Algebra Formulas: 1. Set Identities

Page 1 www.gtupedia.
com
Algebra Formulas
1. Set identities
Definitions:
I: Universal set A: Complement
Empty set:
Identity
A = A A I = A
Set identities involving union, intersection and complement
complement of intersection and union
Union of sets
A B = { x | x A or x B}
A A = I A A =
De Morgans laws
Intersection of sets
A B = { x | x A and x B}
( A B ) = A B
Complement
A = { x I | x A}
( A B ) = A B
Set identities involving difference
B \ A = B ( A B)
Difference of sets
B \ A = { x | x B and x A}
Cartesian product
A B = {( x, y ) | x A and y B}
B \ A = B A A\ A=
( A \ B) C = ( A C) \ (B C)
A = I \ A
Set identities involving union

Commutativity
A B = B A
Associativity
2. Sets of Numbers
Definitions:
N: Natural numbers No: Whole numbers Z: Integers + Z : Positive integers Z : Negative integers Q: Rational numbers C: Complex numbers
A (B C ) = ( A B) C
Idempotency
A A = A
Set identities involving intersection
commutativity
A B = B A
Associativity
Natural numbers (counting numbers )

N = {1, 2, 3,... }
A (B C) = ( A B) C
Idempotency
A A = A
Set identities involving union and intersection
Distributivity
Whole numbers ( counting numbers + zero )

N o = {0, 1, 2, 3,... }
Integers
A (B C) = ( A B) ( A C)
Z + = N = {1, 2, 3,... } Z = {..., 3, 2, 1 } Z = Z {0} Z = .{ .., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... }
A (B C) = ( A B) ( A C)
Domination
A = A I = I
www.gtupedia.com
Page 2 www.gtupedia.com
Roots of complex numbers Irrational numbers:
Nonerepeating and nonterminating integers
1 + 2k + 2k n n r + + sin cos sin ( ) = r cos n n 1
Real numbers:
Union of rational and irrational numbers
From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n - 1
Complex numbers:
C = { x + iy | x R and y R}
4. Factoring and product

Factoring Formulas
a 2 b 2 = ( a b )( a + b )
N Z QRC
3. Complex numbers
Definitions:
A complex nuber is written as a + bi where a and b are real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has the 2 property that i =-1. The complex numbers a+bi and a-bi are called complex conjugate of each other.
a 3 b3 = ( a b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 a3 + b3
2
( = (a + b)(a
) ab + b )
2
a 4 b 4 = ( a b)( a + b)( a 2 + b 2 )
a 5 b5 = ( a b ) a 4 + a 3b + a 2 b 2 + ab3 + b 4
Equality of complex numbers

a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d
Product Formulas
( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ( a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2
Addition of complex numbers

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3 (a b)3 = a3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b3

4
Subtraction of complex numbers

(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i
Multiplication of complex numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i
(a + b)
= a 4 + 4a 3 b + 6 a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
( a b )4 = a 4 4a3b + 6a 2 b2 4ab3 + b4
(a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a + b + c + ...) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ...2(ab + ac + bc + ...)
Division of complex numbers
a + bi a + bi c di ac + bd bc ad = = + i c + di c + di c di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
Polar form of complex numbers
x + iy = r ( cos + i sin ) r modulus, amplitude
5. Algebric equations
Quadric Eqation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solutions (roots):
Multiplication and division in polar form

r1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = = r1r2 cos (1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 )
r cos (1 2 ) + sin (1 2 ) = 1 r2 ( cos2 + sin 2 ) r2

De Moivres theorem
n r ( cos + sin ) = r ( cos n + sin n ) n
r1 ( cos1 + sin1 )
x1,2
b b2 4ac = 2a
2
if D=b -4ac is the discriminant, then the roots are (i) real and unique if D > 0 (ii) real and equal if D = 0 (iii) complex conjugate if D < 0
www.gtupedia.com
Cubic Eqation: x3 + a1 x 2 + a2 x + a3 = 0
Let
3a2 a12 Q= , 9 S = 3 R + Q3 + R2 ,
then solutions are:
9a1a2 27a3 2a13 R= 54
T = 3 R Q3 + R2
1 x1 = S + T a1 3 1 1 1 x2 = ( S + T ) a1 + i 3 ( S T ) 2 3 2 1 1 1 x3 = ( S + T ) a1 i 3 ( S T ) 2 3 2
if D = Q + R is the discriminant, then: (i) one root is real and two complex conjugate if D > 0 (ii) all roots are real and at last two are equal if D = 0 (iii) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0
3 3
Cuadric Eqation: x4 + a1x3 + a2 x2 + a3x + a4 = 0

