10

?
Heanno e Hanyx M.G. de Lapouge~ ckasan: Anrpononornx
npnsnana ocymecrnnrt n nonnrnuecknx n connantntx naykax peno-
nmnnm, no cnoe pankantnocrn cpannnmym c nepenoporom, koro-
pt akrepnonornx nponsnena n nayke mennnncko
1
. B ornome-
nnn +konomnuecko naykn nsnecrnt anrpononor neonnok n cnoem
mnennn: +ra ncnnnnnna nyxaercx n peannnrannn. Kak kpnrnka,
rak n noxenannx, coepxamnecx n ntckastnannn Hanyxa, naxoxr
orknnk y mnornx anrpononoron, a rakxe y yuentx, neymnx nccneo-
nannx n cmexntx onacrxx. Moxno ckasart, uro mnorne nccneona-
renn, sannmammnecx ceptesno paoro n conpemenno anrponono-
rnn, +rnonornn n ncnxonornn, panno kak n n cocrnenno nonornuec-
ko nayke, ennoymnt no mnennn, uro +konomnka esnaexno
orcrana or npemenn n ne n cocroxnnn paorart co cnonm npemerom
na yponne rpeonann k conpemenno nayke. pyrne connantnte n
nonnrnueckne ncnnnnnnt sacnyxnnamr rex xe ynpekon, n, noxa-
ny, c ne mentmnmn ocnonannxmn. Ftno t nenepntm yrnepxart,
uro +konomncrt rnyxn k +rnm ynpekam. Ceronx, nepoxrno, nn onn
+konomncr ne ocmennrcx nnn ne noxenaer yrnepxart, uro nayka o-
crnrna onxno crenenn crporocrn kak n rom, uro kacaercx nonyuae-
mtx pesyntraron, rak n n ornomennn ]ynamenrantntx xapakrepnc-
Hepeno ntnonnen no: Jeblen T. Why Is Economics not an Evolutionary Science?
// The Quarterly Journal oI Economics. 1898. July. P. 373397.
1
Lapouge M.G. de. The Fundamental Laws oI Anthropo-sociology // Journal oI
Political Economy. 1897. P. 54 (no cyrn, +ra xe crartx nynnkonanact n: Rivista Italiana
di Sociologia. 1897. Nov.).
11
. . ?
rnk reopnn. B nacroxmee npemx noonte nen, noxany, onee ncero
nnskn rakomy nsnecrnomy +konomncry, kak npo]eccop Mapmann, ko-
ropt nonropa roa nasa ntpasnn coornercrnymmym nosnnnm n cno-
em Kempnxckom opamennn
2
. Onako ero ntckastnannx rak a-
nekn or camoynepenno pnropnkn, c koropo ntcrynann +konomnc-
rt-knaccnkn nonneka nasa, uro unrarene opamennx npo]eccopa
Mapmanna onee ncero nsymnxmr upesmepnax ckpomnocrt n neymecr-
nax cepxannocrt onenok, c koropo ntcrynaer npecrannrent cra-
poro nokonennx. Ho nonoy +konomncron, na cnoconocrt koroptx
ykasart nyrt pyrnm nosnaramrcx nanontmne naext, cneyer sa-
mernrt, uro nx neynepennocrt ornocnrentno pesyntraron npomntx n
kauecrna nacroxmnx nccneonann, a rakxe ornocnrentno nepcnek-
rnn nayunoro noncka nacrontko mnpoko pacnpocrpanena, uro comne-
nnx noonoro poa moxno cunrart oocnonanntmn. axe ncropn-
ueckax mkona, nonaropcrno koropo nekoropoe npemx nasa ntstna-
no rakoe onnne omopomenntx noxnan, okasanact necnocono
ntepxart remn, em camo xe saannt.
