Hisar Ersz Literaturrecherche Wastewater-Energy Nexus IRS Erkner, 07.03.2014 1.

Name Policy and institutional dimensions of the waterenergy nexus, Christopher A. Scott/Suzanne A. Pierce/Martin J. Pasqualetti/Alice L. Jones/Burrell E. Montz/Joseph H. Hoover In: Energy Policy 2010 Abstract Energy and water are interlinked. The development, use, and waste generated by demand for both resources drive global change. Managing them in tandem offers potential for global-change adaptation but presents institutional challenges. This paper advances understanding of the waterenergy nexus by demonstrating how these resources are coupled at multiple scales, and by uncovering institutional opportunities and impediments to joint decision-making. Three waterenergy nexus cases in the United States are examined: (1) water and energy development in the water-scarce Southwest; (2) conflicts between coal development, environmental quality, and social impacts in the East; and (3) tensions between environmental quality and economic development of shale natural gas in the Northeast and Central U.S. These cases are related to Eastern, Central, and Western regional stakeholder priorities collected in a national effort to assess energywater scenarios. We find that localized challenges are diminished when considered from broader perspectives, while regionally important challenges are not prioritized locally. The transportability of electricity, and to some extent raw coal and gas, makes energy more suitable than water to regionalized global-change adaptation, because many of the impacts to water availability and quality remain localized. We conclude by highlighting the need for improved coordination between water and energy policy. Weblink http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511006100

2. Name Energy Recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the United States: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus Ashlynn S. Stillwell, David C. Hoppock and Michael E. Webber In: Sustainability 2012 Abstract This manuscript uses data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to analyze the potential for energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants via anaerobic digestion with biogas utilization and biosolids incineration with electricity generation. These energy recovery strategies could help offset the electricity consumption of the wastewater sector and represent possible areas for sustainable energy policy implementation. We estimate that anaerobic digestion could save 628 to 4,940 million kWh annually in the United States. In Texas, anaerobic digestion could save 40.2 to 460 million kWh annually and biosolids incineration could save 51.9 to 1,030 million kWh annually. Weblink 3. Name Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge: energy and global warming analysis G. Houillon, O. Jolliet In: Journal of Cleaner Production, 2005 Abstract This study compares six wastewater sludge treatment scenarios applied to a 300,000 equivalent-inhabitant (eq. inh) wastewater treatment plant: agricultural spreading, fluidised bed incineration, wet oxidation, pyrolysis, incineration in cement kilns and landfill. The study focuses on energy and emissions contributing to global warming over the whole treatment life cycle. As a result, avoided burdens by coproducts are very important in terms of energy consumption and pollutants emissions. The energy balance suggests that incineration and agricultural spreading have the lowest non-renewable primary energy consumption. For global warming, incineration in cement kilns has the best http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/945

balance; landfill and agricultural spreading the worst. Results are now being extended to digested sludges and to impacts on human health and ecosystems. Weblink 5. Name The connection between water and energy in cities: a review. Kenway, S. J.; Lant, P. A.; Priestley, A.; Daniels, P. 2011 Abstract We have only rudimentary understanding of the complex and pervasive connections between water and energy in cities. As water security now threatens energy and economic security, this is a major omission. Understanding the water-energy nexus is necessary if we want to contribute to solving water and energy issues simultaneously; if we want to stop moving problems from one resource dimension to another. This is particularly relevant in the Australian context where energy use for water supplies is forecast to rapidly escalate, growing around 300% from 2007 levels, by 2030. This paper presents a literature review with an aim of characterising the research to date with a particular focus on cities, the major centres of consumption and growth. It systematically analyses a wide range of papers and summarises the diverse objectives, dimensions, and scale of the research to-date together with knowledge gaps. There are many major gaps. These include energy use associated with water in industrial and commercial operations as well as socio-political perspectives. A major gap is the lack of a unifying theoretical framework and consistent methodology for analysis. This is considered a prerequisite for quantitative trans-city comparisons. Weblink http://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=02731223&AN=61233076&h=jvcTh J6Yw8%2bn6LQa880C6j0mPlyHPL8NcX4s2E0Zerv5FrFoJt6Z65VgILvKYuCS3rjAyBWCdA1fIRqRxP6cdg%3d%3d&crl=c 6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652604000976

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A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Bringing energy into the water equation Arani Kajenthira, Afreen Siddiqi, Laura Diaz Anadon In: Journal of Environmental Management, 2012

