International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)

26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia

Impacts of Aquaculture on the Water Quality of Santubong River, Sarawak

Michelle C. Miod a, Ling Teck Yee b, Lee Nyanti c, Norhadi Ismail d, Justin J. J. Emang e
a, b, c, d
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
e
Natural Resources and Environment Board Sarawak
Corresponding Author: chel.christine@gmail.com

Abstract

Shrimp and fish aquaculture are important industries in Sarawak as they provide the necessary protein for the
growing population. The Santubong River is an important river located in Kuching. Not only it provides a means of
transportation, it also accommodates shrimp farming and cage culture activities. However, there were no previous
studies on the impact of these activities on the water quality of this river. Therefore, the objective of this study was
to evaluate the impacts of aquaculture on the water quality of the Santubong River. In-situ parameters and water
samples were collected at 20 stations. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) obtained from the results showed that the
concentration ranged from 0.16 mg/L to 3.5 mg/L whereas nitrate (NO3-N) ranged from 0.08 mg/L to 1.00 mg/L.
Concentration of nitrite (NO2-N) falls in the range of 0.004 mg/L to 0.085 mg/L. Phosphorus (PO43-P) were found to
range from 0.02 mg/L to 0.38 mg/L. NH3-N was found to be the highest at Station 6. For NO3-N, NO2-N and PO43-
P, the highest concentration was found at Station 5. The high concentration of nutrients at Station 5 and 6 is most
likely due to the discharge of shrimp farm. Chlorophyll-a, which ranged from 1.5 mg m-3 to 238.2 mg m-3 was the
highest at Station 5. The high concentration of chlorophyll-a at Station 5 indicates that the tributary that received
shrimp farm effluent contained high nutrient concentrations that supported the bloom of phytoplankton. Cage culture
also gives an impact on the water quality of Sungai Santubong as indicated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO)
(<3.00 mg/L) at Station 7. Both PO43-P and NH3-N values exceeded the maximum allowable value of Class V
according to INWQS. It can be concluded that water quality at the tributaries that received the shrimp aquaculture
discharge, cage culture activities, urban residential and construction areas has elevated nutrient concentrations.

Keywords: shrimp aquaculture; cage aquaculture; water quality; river; Santubong River

1. Introduction

Shrimp and fish aquaculture has become an
attractive business in terms of investment for both the
government and private sectors in Malaysia. With the
increase of population in Malaysia, fresh shrimp and
fish and their products are main sources of protein.
Shrimp farming first started in Sarawak in the year of
1992 [1] and had grown rapidly over the years [2].
According to the Malaysian Shrimp Industries
Association (MSIA), shrimp production in Malaysia
can rise up to 100,000 tonnes in 2008 barring disease
problems [3] and the production is exported mostly to
Singapore, Japan, United States and Europe [4]. The
Santubong River, located in East Malaysia is one of
the rivers suitable for aquaculture activities. Fish
cages are suspended approximately 3 km along the
river downstream of the Santubong Bridge. Shrimp
farm was constructed at the estuary having the pond
effluent entering into two different river tributaries.
Without proper management, shrimp aquaculture can
give rise to environmental deterioration as reported
by [5], [6] and [7]. This is due to wastewater
discharges from shrimp pond which contains high
loads of nutrients and suspended solids [5, 8, 9]. The
presence of high phosphorus and nitrogen in the
shrimp pond effluent will promotes the growth of
phytoplankton. High abundance of phytoplankton
will lead to poor oxygen condition which may
eventually contribute to eutrophication and the loss of
aquatic life [10, 11, 5]. For cage culture, studies by
[12] shows that nitrogen and phosphorus loadings
into the river originated from fish feed and faeces.
Waste and wastewater resulting from these activities
may bring negative impact to the receiving waters.
However, there were no recent studies on the impact
of these activities on the water quality of this river.
The objectives of this study were to determine the
water quality around the areas of shrimp farm
wastewater discharge and cage aquaculture and
compare it with areas without aquaculture activities
in the Santubong River.