Let y1 be a real root of the cubic equation
y3 a2 y2 + ( a1a3 4a4 ) y + 4a2 a4 a32 a12 a4 = 0

Solution are the 4 roots of
z2 +
1 1 a1 a12 4a2 + 4y1 z + y1 y12 4a4 = 0 2 2
) (
www.gtupedia.com
Analytic Geometry Formulas

1. Lines in two dimensions
Line forms
Slope - intercept form:
Line segment
A line segment P 1P 2 can be represented in parametric form by
y = mx + b
Two point form:
x = x1 + ( x2 x1 ) t y = y1 + ( y2 y1 ) t
y y1 =
y2 y1 ( x x1 ) x2 x1
0 t 1
Two line segments PP 3P 4 intersect if any only if 1 2 and P the numbers
Point slope form:
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
Intercept form
x2 x1
y2 y1 y3 y1 y2 y1 y3 y4
x3 x1
y3 y1 y3 y4 y2 y1 y3 y4
x y + = 1 ( a, b 0 ) a b
Normal form:
s=
x cos + y sin = p
Parametric form:
x3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x4
and
t=
x3 x4 x2 x1 x3 x4
satisfy 0 s 1 and 0 t 1
x = x1 + t cos y = y1 + t sin
Point direction form:
2. Triangles in two dimensions

Area
The area of the triangle formed by the three lines:
x x1 y y1 = A B
where (A,B) is the direction of the line and P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) lies on the line. General form:
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
is given by
A x + B y + C = 0 A 0 or B 0
Distance
The distance from Ax + By + C = 0 to P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) is
A1
B1
C1
d=
A x1 + B y1 + C
K= 2
A1 A2
A +B
Concurrent lines
Three lines
A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 B1 A2 B2 A3 B2 A3 B3 A1
B3 B1
The area of a triangle whose vertices are P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
x1 1 K = x2 2 x3 y1 1 y2 1 y3 1
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
are concurrent if and only if:
K=
A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 = 0 C3
1 x2 x1 2 x3 x1
y2 y1 y3 y1
www.gtupedia.com
Centroid
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
3. Circle
Equation of a circle
In an x-y coordinate system, the circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is the set of all points (x, y) such that:
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
x + x + x y + y + y3 ( x, y ) = 1 2 3 , 1 2 3 3
( x a )2 + ( y b ) 2 = r 2
Circle is centred at the origin
Incenter
The incenter of a triangle whose vertices are P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
x2 + y 2 = r 2
Parametric equations
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) : ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 ( x, y ) = 1 , a+b+c a+b+c
x = a + r cos t y = b + r sin t
where t is a parametric variable. In polar coordinates the equation of a circle is:
where a is the length of P2 P3 , b is the length of PP 1 3, and c is the length of PP 1 2.
r 2 2rro cos ( ) + ro2 = a 2
Area
A = r 2
Circumcenter
The circumcenter of a triangle whose vertices are
Circumference
c = d = 2 r
P 2 ( x2 , y 2 ) and P 3 ( x3 , y3 ) : 1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P
x12 + y12 y1 1 x1 x12 + y12 1 2 2 2 2 x2 + y2 y2 1 x2 x2 + y2 1 x2+y2 y 1 x x2+y2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 ( x, y ) = , x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
Theoremes:
(Chord theorem) The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF, intersect at G, then:
CD DG = EG FG
(Tangent-secant theorem) If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle at G and E respectively, then 2
DC = DG DE
Orthocenter
The orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are
P 2 ( x2 , y 2 ) and P 3 ( x3 , y3 ) : 1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P
y1 x2 x3 + y12 1 x12 + y2 y3 2 2 y2 x3 x1 + y2 1 x2 + y3 y1 y xx +y2 1 x2+y y 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 ( x, y ) = , x1 y1 1 x1 y1 2 x2 y2 2 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 x3 y3
(Secant - secant theorem) If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F respectively, then:
DH DG = DF DE
x1 1 x2 1 x3 1 1 1 1
(Tangent chord property) The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord.
www.gtupedia.com
4. Conic Sections
Eccentricity:
The Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distances from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed line, called the directrix, are always equal.
e=
Foci:
a 2 b2 a
The standard formula of a parabola:

y 2 = 2 px
if a > b => F1 ( a 2 b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 b 2 ,0)

if a < b => F1 (0, b 2 a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 a 2 )
Parametric equations of the parabola:
Area:
K = a b
x = 2 pt y = 2 pt
Tangent line
Tangent line in a point D( x0 , y0 ) of a parabola y = 2 px
2
The Hyperbola
The set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose distances from two fixed points, called the foci, remains constant.
y0 y = p ( x + x0 )
Tangent line with a given slope (m)
The standard formula of a hyperbola:
p y = mx + 2m
x2 y 2 =1 a 2 b2
Parametric equations of the Hyperbola
Tangent lines from a given point