Abstract

Saudi Arabia is the third-largest per capita water user worldwide and has addressed the disparity between its renewable water resources and domestic demand primarily through desalination and the abstraction of non-renewable groundwater. This study evaluates the potential costs of this approach in the industrial and municipal sectors, exploring economic, energy, and environmental costs (including CO2 emissions and possible coastal impacts). Although the energy intensity of desalination is a global concern, it is particularly urgent to rethink water supply options in Saudi Arabia because the entirety of its natural gas production is consumed domestically, primarily in petrochemical and desalination plants. This burgeoning demand is necessitating the development of more expensive high-sulfur gas resources that could make desalination even pricier. The evolving necessity to conserve non-renewable water and energy resources and mitigate GHG emissions in the region also requires policy makers to weigh in much more considerably the energy and environmental costs of desalination. This paper suggests that in Saudi Arabia, the implementation of increased water conservation and reuse across the oil and natural gas sectors could conserve up to 29% of total industrial water withdrawals at costs recovered over 030 years, depending on the specific improvement. This work also indicates that increasing wastewater treatment and reuse in six high-altitude inland cities could save a further $225 million (2009 dollars) and conserve 2% of Saudi Arabia's annual electricity consumption. By these estimates, some anticipated investments in desalination projects could be deferred by improving water efficiency in industry and prioritizing investment in sewage and water distribution networks that would ensure more effective water reclamation and reuse. Simultaneously, such initiatives would conserve non-renewable natural gas resources and could help prevent the lock-in of potentially unnecessary desalination infrastructure that is likely to become more energy and cost efficient in future.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000564

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The Energy-Water Nexus and information exchange: challenges and opportunities Noah C. Goldstein1, Robin L. Newmark2, Camilla Dunham Whitehead3, Elizabeth Burton4, James McMahon5, Girish Ghatikar6, Deborah May7 In: International Journal of Water, 2008

Abstract

In the near future, the USA will be facing constraints on energy availability owing to the heightened demand for both energy and water, especially during droughts and summers. This is especially true in the American Southwest. Increasing stress on the inextricably linked resource availability of both water and energy can be mitigated with integrated planning. Exchanging data is an important component to current and future mitigation approaches within the Energy-Water Nexus (EWN). We describe the types of relationships that are formed in the US EWN, and address the data-sharing obstacles. Approaches to removing such obstacles are presented, based on case studies.

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http://inderscience.metapress.com/content/n3534626744n07x8/

The Energy-Water Nexus: Why Should We Care? Alexey Voinov, Hal Cardwell In: Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 2009

Abstract Weblink 9. Name Like Water for Energy: The Water-Energy Nexus Through the Lens of Tax Policy http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2009.00061.x/full

Roberta F. Mann, University of Oregon Abstract Water and energy are inextricably linked. We use energy to produce water for food and human consumption. Energy limitations affect water policy, and water limitations should affect energy choices. Climate change is likely to put more pressure on the worlds supply of fresh water. In the rush to transition to a renewable energy economy, policy makers have paid little heed to the potential water consequences. Reducing CO2 emissions will not help society if the alternative energy sources use more water than the traditional energy sources they replace. This article examines the links between renewable energy tax incentives and water consumption. Tax incentives for renewable energy sources should account for water consumption as well as potential for reduced CO2 emissions. This article first reviews water usage statistics for traditional energy sources and compares water usage statistics from various renewable energy sources. Next, the article analyzes the U.S. federal tax incentives for energy sources, with particular attention to newer incentives for renewable sources and examining those incentives for water impact. Finally, the article provides some recommendations for legislative action. Weblink 10. Name Domestic Wastewater Treatment as a Net Energy ProducerCan This be Achieved? Perry L. McCarty, Jaeho Bae, and Jeonghwan Kim In: Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011 Abstract In seeking greater sustainability in water resources management, wastewater is now being considered more as a resource than as a wastea resource for water, for plant nutrients, and for energy. Energy, the primary focus of this article, can be obtained from wastewater's organic as well as from its thermal content. Also, using wastewaters nitrogen and P nutrients for plant fertilization, rather than wasting them, helps offset the high energy cost of producing synthetic fertilizers. Microbial fuel cells offer potential for direct biological conversion of wastewaters organic materials into electricity, although significant improvements are needed for this process to be http://works.bepress.com/roberta_mann/6/

competitive with anaerobic biological conversion of wastewater organics into biogas, a renewable fuel used in electricity generation. Newer membrane processes coupled with complete anaerobic treatment of wastewater offer the potential for wastewater treatment to become a net generator of energy, rather than the large energy consumer that it is today. Weblink 11. Name A New Planning and Design Paradigm to Achieve Sustainable Resource Recovery from Wastewater1 In: Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009 Abstract Weblink http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9010515 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2014264

12. Name Evaluation of Spain's Water-Energy Nexus Laurent Hardy, Alberto Garrido & Luis Juana International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2012 Abstract This paper explores the water-energy nexus of Spain and offers calculations for both the energy used in the water sector and the water required to run the energy sector. The article takes a prospective approach, offering evaluations of policy objectives for biofuels and expected renewable energy sources. Approximately 5.8% of total electricity demand in Spain is due to the water sector. Irrigated agriculture is one of the Spanish water sectors that show the largest growth in energy requirements. Searches for more efficient modes of farm water use, urban waste water treatment, and the use of desalinated water must henceforth include the energy component.