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 International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)
26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
The study area covers the Santubong River where
one commercial shrimp farm is located at its estuary.
The farm covered an area of 35.5 ha with 61 ponds in
operation. Brackish water is supplied to the shrimp
ponds via supply canals from Sungai Pa Lawai and
Sungai Rinchong to operate the farm and shrimp
pond effluents is discharged into Sungai Buah and
Sungai Sulai. The total length of the river studied was
approximately 18.0 kilometers. Cage aquaculture was
also under operations in the river and the cages were
located at about 3 km downstream of Santubong
Bridge where there were approximately 696 existing
cages suspended in the free-flowing water.
2.2. Sample Collection and Storage
Water samples were collected in November 2008
at 20 stations along the Santubong River as shown in
Table 1. The distance between each station from
station 1-10 was 1 km and distance between each
station from station 10-20 was 2 km. The stations
consisted of locations near the Santubong village,
near the shrimp farm, river tributaries and locations
where there were other possible sources of nutrient
contributions in the Santubong River such as cage
culture, logging areas and other villages as shown in
Table 1. Other locations without obvious activities
were also included in Table 1. Sample collections
started from Station 1 which was near the Santubong
village towards upstream direction stopping at
Station 20 as the tide receded.
Measurements of temperature, pH and dissolved
oxygen (DO) river water were performed in situ
using YSI 6600 Multiparameter Water Quality
Monitoring Unit in triplicates. Water samples were
collected in triplicates at the surface using 1 L plastic
bottles and were immediately placed into a cool box
filled with ice packs. Total suspended solids (TSS),
nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N),
ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), reactive phosphorus
(PO43-P) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were quantified in
the laboratory. For five Days Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5), three 300 ml BOD bottles were
filled with diluted river water, stoppered and
immediately wrapped with aluminium foil in situ
after initial DO reading was taken.
2
Table 1: Sampling stations selected for water quality
studies.
Station Location
1 Santubong River, Santubong village
2 Pa Lawai River (shrimp farm water
intake)
3 Rinchong Rinchong River (shrimp farm
water intake)
5 Sulai River (shrimp farm discharge)
6 Buah River (shrimp farm discharge)
7,8,9 Cage culture area
8 Tributary (private shrimp farm nearby)
13 Buntal River Mouth (river tributary)
14 Buntal River
17 Housing and new road construction, Siol
River (tributary)
20 Logging area, Tambak Bako village
4,10,11,12,15, Other locations
16,18,19
2.3. Water Filtration and Analysis
Water samples were firstly filtered and then
analyzed for the following parameters. NO2-N, NO3-
N, NH3-N, and PO43-P of the water samples were
determined in the laboratory using colorimetric
method [13]. NH3-N was determined at wavelength
of 425 nm using Nessler Method after mineral
stabilizer, Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing Agent and
Nessler Reagent were added into 25 ml of the
samples. NO2-N was analyzed using Diazotization
Method (Powder Pillow) by adding NitriVer3 Nitrate
reagent powder pillow to 10 ml of samples and the
concentration determined at wavelength of 507 nm.
NO3-N was analyzed using Cadmium Reduction
Method at wavelength of 507 nm. In this method,
NitriVer3 Nitrate powder pillow was added to 25 ml
of the sample. PO43-P was analyzed using PhosVer 3
(Ascorbic Acid) Method whereby PhosVer3 was
added to 10 ml of the sample at wavelength of 880
nm. Concentrations of each parameter were
determined by using spectrophotometer Hach
Odyssey 2500. BOD5), Chl-a and TSS were analyzed
following the protocols outlined by [14]. The
standard oxidation (or incubation) test period for
BOD is 5 days at 25 °C (BOD5) [15]. Dissolved
oxygen was measured initially and after it was
incubated for 5 days according to the equation below:
DOi  DOi (1)
BOD  5
P
where DOi = initial DO in the sample (before incubation)
DO5 = final DO after 5 days (after incubation)
