nm Al
2
O
3
nanoparticles and water.
Masoud Hosseini et al. [129] presented a dimensionless group
model to determine the viscosity of a nanouid considering the
volume concentration, nanoparticle size, effect of the capping
layer, and temperature. They used a least-squares regression tech-
nique to determine model parameters. And they showed this mod-
el is suitable for the nanouids containing Al
2
O
3
and water
l
nf
= l
bf
exp ma
T
T
0
_ _
b(/
h
) c
d
1 r
_ _ _ _
(30)
where /
h
is the hydro dynamic volume fraction of solid nanoparti-
cles, d is the nanoparticle diameter, r is the thickness of the capping
layer, T
0
a reference temperature, and T is the measured tempera-
ture of the nanouid, m is a factor that depends on the properties
of the system (i.e., the solid nanoparticles, the base uid, and their
interactions), while a, b, and c are empirical constants determined
from experimental data. This correlation is only for the Al
2
O
3
with
water solution. And the authors calculate the experimental data
from Nguyen et al. [82].
Actually, no model is able to predict the viscosity of nanouids
precisely in a broad range of nanoparticle volume fraction. Garg et
al. [80] found a four times increment in viscosity comparing with
the Einstein law of viscosity [110]. Murshed et al. [66] argued that
the classical models such as Einstein [110], Krieger and Dougherty
[112], Batchelor [115], and Nielsen [130] could not predict the vis-
cosity of nanouids in a precise way.
5. Discussion
In this study, attempt has been made to cover all the investiga-
tions performed on the viscosity of nanouids available in the lit-
erature. Through this study it is found that temperature, particle
882 I.M. Mahbubul et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 874885
size & shape and volume fractions have signicant effects over vis-
cosity of nanouids. Results indicate that viscosity increases as the
particle volume fractions increase, and nanouids behave in a
Newtonian way for low particle volume concentrations. No exist-
ing model or correlation is capable of precise prediction of the vis-
cosity enhancement with respect to volume fractions. Although
there have been a few contradictory results in the eld of temper-
ature effect on viscosity, generally researchers deduce that, viscos-
ity decreases with an increase of temperature. There are some
correlations available for the temperature inuence over viscosity
most of which are not versatile enough and a debate still exists
about the particle size impact on viscosity. However, it can be con-
cluded that particle size has some effects on viscosity of nanouids.
The reason that all the reports about particle size effects are not in
accordance with each other might be due to the fact that the vis-
cosity of these new classes of uids not only depends on particle
size but also on other factors. Besides if the nanouids are not
well-dispersed, then agglomeration would occur, and conse-
quently it would be difcult to measure the nanoparticle size
and its effects on the viscosity of a particular nanouid.
Also, the effects of material type are not signicant in many
cases. For an example, Al
2
O
3
ethylene glycol and Al
2
O
3
water
solution has a similar viscosity increment [70]. However, Anoop
et al. [86] found different viscosity increment for the above two
nanouids. Again, Murshed et al. [53] and Wang et al. [70] found
nearly the same increment for 5 vol.% of Al
2
O
3
water nanoids
but chandrasekar et al. [2] found different increment (more than
them) for the same type of nanouids. Timofeeva et al. [107] report
that viscosity of nanouids has a strong relation with base uids
but weak dependence with nanoparticle material.
Viscosity and rheological properties are essential parameters to
know for practical applications of nanouids. In this study, it has
been shown that a great amount of research has been done consid-
ering viscosity of nanouids. However these do not seem to be suf-
cient to estimate any standard about viscosity of nanouids, as
there are some inconsistencies among the published results. For
example, some authors reported that nanouids were Newtonian
uids [2,5557,77,78,88,90,95,103,131,132], while others observed
a non-Newtonian behavior [4,58,79,87,88,97,104].
Some authors showed relative viscosity is independent of tem-
perature [5557] and some authors showed viscosity of nanouids
decreases non-linearly or exponentially [4,60,78,90,92,94] with the
increase of temperatures.
From another aspect, some researchers showed viscosity in-
creases linearly [55,80] with the increase of volume concentra-
tions, while others showed nonlinear trend [3,5658,88,89,91,95,
133]. Also, for the same nanouids with same concentration dem-
onstrate different viscosity enhancement. Debates also exist about
the particle size effect on viscosity of nanouids. Some researchers
report that particle size has not signicant effect on viscosity [55]
but most of the researcher showed particle size and shape has a
noticeable effect over viscosity. While a number of researchers
showed that viscosity increases with the decrease in particle size
[5961,81,85], some expressed a reverse trend in viscosity change
due to the increase in particle size [3,58,82].
Graphene is a promising nanostructured material [134136].
Savithiri et al. [46] determine the dynamic viscosity of water/
graphene nanouids based on the correlation of Brinkman [111]
for the investigation of slip mechanisms in nanouids. However
the authors did not include any data that directly related to viscos-
ity of water/graphene nanouids. Also, no article is available in lit-
erature about the viscosity of graphene synthesis nanouids.
Furthermore a relative lack of experimental data about the viscos-
ity of nanouids is felt to exist throughout the research in this eld.
As a result more extensive investigations dedicated to the viscosity
of this newly introduced type of uids and the effective factors
seem to be required to fulll the existing gaps and also to obtain
reliable ndings for generating a benecial standard.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge University of Malaya for
nancial support. This work is supported by Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS) fund (Project No. FP017/2010B, FRGS) and
Postgraduate Research Grant (PPP) (No. PV013/2011A).
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