Hmn naykn, c ropocrtm nmenymmne cex conpemenntmn,
ynpekamr +konomncron n rom, uro re no ce ent onontcrnymrcx
conepmencrnonannem crpykrypt, okrpnn n makcnm, asnpymmnxcx
na nonxrnxx ecrecrnennoro npana, yrnnnrapnsma n nenecoopasnoc-
rn. 3ra kpnrnka ne nnonne sacnyxena, no ocrarouna, urot saert
+konomncron. Tak nastnaemte conpemennte naykn xnnxmrcx +no-
nmnnonntmn ncnnnnnnamn, n nx aenrt ne es camoonontcrna
nouepknnamr +ro ocroxrentcrno. 3konomncrt npnsnamr: nx nayka
ne ornocnrcx k paspxy +nonmnnonntx; c sanncrtm n c omymennem
ecnepcnekrnnnocrn cocrxsannx nsnpamr onn na conepnnkon, ntcran-
nxmmnx nanokas cnoe coornercrnne conpemennomy yponnm.
Bonpoc o rom, uero nmenno neocraer nonnrnuecknm n conn-
antntm naykam, n rom uncne +konomnke, urot crart +nonmnnonnt-
mn, nectma nenpocr. Ho kpane mepe ckontko-nnyt yonnernopn-
rentntx orneron na nero kpnrnkn +rnx nayk ne npenaramr. Hpe-
crannrenn ycnemntx conepnnkon +rnx nayk, n rom uncne sanxrte
nsyuennem npnpot uenoneka, saxnnxmr, uro rnanntm ornnunem nx
2
Cm.: Marshall A. The Old Generation oI Economists and the New // The Quarterly
Journal oI Economics. 1898. Jan. P. 133.
12

noxoon xnnxercx peanncrnunocrt: onn nmemr eno c ]akramn. Ho
n +rom cmtcne +konomnueckax nayka roxe peanncrnuna: ona paora-
er c ]akramn, npnuem uacro nectma ckpynynesno, a n nocnenee npemx
nce onee nacrounno nouepknnaer ncknmunrentnym naxnocrt pa-
ort c ]akrnuecknm marepnanom. Ho noont peannsm ne ena-
er +konomnueckym nayky +nonmnnonno ncnnnnnno. Hacrounnoe
nouepknnanne snauennx paort c ]akrnuecknmn anntmn ena nn
cnocono nonxrt ee na yponent ntme roro, uro tn ocrnrnyr nep-
ntm nokonennem ncropnuecko mkont; nmecre c rem nn ono ns na-
npannenn +konomnkn ne tno cront aneko or rpeonann +nonmnn-
onno naykn, kak nanpannenne, ntmemee ns ncropnuecko mkont.
Orpomnax +pynnnx n mnpora nccneonann npecrannrene +ro
mkont ne cmornn cenart ns nee nayky, nockontky, yyun nocneo-
narentntmn, onn onontcrnonannct pacueramn n onncannxmn npo-
necca npomtmnennoro pasnnrnx, ne ntraxct npn +rom npenoxnrt
reopernueckym konnennnm nnn oomnrt pesyntrart cnonx nstcka-
nn o yponnx nayunoro snannx.
Hmax +nonmnnonnax nayka, nanpornn, npnnepxena reopnn. 3ro
reopnx nponecca, reopnx pasneprtnammecx nocneonarentnocrn co-
trn. C anno roukn spennx +konomnka, kasanoct t, coorner-
crnyer rpeonannxm, no +ro nce panno ne yexaer ee kpnrnkon. Cne-
yer cornacnrtcx, nanpnmep, c rem, uro ntnnnyrte xonom Crmap-
rom Mnnnem okrpnnt nponsnocrna, pacnpeenennx n omena
xnnxmrcx reopnxmn onpeenennoro +konomnueckoro nponecca n uro
on ckpynynesno n nnoornopno paccmarpnnaer nocneonarentnocrn
cotrn, koropte n cocrannxmr npemer ero nccneonann. Tak n
paort xona K+pnca o nopmantno nennocrn value~, o sapaor-
no nnare n mexynapono ropronne cnyxar npekpacntmn npnme-
pamn reopernueckoro ocmtcnennx +konomnuecknx nponeccon kak no-
cneonarentnoro n ynopxouennoro pasnnrnx cotrn. Ho nontrka
ynomnnannx Mnnnx n K+pnca n kauecrne npecrannrene +nonmnn-
onno +konomnkn ecnn n moxer ntsnart kakym-ro peaknnm, ro ront-
ko neoymenne. B +rom xe knmue n c noxoxnm pesyntrarom moxno
ronopnrt n o snaunrentno uacrn paor no reopnn ener. Heuro no-
onoe nepno axe n n ornomennn neannnx paor rex anropon, ko-
ropte orkptro npnsnann, uro pasenxmr rouky spennx +nonmnnon-
no +konomnkn; nanpnmep, raknx, kak npo]eccop X+nn, paort ko-
13
. . ?