P = dilution ratio
Chl-a was determined by spectroscopic
measurements using trichromatic methods [16, 17] by
filtering the residue using 0.7 µm pore size micro-
 International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)
26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia
glass fibre paper (MGF). The pigments were then
extracted by grinding the filters in a few milliliters of
90% acetone. The ground filter and acetone were
then centrifuge for 10 min at 3000 rpm, after which
the optical density (absorbance) were determined at
750 nm, 664 nm, 647 nm and 630 nm using a
spectrophotometer [17]. Chl-a concentration was
obtained using calculation (equation 2).
chl  a 
11.85  664  750   1.54  647  750   0.08  (630  750) 10
1V
where chl-a is chlorophyll-a (mg m-3) and V is the
sample volume filtered (L). (2)
TSS analysis was performed according to the
Standard Methods [15]. The sample (1 mL) was
filtered using 0.7 µm pore size glass fiber filter (GA-
100) and was dried to a constant weight of 103 to
105°C. The increase in the weight of the filter
represents the TSS. Concentration of TSS was
determined using calculation (equation 3).
W f  Wi
TSS 
V INWQS. DO values was recorded the highest at
where TSS is total suspended solids (mg/L), Wf and
Wi are the final and initial weight (mg) of filter paper
respectively and V is the sample volume filtered (L).
Water quality parameters were classed according
to the Interim Water Quality Standards for Malaysia
(INWQS) proposed by Department of Environment,
Malaysia.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Significant difference of each parameter among the
stations was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. All
data analyses were conducted using SPSS version
14.0 package.
3. Results and Discussion
Results of the study are shown in Table 2 and
figure 2-5. Measurements at 20 stations during low
tide showed that temperature ranged from 28°C to
31°C and pH ranged from 7.6 to 8.1 at the surface
water. Temperatures were almost constant among the
stations and show no significant difference among
stations (P>0.05). The pH obtained shows a slight
decrease towards upstream and were significantly
different among stations. Station 1 was located near
the estuary and the water was highly mixed with
seawater. Trend shows that pH decreased from
downstream to upstream river and this was due to the
freshwater upstream. TSS values ranged from 18.0
mg/L to 254.4 mg/L (Fig. 2). The highest value was
observed at Station 5 and it falls in Class IV
according to Interim National Water Quality
Standards for Malaysia (INWQS). High TSS at
station 5 (254.4 mg/L) may be caused by the
discharge from the nearby shrimp farming activities
[18] whereas at station 17 (240.0 mg/L), the high
TSS value was caused by housing and new road
construction around that area. [12] had also discussed
in his study that aquaculture activities are
contributors of suspended solids in the receiving
water. Housing and new road development resulted
in deforestation and the loss of vegetation exposing
the soil to erosion. Elevated amount of TSS also
caused the water to be turbid as observed. Statistical
analysis shows that concentration of TSS were
significantly different (P<0.0005) among the
sampling stations.
DO, which is an important water quality
parameter, ranged from 2.66 mg/L to 8.39 mg/L (Fig.
4). They fall in Class I for Station 1, III (Station 2-6,
(3) 8-15, 19) and IV (Station 7, 16-18, 20) according to
Station 1. Values of DO at all other stations were
below 4.5 mg/l. DO was the lowest at Station 20
(2.66 mg/L) which was most likely caused by the
wastewater and sewage discharge from the logging
area. At this DO level, it may adversely affect the
functioning and survival of biological communities
[19]. Concentrations of DO also dropped from
Station 4 (4.01 mg/L) to Station 7 (2.71 mg/L) as
indicated in Figure 4. It occurred due to the shrimp
pond waste discharge from the nearby farm causing
the depletion of DO level at Station 5. The shrimp
farm wastewater contains high nutrients which is the
source of food for heterotrophic organisms. These
organisms break down the organic matter in the water
and sufficiently lowered the DO until it was
assimilated [20]. The drop of DO level from Station 4
to Station 7 to a point where depletion and reaeration