Take a fixed point P ( x0 , y0 ) .The equations of the tangent lines are
x=
y y0 = m1 ( x x0 ) and y y0 = m2 ( x x0 ) where
a sin t b sin t y= cos t

x0 x y0 y 2 =1 a2 b
m1 =
y0 + y0 2 2 px0
2 x0
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a hyperbola:
and
m1 =
y0 y0 2 2 px0
2 x0
Foci:
if a > b => F1 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0)
if a < b => F1 (0, b 2 + a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 + a 2 )
The Ellipse
The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a constant.
Asymptotes:
The standard formula of a ellipse
x2 y 2 + =1 a 2 b2
Parametric equations of the ellipse x = a cos t
y = b sin t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a ellipse:
b b x and y = x a a a a if a < b => y = x and y = x b b if a > b => y =
x0 x y0 y + 2 =1 a2 b
www.gtupedia.com
5. Planes in three dimensions

Plane forms
Point direction form:
x x1 y y1 z z1 = = a b c
where P1(x1,y1,z1) lies in the plane, and the direction (a,b,c) is normal to the plane.
Equation of a plane
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and parallel to directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) has equation
x x1 a1 a2
y y1 b1 b2
z z1 c1 c2
=0
General form:
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and P2(x2,y2,z2), and parallel to direction (a,b,c), has equation
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
where direction (A,B,C) is normal to the plane.
x x1 x2 x1 a
y y1 y2 y1 b
z z1 z2 z1 = 0 c
Intercept form:
x y z + + =1 a b c
this plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0), and (0,0,c).
Distance
The distance of P1(x1,y1,z1) from the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is
Three point form

x x3 x1 x3 x2 x3 y y3 y1 y3 y2 y3 z z3 z1 z3 = 0 z2 z3
d=
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1
A2 + B 2 + C 2
Intersection
The intersection of two planes
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0, A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,
is the line
Normal form:
x cos + y cos + z cos = p

Parametric form:
x x1 y y1 z z1 = = , a b c
where
x = x1 + a1 s + a2 t y = y1 + b1 s + b2 t z = z1 + c1 s + c2 t
where the directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) are parallel to the plane.
a= b=
B1 B2
C1 C2
C1 C2
A1 A2
Angle between two planes:

The angle between two planes:
c=
A1 A2
B1 B2 D1 D2 D1 D2 D1 D2 C1 C2
2
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
is
b x1 =
2 2 2
c
2
D1 D2
2
B1 B2 C1 C2 A1 A2
a +b +c
arccos
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2
A + B +C
2 1 2 1 2 1
A2 + B2 + C2
c y1 = a z1 =
A1 A2
2
c
2
D1 D2
2
The planes are parallel if and only if
a +b +c B1 B2
2
A1 B1 C1 = = A2 B2 C2
The planes are perpendicular if and only if
b
2
D1 D2
2
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 = 0
a +b +c
If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.
www.gtupedia.com
Functions Formulas
1. Exponents
a = a a ... a if p N p > 0, a R
p p
3. Roots
Definitions:
a,b: bases ( a, b 0 if n = 2 k )
a = 1 if a 0
n,m: powers
ar as = ar+s
ar = a r s as
Formulas:
n
ab = n a n b
n
r s
(a )
r
a m b = nm a m bn
a = b
n n
=a
r
a b
(a b)
r
= a b
,b0
ar a = r b b 1 ar = r a
a = a
r s s
r
n m
a b
= nm
p
am bn
,b0
( )
n
am
= n a mp
( a)
n
n
=a
np
am =
a mp
2. Logarithms
Definition:
y = log a x a = x
y
m n
a = mn a
m
( a, x > 0, y R )
( a)
n
= n am
n
Formulas:
log a 1 = 0
1
n
a n 1 ,a0 a
log a a = 1
a b =
1
a + a2 b a a2 b 2 2 a b ab
log a mn = log a m + log a n
m log a = log a m log a n n

log a m n = n log a m
log a m = log b m log a b
a b
log a m =
logb m logb a 1 logb a