roporo nsnecrnt cnonm eccnopno ntcoknm nayuntm yponnem n nc-
knmunrentno mnporo. B nsnecrno mepe X+nn npnepxnnaercx
saxnnenntx nosnnn, onako yrnepxenne, uro ero 3konomnka ne-
penonr nonnrnueckym +konomnm n paspx +nonmnnonno naykn, ne
tno t yenrentntm nn nx camoro anropa, nn nx ero aynropnn.
Hpnmepno ro xe camoe nnonne moxno ckasart n o onynnkonanntx
n nocnenee npemx paorax rpynnt anrnncknx +konomncron, n kaue-
crne nanonee xpknx npecrannrene koropo moxno nasnart npo-
]eccopon Kannnnrx+ma n 3mnn, a rakxe rocnonna K+nnana.
Hayka moxer no npany ropnrtcx ocrnxennxmn nocnennx no-
konenn +konomncron-knaccnkon; onako n nx paort ne nnonne yon-
nernopxmr rpeonannxm +nonmnnonno naykn, npnuem ne noromy,
uro +rn yuente ne cmornn npenoxnrt reopnm nponecca nnn npn-
unnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse, nexamnx n ocnone pasnnrnx, a noromy,
uro onn c]opmynnponann ocnont cnoe reopnn n nonxrnxx, uyxtx
+nonmnnonnomy opasy mtmnennx. Pasnnune mexy +nonmnnonnt-
mn n o+nonmnnonntmn ncnnnnnnamn cocronr nonce ne n rom, ka-
koe snauenne npnaercx paore c ]akrnuecknm marepnanom. Orpom-
nax n nnoornopnax paora no copy n ynopxouennm ]akrnueckoro
marepnana npononnact n ecrecrnenntx naykax saonro o roro, kak
nocnenne npnopenn ueprt, xapakrepnte nx +nonmnnonno naykn.
He cnxsano +ro pasnnune n c orcyrcrnnem n o+nonmnnonnt nepno
nontrok c]opmynnponart n oxcnnrt nornky nponecca, nocneona-
rentnocrt, pocr, pasnnrne. Ycnnnx rakoro poa, mnorokparnte n mno-
roopasnte, npenpnnnmannct; mnorne cxemt pasnnrnx, ornnuanmne-
cx ontmo nsompennocrtm n crponocrtm, npnopenn nsnecrnocrt
n kauecrne reopn pasnnrnx oprannuecko n neoprannuecko npnpo-
t, a rakxe cmpau u uapoooe. He nnonne nepno n ro, uro, ]opmynn-
pyx reopnn n cnox nonyuaemte annte k kareropnn snann, +kono-
mncrt crapmero nokonennx npomnn mnmo npnunnno-cnecrnenntx
cnxse. Hpocro repmnnt, koropte panee npnnnmannct kak crporne
nayunte nonxrnx, neckontko ornnuannct or rex, uro ncnontsymrcx
ceuac. Tepmnnt, n koroptx na-rpn nokonennx nasa nccneonare-
nn ]opmynnponann ]akrnueckoe snanne, na saknmunrentntx cran-
xx anannsa ornnuannct or repmnnon, n koroptx ]opmynnpymr cnon
pesyntrart npecrannrenn conpemenntx +nonmnnonntx ncnnnnnn.
Pasnnunt kak ncxonte ocnont anannsa, rak n rpeonannx k ero sa-
nepmennocrn nnn nonnore.