Furthermore, biofuel production, to the levels targeted for 2020, would have an unbearable impact on the already stressed water resources in Spain. However, growing usage of renewable energy sources is not threatened by water scarcity, but legislative measures in water allocation and water markets will be required to meet the requirements of using these sources. Some of these measures, which are pushed by regional governments, are discussed in concluding sections. Weblink http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2012.642240#.UxmcWl5GEy4

13. Name Probabilistic design and upgrade of wastewater treatment plants in the EU Water Framework Directive context L Benedetti (2006) Abstract The EU Water Framework Directive requires compliance with effluent and receiving water quality standards. This increased complexity implies that the evaluation of the impact of measures should be evaluated with adequate tools, both from the methodological point of view by applying systems analysis investigations and modelling uncertainty assessment tools and by making the developed methodology applicable in practice. Urban wastewater systems (UWWSs) are crucial components of river basins, since they usually contribute significantly to the pollution loads. They also have more flexibility in operation and management than other subsystems as agriculture. One part of this dissertation tries to answer the question where to improve the UWWS in a basin by means of systems analysis. A case study is tackled with the help of substance flow analysis (SFA) and of performance indicators. SFA allowed to identify the pressures on the receiving water. The indicators highlighted the critical structures in the basin. The spatial scale of the study was found to be of paramount importance. The other part of this dissertation deals with the question how to improve the UWWS, by proposing a systematic methodology to design correction measures, illustrated by the example of WWTP design and upgrade. The first step is the generation of influent time series to be fed to the WWTP models by means of a new phenomenological model of the draining catchment and sewer system. Ten different treatment process configurations were selected for the comparison. Further, eleven upgrade options were selected for

evaluation, partly requiring real-time control (RTC) and partly the construction of additional treatment volume. For the immission-based evaluation, the integration of the WWTP model with a river model was made by means of the continuity-based interfacing method (CBIM). The propagation of the uncertainty on model parameters was performed with Monte Carlo simulations. Given the assumed boundary conditions, alternating systems show the best treatment cost-efficiency. RTC upgrades showed good potential for low-cost compliance, but with higher risk of limits exceedance. The immission-based evaluation revealed that considering the system from a holistic point of view can lead to substantial savings. Weblink 14. Name Towards sustainability in water recycling L. Sala and M. Serra , 2004 Abstract Those like us who believe in and spread the gospel of planned wastewater reclamation and reuse usually emphasize that this is a step towards sustainability in water resource management, but this is something that is very seldom analyzed. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, issues such as goals in water reuse and influence on water demands, ecological analysis of the cycle of the main pollutants, health aspects and treatment requirements, energy consumption and measurable environmental benefits, in order to provide a set of criteria to assess sustainability in water recycling projects and to decrease the impact of the cultural water cycle on the environmen Weblink 15. http://ccbgi.org/docs/publicacions_revistes/sala_serra_towards_sustainability_in_water_recycling.pdf https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/472019

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Meeting the challenges of the water-energy nexus: the role of reuse and wastewater treatment By Valentina Lazarova, Kwang-Ho Choo and Peter Corne Water21, 2012

Abstract

Water and energy are intertwined, with energy required for water treatment, and water required for energy production, so reusing wastewater and closing water and energy cycles is one way to address reducing resources. Valentina Lazarova, Kwang-Ho Choo and Peter Cornel explain how exploring further the reuse potential of wastewater is key to future urban living.

Weblink

http://m.iwaponline.com/w21/01402/w21014020012.htm#.UxmoSl5GEy4

16. Name Water-energy interactions in water reuse V Lazarova, KH Choo, P Cornel - 2012 Abstract The focus of Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse is to collect original contributions and some relevant publications from recent conference proceedings in order to provide state-of-art information on the use of energy in wastewater treatment and reuse systems. Special focus is given to innovative technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, high pressure membrane filtration systems, and novel water reuse processes. A comparison of energy consumption in water reuse systems and desalination will be also provided. Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse covers the use of energy in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment for various water reuse applications, including carbon footprint, energy efficiency, energy self-sufficient facilities and novel technologies, such as microbial fuel cells and biogas valorisation. It is of real value to water utility managers; policy makers for water and wastewater treatment; water

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resources planners, and researchers and students in environmental engineering and science. Weblink http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn9781843395416

Projekte Name Art Inhalt (BIOCELL) ENERGY SELF-SUSTAINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT REDUCTION ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS VIA FUEL CELLS EU-Projekt The goal of the BIOCELL project is to demonstrate the feasibility and economic viability of energy production from biogas via both PEMFC and SOFC fuel cells adapted to WWTP, and develop the adequate tools for its industrial implementation and the assessment of its environmental impact. Trger Cetaqua, Aguas de Murcia, Suez Environment, Degrmont, Agencia Catalana de lAigua, Metropolitan Water Services and Waste Treatment Authority , ESAMUR - Regional Entity for Drainage and Wastewater treatment in Murcia, Consell Comarcal del Maresme, AQUALOGY, AQUAGEST MEDIO AMBIENTE Weblink http://www.life-biocell.eu/ Zeitraum 2009-2012

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