ln x = ( l og a e ) ln x ln a
l og a b =
l og a x =
www.gtupedia.com
4. Trigonometry
Right-Triangle Definitions
Sum and Difference Formulas
sin ( + ) = sin cos + sin cos
sin =
Opposite Hypotenuse
sin ( ) = sin cos sin cos cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin
Adjacent cos = Hypotenuse

tg =
Opposite Adjacent 1 Hypotenuse = sin Opposite
tan ( + ) =
tan ( ) =
csc =
tan + tan 1 tan tan
1 Adjacent cot = = tg Opposite
tan tan 1 + tan tan
sec =
1 Hypotenuse = cos Adjacent
Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas
sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos

cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2
Reduction Formulas
sin( x) = sin x
tan ( 2 ) =
sin
cos( x) = cos x
sin( x) = cos x 2 cos( x) = sin x 2 sin( + x) = cos x 2 cos( x) = sin x 2 sin( x) = sin x
2tg 1 tg 2
1 cos 2
cos
tan
=
=
1 + cos 2
1 cos sin = sin 1 + cos
Other Useful Trig Formulae

Law of sines
cos( x) = cos x sin( + x) = sin x cos( + x) = cos x
sin sin sin = = a b c

Law of cosines
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
Area of triangle
Identities
sin x + cos x = 1 1 tg 2 x + 1 = cos 2 x 1 cot 2 x + 1 = sin 2 x
K=
1 ab sin 2
www.gtupedia.com
5. Hyperbolic functions
Inverse Hyperbolic functions
Definitions:
e x e x sinh x = 2
sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 cosh 1
2
e +e cosh x = 2
x
( x = ln ( x +
) x 1)
x ( , ) x [1, )
e e sinh x = x x e +e cosh x 2 1 csch x = x x = e e sinh x 2 1 sech x = x x = e +e cosh x
1 1+ x tanh 1 x = ln 2 1 x
coth 1 x =
x ( 1,1)
x ( , 1) (1, )

tanh x =
1 x +1 ln 2 x 1
1 + 1 x2 sech 1 x = ln x
x (0,1]
coth x =
e x + e x cosh x = e x e x sinh x
1 1 x2 csch 1 x = ln + x x
x ( ,0 ) ( 0, )
Derivates
d sinh x = cosh x dx d cosh x = sinh x dx d tanh x = sech 2 x dx d csch x = cschx coth x dx d sech x = sech x tanh x dx d coth x = csch 2 x dx
Inverse Hyperbolic derivates
d sinh 1 x = dx
d cosh 1 x = dx
x2 + 1
1
x2 1
d 1 tanh 1 x = dx 1 x2 d 1 csch x = dx x 1 + x2
d 1 sech 1 x = dx x 1 x2 d 1 coth 1 x = dx 1 x2
Hyperbolic identities
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1 coth 2 x csch 2 x = 1 sinh( x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
sinh( x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x 1 + cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 2 1 + cosh 2 x cosh 2 x = 2
www.gtupedia.com
Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals
Indefinite Integral
Method of substitution
Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
ln x dx = x ln x x + C
n x ln x dx =
f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx = f (u )du

Integration by parts
x n +1 x n +1 +C ln x 2 n +1 ( n + 1)
f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)dx
dx = e x + C
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions

n x dx =
x b dx =
bx +C ln b
x n +1 +C n +1
x dx = ln x + C
c dx = cx + C
sinh x dx = cosh x + C cosh x dx = sinh x + C
xdx =
x2 +C 2
x3 +C 3 1 1 x2 dx = x + C
2 x dx =
xdx = 1
2x x +C 3
1+ x
dx = arctan x + C
1 1 x2
dx = arcsin x + C
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
sin x dx = cos x + C cos x dx = sin x + C tan x dx = ln sec x + C sec x dx = ln tan x + sec x + C

1 ( x sin x cos x ) + C 2 1 2 cos x dx = 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C
sin
x dx =
tan sec
x dx = tan x x + C x dx = tan x + C
www.gtupedia.com
2. Integrals of Rational Functions

