Assignment 1 Q NO. 1 Define Learning. List the types of learning identified by experts like Bloom and Gagne.

Adult learning has different requirements as compared to the children. Discuss with the Suitable Examples. Ans. Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior based on an individual's interactional experience With its environment.''
Bloom defines 6 levels of intellectual behavior that are important for learning. 1. Knowledge: Recall data or information Verbs: describe, identify, recall, arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name, order, recognize, and reproduce state. 2. Comprehension: Understand the meaning of a problem, be able to translate into own words. Verbs: comprehend, give example, classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify, indicate, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, select, translate, 3. Application: Use a concept in a new situation Verbs: apply, change, construct, compute, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use, write. 4. Analysis: Can split concepts into parts and understands the structure Verbs: analyze, break down, relate, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, question, and make inferences, find evidence, and test. 5. Synthesis: Produce something from different elements (e.g. a report). Verbs: summarize, arrange, combine, categorize, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set up, and write. 6. Evaluation: Make judgments, justify a solution, etc. Verbs: appraise, interpret, argue, assess, attach, compare, defend, estimate, judge, predict, rate, core, select, support, value, evaluate, prove, deduct. Gagne (1965?) also postulated a hierarchy of eight different learning types: 1. signal learning learn how to respond to a signal, like Pavlov's dog 2. stimulus-response learning learn precise responses to precise signals 3. chaining lean to to follow procedures able to chain 2 or more stimulus-response 4. verbal association use terminology in verbal chains

5. discrimination learning learn how to distinguish between similar stimuli 6. concept learning singular response to an entire class of stimuli 7. principle learning learn to apply rules 8. problem solving

Historical Roots of Adult Learning Principles Since the 1970s, adult learning theory has offered a framework for educators and trainers whose job it is to train adults. Malcolm S. Knowles (1973) was among the first proponents of this approach. In his book, The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species, he resurrected the word "andragogy" a term popular in German education circles in the early 1800s, and used it to label his attempt to create a unified theory of adult learning. Knowles' contentions were based on four assumptions: 1. As they mature, adults tend to prefer self-direction. The role of the instructor is to engage in a process of inquiry, analysis, and decision-making with adult learners, rather than to transmit knowledge. 2. Adults' experiences are a rich resource for learning. Active participation in planned experiences such as discussions or problem solving exercises, an analysis of those experiences, and their application to work or life situationsshould be the core methodology for training adults. Adults learn and retain information more easily if they can relate it to their reservoir of past experiences. 3. Adults are aware of specific learning needs generated by real-life events such as marriage, divorce, parenting, taking a new job, losing a job, and so on. Adult learners' needs and interests are the starting points and serve as guideposts for training activities. 4. Adults are competency-based learners, meaning that they want to learn a skill or acquire knowledge that they can apply pragmatically to their immediate circumstances. Life or work-related situations present a more appropriate framework for adult learning than academic or theoretical approaches. Robert W. Pike (1989), an internationally recognized expert in human resources development and author of the book Creative Training Techniques, has conducted thousands of adult training seminars. His principles of adult learning, referred to as "Pike's Laws of Adult Learning," have built upon the original philosophy to provide similar guidance for trainers:

Q NO. 2 Inclusive Education- an approach to integrate the students with special needs in mainstreaming. Discuss the components of special education specifically in a developing country like ours. Ans. Q NO. 3 Construct a questionnaire to identify the learning style in distance education?

Ans. Q NO 4. What do you understand by the philosophy of total development? How does age affect the developmental characteristics? Ans.

Assignment 2

Q NO. 1 Keeping in mind the Decision Making Model prepare an outline plan about Education for all in Pakistan indicating the steps, Methods, helping behavior and blocking behavior. Ans.

Q NO. 2 Ans.

How can parents assist their children in the learning process?

Q NO. 3 As a youth leader, prepare a case study of a group of absconding students their behavior and learning approach? Ans. Q NO 4. Ans. Identify the gaps in knowledge and skills in educational institution of Pakistan?