in balance is known as DO “sag” and DO started to
rise from Station 7 when reaeration takes place and
increases the oxygen level [20]. Results obtained at
Station 5 was also supported by [18] whereby he
agreed that low DO values was due to aquaculture
activities and redox processes which involved
nutrient degradations. DO values show significant
difference among sampling stations (P<0.0005).
BOD5 values ranged from 0.29 mg/L to 4.67 mg/L
(Fig. 3). As indicated in Figure 3, high BOD value at
Station 1 (4.67 mg/L) was due to the discharge point
from the urban residential area whereas at Station 5
(3.52 mg/L) and 6 (2.32 mg/L), were due to the
discharge of shrimp pond waste and Station 17 (2.32
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 International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)
26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia
mg/L), due to construction area sewage. According to
[19] high BOD5 at Station 5, 7 and 17 which were
more than 2 mg/L indicated that the area might be
polluted. Unpolluted waters have BOD5 of 2 mg/L or
less which can be found in Station 2-4, 7-16, 18-20.
Human activities contribute various pollutants which
could deteriorate the river which is important as a
habitat for aquatic species. Other possibilities causing
the high level of BOD in Station 1 was influenced by
human waste and chemicals (e.g. detergents) as
reported by [21]. Organic matter from the pollutants
which enters the water body required the dissolved
oxygen for the decomposition to take place. As a
consequence, bacteria used up oxygen in the water
for this process [20]. Station 5 gives such
observation. Statistical analysis shows that
concentration of BOD5 were significantly different
(p<0.0005) among sampling stations.
NH3-N in the river water ranged from 0.16 mg/L
to 3.5 mg/L (Table 2) and at Stations 6 and 9 and
they exceeded the maximum allowable value of 2.7
mg/L for Class V specified in INWQS. The high
concentrations of NH3-N recorded at station 5, 6, 9
and 17 may be due to effluents from the shrimp farm
at Station 5 and 6, waste and extra feed of cage
culture area at Station 9 and housing and road
constructions at Station 17. Wastewater discharge at
these stations increased nutrient loading which
promoted the growth of algae and bacteria. High
abundance of algae and bacteria may leads to
eutrophication and later fish kill [2]. High
concentration of NH3-N in Station 6 (3.5 mg/L) was
due to the breakdown of nitrogenous organic and
inorganic matter to ammonia by bacteria in water
from the shrimp pond waste [19]. Statistical analysis
shows that the mean concentrations of NH3-N were
4
significantly different among sampling station
(P<0.0005).
The level of NO2-N in the water body ranged
from 0.011 mg/L to 0.55 mg/L whereas the
concentration of NO3-N ranged from 0.073 mg/L to
1.40 mg/L. Both NO2-N and NO3-N were
considerably high in Station 5 with the concentrations
of 0.55 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L respectively. On the
other hand, NO3-N was recorded the highest at
Station 17 (1.40 mg/L) which may likely due to
construction site sewage effluents. NO2-N at Station
5 exceeded the maximum allowable concentration of
INWQS (0.40 mg/L). High levels of NO2-N and
NO3-N at Station 5 is an indication of shrimp waste
effluents where ammonia is oxidized to NO2-N and
NO3-N. Results that were analyzed using one-way
ANOVA shows that NO2-N and NO3-N were
significantly different (P<0.0005) among sampling
stations.
PO4-P values ranged from 0.02 mg/L to 0.38
mg/L (Table 2) and Station 5 fall in Class IIA/IIB for
the maximum allowable concentration of the INWQS
(0.20 mg/L) set by Department of Environment
(DOE) of Malaysia. Elevated concentration of PO4-P
at Station 5 was due to the discharge of shrimp pond
wastes into the river. These wastes which contain
uneaten food, faeces and dissolved excreta increased
nutrient loads [10, 11] resulting in both reduced
dissolved oxygen in the river water and high BOD5 in
Station 5. Chl-a values ranged from 1.51 mg/L to
238.15 mg/L (Fig. 5) and they exceeded the standard
value of 0.3 mg/L, above which may likely cause
algae bloom [22]. Chl-a was observed to be high at
Station 5 due to high nutrient loading from the
shrimp farm.
 International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)
26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia

Table 2: Average values of water quality parameters in the Santubong River during low tide

Stations Temperature pH NH3-N (mg/L) NO2-N (mg/L) NO3-N (mg/L) PO43-P (mg/L)
1 31.07±0.000a 8.00±0.015i 1.287±0.665a,b,c,d 0.011±0.002a 0.090±0.020a 0.038±0.012a
2 31.32±0.006a 8.06±0.010j,k 1.687±0.191b,c,d,e 0.011±0.002a 0.087±0.006a 0.075±0.014a
3 31.24±0.006a 8.06±0.015k 2.310±0.297d,e 0.012±0.001a 0.083±0.006a 0.064±0.015a
4 31.31±0.006a 8.06±0.006k 1.987±0.289d,e 0.004±0.002a 0.080±0.020a 0.109±0.007a
5 31.00±0.012a 8.04±0.010j,k 2.403±0.219d,e,f 0.547±0.004h 1.000±0.173e 0.382±0.036c
6 29.98±0.000a 7.81±0.017e,f 3.500±0.409f 0.037±0.003b,c,d 0.120±0.010a,b,c 0.073±0.029a
7 28.75±0.095a 7.64±0.010a 2.053±0.522d,e 0.025±0.016a,b 0.073±0.006a 0.090±0.023a,b
8 30.53±0.000a 8.02±0.010i,j 2.087±0.531d,e 0.031±0.003b,c 0.110±0.010a,b 0.020±0.003a
9 30.27±0.010a 7.95±0.006h 2.730±0.197e,f 0.055±0.002c,d,e 0.163±0.015a,b,c,d 0.049±0.024a
10 30.50±0.180a 7.87±0.000g 1.590±0.462b,c,d,e 0.076±0.006f,g 0.213±0.025a,b,c,d 0.045±0.008a
11 31.19±0.025a 7.85±0.006f,g 0.703±0.258a,b 0.074±0.004f,g 0.233±0.029a,b,c,d 0.062±0.015a
12 30.66±0.015a 7.88±0.006g 0.670±0.053a,b 0.083±0.003g 0.250±0.017a,b,c,d 0.075±0.017a
13 30.57±0.02a 7.82±0.006f 0.210±0.115a 0.085±0.007g 0.303±0.029d 0.047±0.013a
14 30.39±0.006a 7.81±0.012e,f 1.817±0.416b,c,d,e 0.055±0.006c,d,e,f 0.210±0.010a,b,c,d 0.024±0.008a
15 30.51±0.006a 7.78±0.02d.e 1.617±0.490b,c,d,e 0.060±0.001d,e,f 0.310±0.020d 0.051±0.008a
16 30.62±0.021a 7.76±0.012c,d 1.777±0.335b,c,d,e 0.059±0.003d,e,f 0.270±0.020b,c,d 0.067±0.010a
17 30.67±0.006a 7.73±0.026b,c 2.283±0.672d,e 0.047±0.011c,d,e 1.400±0.173f 0.158±0.041b
18 30.76±0.006a 7.73±0.01b,c 1.303±0.131a,b,c,d 0.067±0.005e,f,g 0.290±0.036c,d 0.047±0.016a
19 30.81±0.03a 7.69±0.012b 0.810±0.191a,b,c 0.060±0.011e,f 0.297±0.012c,d 0.040±0.010a
20 30.10±0.036a 7.70±0.03b 0.155±0.021a 0.050±0.009c,d,e 0.313±0.023d 0.068±0.034a

Fig. 2: Total suspended solid (TSS) of surface water at 20 Fig. 3: BOD5 of surface water at 20 stations of
stations of Santubong River during low tide. Santubong River during low tide.

Fig. 4: Dissolved Oxygen, DO (mg/L) of surface water at Fig. 5: Chlorophyll-a, Chl-a, of surface water at 20
20 stations of Santubong River during low tide. stations of Santubong River during low tide.

4. Conclusion residential area, construction site and aquaculture

The elevated concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen,
nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, reactive phosphorus
and chlorophyll-a near aquaculture sites, urban
residential area, construction site in the Santubong
River indicates that sewage discharges from urban
farm effluent impacted the water quality of the river.
Phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen exceeded the
maximum allowable value according to INWQS and
was responsible for eutrophication and water quality
degradation in their respective locations in the
Santubong River.

5
 International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR 2009)
26 – 27 May 2009 | Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia
Acknowledgements
This project is supported by Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation through project No. 06-
01-09-SF0026. The authors also would like to
express their gratitude to Debbie Deborah Paka,
Mordi Bimol, Dunging Buda and Ismadi bin Rosli for
their support, guidance and assistance.
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