Integrals involving ax + b
( ax + b )n + 1 ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1)
n
( for n 1)
ax + b dx = a ln ax + b x ( ax + b )
x
n
dx = a
x
a ( n + 1) x b
2
( n + 1)( n + 2 )
( ax + b )n+1
( for n 1, n 2 )
ax + b dx = a a 2 ln ax + b
( ax + b )2 dx = a 2 ( ax + b ) + a 2 ln ax + b ( ax + b )n dx = a 2 ( n 1)( n 2)( ax + b )n1

x a (1 n ) x b
( for n 1, n 2 )
2 x2 1 ( ax + b ) 2 = + + + 2 ln dx b ax b b ax b ( ) ax + b 2 a3
( ax + b )2 ( ax + b )3
x2
x2
1 b2 dx = 3 ax + b 2b ln ax + b ax + b a
dx =
1 2b b2 ln ax + b + ax + b 2 ( ax + b )2 a3
( ax + b ) n
1
x2
dx =
3n 2 n 1n b2 ( ax + b ) 2b ( a + b ) 1 ( ax + b ) + n3 n2 n 1 a3
( for n 1, 2,3)
x ( ax + b ) dx = b ln
1 1
ax + b x
x 2 ( ax + b ) dx = bx + b2 ln
x 2 ( ax + b )2
1
1
ax + b x

1 1 2 ax + b dx = a 2 + 2 3 ln b ( a + xb ) ab x b x
Integrals involving ax2 + bx + c
x 2 + a 2 dx = a arctg a
1
ax 1 ln 2a a + x x2 a 2 dx = 1 x a ln 2a x + a
for x < a
for x > a
www.gtupedia.com
2 2ax + b arctan 2 4ac b 2 4ac b 1 2 2ax + b b 2 4 ac dx = ln 2 ax 2 + bx + c b 4ac 2 ax + b + b 2 4ac 2 2ax + b
for 4ac b 2 > 0 for 4ac b 2 < 0 for 4ac b 2 = 0
ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax
+ bx + c
b dx 2 2 a ax + bx + c
m 2an bm 2ax + b 2 for 4ac b 2 > 0 arctan ln ax + bx + c + 2 2 2 a a 4ac b 4ac b mx + n 2an bm 2ax + b m 2 2 ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax + bx + c + a b2 4ac arctanh b2 4ac for 4ac b < 0 m 2an bm ln ax 2 + bx + c for 4ac b 2 = 0 a ( 2 ax + b ) 2a
( ax
+ bx + c
1
dx =
2ax + b
( n 1) ( 4ac b2 )( ax 2 + bx + c )
n1
( 2 n 3 ) 2a 1 dx 2 ( n 1) ( 4ac b ) ( ax 2 + bx + c )n1
( ax
+ bx + c
dx =
1 x2 b 1 2 ln 2 dx 2c ax + bx + c 2c ax + bx + c
3. Integrals of Exponential Functions

cx xe dx =
ecx
c2
( cx 1)
2 2x 2 cx x 2 cx x e dx = e c c 2 + c3
n cx
e dx =
1 n cx n n 1 cx x e x e dx c c
i
cx ( ) ecx dx = x + ln i i! x i =1
cx
ln xdx =
1 cx e ln x + Ei ( cx ) c ecx
c 2 + b2
cx e sin bxdx = cx e cos bxdx =
( c sin bx b cos bx ) ( c cos bx + b sin bx )

2
ecx
c 2 + b2
cx n e sin xdx =
ecx sin n 1 x
c +n
2
( c sin x n cos bx ) +
n ( n 1)
c +n
2 2
cx
sin n 2 dx
www.gtupedia.com
4. Integrals of Logarithmic Functions
ln cxdx = x ln cx x
ln(ax + b)dx = x ln(ax + b) x + a ln(ax + b)

( ln x ) dx = x ( ln x ) 2 x ln x + 2 x n n n 1 ( ln cx ) dx = x ( ln cx ) n ( ln cx ) dx
ln x ( ) dx = x + x + ln ln ln ln x n =2 i i !
i
( ln x )n
dx
( n 1)( ln x )
n 1
1 dx n 1 ( ln x )n 1
( for n 1)
1 m m +1 ln x x l xdx = x n m + 1 ( m + 1) 2
( for m 1)
( for m 1)
x ( ln x )
m
dx =
x m+1 ( ln x )
m +1
n n 1 x m ( ln x ) dx m +1
( ln x )n
x
dx =
( ln x )n+1
n +1
( for n 1)
ln x n ln x n ( for n 0 ) x dx = 2n ln x ln x 1 xm dx = ( m 1) xm1 ( m 1)2 xm1
( for m 1)
( for m 1)
( ln x )n
xm dx
( ln x )n ( ln x )n1 n dx = + dx ( m 1) x m1 m 1 x m
x ln x = ln ln x
( 1) xn ln x = ln ln x + i =1
dx
i
( n 1)i ( ln x )i
i i!
x ( ln x )n ln ( x
2
dx
( n 1)( ln x )n1
( for n 1)
+ a 2 dx = x ln x 2 + a 2 2 x + 2a tan 1 x
x a
sin ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) cos ( ln x ) ) cos ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x ) )

x
www.gtupedia.com
5. Integrals of Trig. Functions
sin xdx = cos x cos xdx = sin x

x 1 sin 2 x 2 4 x 1 2 cos xdx = 2 + 4 sin 2 x 1 3 3 sin xdx = 3 cos x cos x 1 3 3 cos xdx = sin x 3 sin x
sin 2 x dx = sin x
x cos 2 x sin x dx = ln tan 2 + cos x
cos x
sin
xdx =
cot
xdx = cot x x
sin x cos x = ln tan x

+ sin 2 x cos x = sin x + ln tan 2 4 dx
1
x
dx
sin x xdx = ln tan 2

+ cos x xdx = ln tan 2 4
dx sin 2 x xdx = cot x dx cos2 x xdx = tan x
dx
sin x cos2 x = cos x + ln tan 2 sin 2 x cos2 x = tan x cot x

dx
dx
dx
sin mxsin nxdx = 2( m+ n)
sin( m + n) x sin( m n) x + 2( m n) cos ( m + n) x cos ( m n) x 2( m n)
m2 n2 m2 n2 m2 n2
sin mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n) cos mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n)

n sin x cos xdx = n sin x cos xdx =
cos x 1 dx x sin 3 x = 2sin 2 x + 2 ln tan 2
sin ( m + n) x sin ( m n) x + 2( m n)
cos n +1 x n +1
dx sin x 1 x + cos3 x = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan 2 4

1 sin x cos xdx = 4 cos 2 x 1 3 2 sin x cos xdx = 3 sin x 1 2 3 sin x cos xdx = 3 cos x x 1 2 2 sin x cos xdx = 8 32 sin 4 x
sin n +1 x n +1
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x + arccos xdx = x arccos x
1 x2 1 x2
1
2
arctan xdx = x arctan x 2 ln ( x

1
+1
tan xdx = ln cos x

cos
sin x 1 dx = 2 cos x x
arc cot xdx = x arc cot x + 2 ln ( x
+1
sin 2 x x + sin x cos x dx = ln tan 2 4
tan xdx = tan x x cot xdx = ln sin x

2
www.gtupedia.com
Limits and Derivatives Formulas

1. Limits
Properties
if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m , then
xa xa
Power rule
d n x = nx n 1 dx
( )
(
Chain rule
lim [ f ( x ) g ( x)] = l m
xa
lim [ f ( x) g ( x) ] = l m
xa
d f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( g ( x) ) g ( x) dx
Common Derivatives
d (c) = 0 dx d ( x) = 1 dx d ( sin x ) = cos x dx d ( cos x ) = sin x dx d 1 ( tan x ) = 2 = sec2 x dx cos x
f ( x) l where m 0 lim = x a g ( x) m
lim c f ( x) = c l
x a
lim
x a
1 1 = where l 0 f ( x) l
Formulas
1 lim 1 + = e x n
lim (1 + n ) n = e
x
sin x =1 lim x 0 x tan x =1 lim x 0 x cos x 1 =0 lim x 0 x
d ( sec x ) = sec x tan x dx d ( csc x ) = csc cot x dx d 1 ( cot x ) = 2 = csc2 x dx sin x

d 1 sin 1 x = dx 1 x2
lim
x a = na n 1 xa x a
( (
(
an 1 = ln a lim x 0 x
d 1 cos 1 x = dx 1 x2
2. Common Derivatives
Basic Properties and Formulas
( cf ) = cf ( x)
(f
g ) = f ( x) + g ( x)
f g + f g
Product rule
( f g ) =
f g
Quotient rule
f g f g = g2
d 1 tan 1 x = dx 1 + x2 d x a = a x ln a dx d x e = ex dx d 1 ( ln x ) = , x > 0 dx x d 1 ln x ) = , x 0 ( dx x d 1 , x>0 ( log a x ) = dx x ln a
( )
( )
www.gtupedia.com
3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative
f =
d dy d 2 y dx dx dx 2
Higher-Order derivative
f( ) = f(
n
n 1)
)
n n) n) n
(f
(f
+ g)
g)
( n)
(n)
= f ( ) + g(
= f ( ) g(
Leibnizs Formulas
( f g ) = ( f g ) =
( f g )(
(n)
n)
f g + 2 f g + f .g f g + 3 f g + 3 f g + f g
n n 1)
= f ( ) g + nf (
g+
n ( n 1)
1 2
f(
n 2)
g + ... + fg (
n)
Important Formulas
(x )
m
m! x mn ( m n )!
(x )
n
(n)
= n!
(n)
( log a x )
( ln x )
x
( 1) ( n 1)!
x n ln a
n 1
n 1
(n)
( 1) ( n 1)!
xn
x n
( a ) = a ln a ( ) (e ) = e ( ) ( a ) = m a ln
x
( n)
n
mx
mx
( sin x )( )
n
n = sin x + 2 n = cos x + 2
( cos x )( )
n
www.gtupedia.com
Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series 2. Special Power Series
Definitions:
First term: a1 Nth term: an Number of terms in the series: n Sum of the first n terms: Sn Difference between successive terms: d Common ratio: q Sum to infinity: S
Powers of Natural Numbers
k = 2 n ( n + 1)
k =1
k
k =1
=
=
1 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 6
1 2 2 n ( n + 1) 4
k
k =1
Arithmetic Series Formulas:

an = a1 + ( n 1) d
Special Power Series

1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + . . . 1 x 1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + . . . 1+ x
a + ai +1 ai = i 1 2 a + an Sn = 1 n 2
( for : 1 < x < 1)
( for : 1 < x < 1)
Sn =
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
ex = 1 + x +
x 2 x3 + + ... 2! 3! x2 x3 x 4 x5 + + ... 2 3 4 5
Geometric Series Formulas:

an = a1 q n1
ln (1+ x ) = x
( for : 1 < x < 1)
sin x = x cos x = 1
ai = ai 1 ai +1
x3 x5 x 7 x9 + + ... 3! 5! 7! 9! x 2 x 4 x6 x8 + + ... 2! 4! 6! 8!
Sn =
Sn = S=
an q a1 q 1
a1 q 1 q 1 for 1 < q < 1
tan x = x +
x3 2x5 17x7 + + + ... 3 15 315 x3 x5 x 7 x 9 + + + ... 3! 5! 7! 9! x 2 x 4 x6 x8 + + + ... 2! 4! 6! 8!
for : < x < 2 2
sinh x = x + cosh x = 1 +
a1 1 q
tan x = x
x3 2x5 17x7 + +... 3 15 315
for : < x < 2 2
www.gtupedia.com
3.
Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Definition:
f ( x) = f (a ) + f (a ) ( x a ) +
Rn =
f( f (a )( x a ) 2 + . . .+ 2!
n 1)
(a) ( x a )
n 1
( n 1)!
a x
+ Rn
f(
n)
( )( x a )
n!
Lagrange ' s form

n 1
Rn =
f(
n)
( )( x ) ( x a ) ( n 1)!
Cauch ' s form
a x
This result holds if f(x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If
lim Rn = 0 , the infinite series obtained is called
Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.
Binomial series
(a + x)
2! 3! n n n = a n + a n 1 x + a n 2 x 2 + a n 3 x3 + ... 1 2 3
= 1 x + x 2 x3 + x 4 ...
= a n + na n1 x +
n ( n 1)
a n2 x 2 +
n ( n 1)( n 2 )
a n 3 x3 + ...
Special cases:
(1 + x )
1 < x < 1
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
(1 + x )
= 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x3 + 5 x 4 ... = 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + 15 x 4 ...
= 1 = 1+
1 1 3 2 1 3 5 3 x+ x x + ... 2 24 246
1 < x < 1 1 < x < 1

1 < x 1
1 < x 1
1 2
(1 + x ) 2
1 1 2 1 3 3 x x + x + ... 2 24 246
Series for exponential and logarithmic functions

ex = 1 + x +
x
x 2 x3 + + ... 2! 3!
a = 1 + x ln a +
ln (1 + x ) = x
( x ln a )
2!
( x ln a )
3!
+ ...
x 2 x3 x 4 + ... 2 3 4
2 3
1 < x 1
x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 ln (1 + x ) = + + + ... x 2 x 3 x
1 2
www.gtupedia.com
Series for trigonometric functions
sin x = x cos x = 1
x3 x5 x7 + + ... 3! 5! 7! x2 x4 x6 + + ... 2! 4! 6!
2 2 n 22 n 1 Bn x 2 n 1 x 3 2 x5 17 x 7 + + + ... + tan x = x + 3 15 315 ( 2n ) !

2 2 n Bn x 2 n 1 1 x x3 2 x 5 ... cot x = x 3 45 945 ( 2n )! sec x = 1 +
<x<
0< x <
E x2n x 2 5 x 4 61x 6 + + + ... + n + ... 2 24 720 ( 2n ) !
<x<
2 2 2 n 1 En x 2 n 1 x 7 x3 + ... + + ... csc x = + + x 6 360 ( 2n )! sin 1 x = x + 1 x 3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7 + + + ... 2 3 24 5 246 7
0< x < 1 < x < 1
cos 1 x =
sin 1 x =
1 x3 1 3 x5 x+ + + ... 2 2 3 24 5
1 < x < 1
if 1 < x < 1 if x 1 if x < 1
x3 x 2 x3 + + ... x 3 5 7 1 1 1 tan 1 x = + + ... 3 5 x5 2 x 3x 1 1 1 + 3 5 + ... 2 x 3x 5x
x3 x 2 x 3 + + .. . x 3 5 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 cot x = tan x = + + ... 2 3 5 x 3x 5x 7 x7 1 1 1 1 + + ... + 3 5 x 3x 5x 7 x7
if
1 < x < 1
if x 1 if x < 1
Series for hyperbolic functions

sinh x = x +
x3 x5 x 7 + + + ... 3! 5! 7!
cosh x = 1 +
x2 x4 x6 + + + ... 2! 4! 6!
n 1 2 n
( 1) x3 2 x5 17 x7 + + ... + tanh x = x 15 315 3

( 1) 1 x x3 2 x 7 + + ... + coth x = + x 3 45 945
www.gtupedia.com
( 22n 1) Bn x2n1 + ...

( 2n )!
+ ...
if 0 < x <
if
<x<
n 1 2 n
Bn x 2n1
( 2n ) !

Algebra Formulas: 1. Set Identities

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Algebra Formulas: 1. Set Identities

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Page 1 www.gtupedia.

Set identities involving union

Natural numbers (counting numbers )

Whole numbers ( counting numbers + zero )

Z + = N = {1, 2, 3,... } Z = {..., 3, 2, 1 } Z = Z {0} Z = .{ .., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... }

From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n - 1

4. Factoring and product

Equality of complex numbers

Addition of complex numbers

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3 (a b)3 = a3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b3

Subtraction of complex numbers

Multiplication of complex numbers

Division of complex numbers

Multiplication and division in polar form

r cos (1 2 ) + sin (1 2 ) = 1 r2 ( cos2 + sin 2 ) r2

9a1a2 27a3 2a13 R= 54

Cuadric Eqation: x4 + a1x3 + a2 x2 + a3x + a4 = 0

y3 a2 y2 + ( a1a3 4a4 ) y + 4a2 a4 a32 a12 a4 = 0

1 1 a1 a12 4a2 + 4y1 z + y1 y12 4a4 = 0 2 2

Analytic Geometry Formulas

Point slope form:

2. Triangles in two dimensions

The area of a triangle whose vertices are P 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,

P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) : ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 ( x, y ) = 1 , a+b+c a+b+c

where a is the length of P2 P3 , b is the length of PP 1 3, and c is the length of PP 1 2.

r 2 2rro cos ( ) + ro2 = a 2

The standard formula of a parabola:

if a > b => F1 ( a 2 b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 b 2 ,0)

Parametric equations of the parabola:

The standard formula of a hyperbola:

Tangent lines from a given point

a sin t b sin t y= cos t

Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a hyperbola:

The standard formula of a ellipse

b b x and y = x a a a a if a < b => y = x and y = x b b if a > b => y =

5. Planes in three dimensions

Three point form

Ax1 + By1 + Cz1

x cos + y cos + z cos = p

Angle between two planes:

The planes are parallel if and only if

If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.

log a mn = log a m + log a n

m log a = log a m log a n n

logb m logb a 1 logb a

Adjacent cos = Hypotenuse

Opposite Adjacent 1 Hypotenuse = sin Opposite

tan + tan 1 tan tan

1 Adjacent cot = = tg Opposite

tan tan 1 + tan tan

1 Hypotenuse = cos Adjacent

Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos

1 cos sin = sin 1 + cos

Other Useful Trig Formulae

cos( x) = cos x sin( + x) = sin x cos( + x) = cos x

sin sin sin = = a b c

sin x + cos x = 1 1 tg 2 x + 1 = cos 2 x 1 cot 2 x + 1 = sin 2 x

e e sinh x = x x e +e cosh x 2 1 csch x = x x = e e sinh x 2 1 sech x = x x = e +e cosh x

Inverse Hyperbolic derivates

tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1 coth 2 x csch 2 x = 1 sinh( x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y

sinh( x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x 1 + cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 2 1 + cosh 2 x cosh 2 x = 2