14

Pasnnna (mexy +nonmnnonntm n o+nonmnnonntm noxoamn)
saknmuaercx n mnponosspenuecknx nosnnnxx nnn roukax spennx yue-
ntx pasntx nokonenn. Hntmn cnonamn, +ro pasnnna n cnocoax one-
nnnannx ]akron, nnn n xapakrepe nayunoro noxoa k +rnm ]akram.
Yuente, npnnanexamne n k crapmemy, n k onee monoomy noko-
nennxm, n kauecrne rakontx ocnonann paccmarpnnann kaysantnte
cnxsn, koropte, kak onn cunrann, cymecrnymr mexy ]akramn. B
nanontme crenenn +ro npncyme ecrecrnenntm naykam. Ho n rom,
uro kacaercx onee rnyoknx nonpocon, a nmenno nornkn npnunnno-
cnecrnenntx cnxse npn ]opmynnponke koneuntx pesyntraron nc-
cneonann, nosnnnn crapmero n monooro nokonenn pacxoxrcx.
Conpemennt yuent ne cunraer nosmoxntm orkasartcx or nponep-
kn kaysantntx cnxse nnn konnuecrnenntx sakonomepnocre. Kora
on saaercx nonpocom nouemy?, orner onxen ]opmynnponartcx n
kareropnxx npnunn n cnecrnn. Conpemennt yuent crpemnrcx
cnecrn pemennx ncex nponem k nonxrnxm coxpanennx +neprnn, ne-
nsmennocrn konnuecrna n r.n. 3ro ero nocnenee npnexnme. H nmen-
no ua omo+ vpoeue n namn nn crann nosmoxntmn paspaorkn cxem
pasnnrnx n reopn ennoro nponecca na ocnone nonxrnx kymynxrnn-
no kaysantnocrn. Fontmax sacnyra nnepon +nonmnnonnoro nanpan-
nennx ecnn onn noome nmemr ontmne sacnyrn n kauecrne nne-
pon cocronr, c ono cropont, n rom, uro onn ne ymnn or nccneo-
nannx oesnnuenntx nocneonarentnocre xnnenn n nepecrann
ntrartcx narn ntcmne ocnonannx nx sanepmammero cnnresa, n, c
pyro cropont, n rom, uro onn nokasann, kak naroapx cnoemy ky-
mynxrnnnomy xapakrepy +ra oesnnuennax nocneonarentnocrt npn-
unn n cnecrnn moxer npnopecrn oueprannx reopnn.
nx pannnx yuentx-ecrecrnennnkon, rak xe kak n nx +konomn-
cron-knaccnkon, ocnona npnunnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse ne tna rouno
onpeenena. Mexanncrnueckne ]opmynnponkn ne yonnernopxnn nx
npecrannennxm o ncrnnnocrn n peantnocrn. B ocnone nx noxoa k
cncremarnsannn snannx nexano npecrannenne o ecmecmeeuuo+ sa-
roue. Ho nx omymennxm, ecrecrnennt sakon ocymecrnnxer cnoero
poa ko+pnnrnnnt nasop sa nocneonarentnocrxmn cotrn n no-
ncemecrno npnaer ycrounnocrt n cmtcn npnunnntm cnxsxm. uro-
t coornercrnonart ntcoknm cranapram knaccnkn, nocneonarent-
nocrt xnnenn, n n ocoennocrn nponecc pasnnrnx, onxnt paccmar-
15
. . ?
pnnartcx n nx ycrpemnennocrn k nekoropo nenn, coornercrnymme
yxonntm rpeonannxm. Kora ]akrt n xnnennx okastnamrcx cne-
enntmn k ]ynamenrantntm kareropnxm ncrnnt n npnnoxrcx n
coornercrnne c rpeonannxmn konkperno nopmt, nccneonarent yon-
nernopen paoro. Hmax kaysantnax nocneonarentnocrt, koropax
nocnpnnnmaercx kak ne coornercrnymmax npeoonpeoe.euui+ cooi-
mu+, cunraercx orknonennem. Taknm opasom, coornercrnne onpe-
enenno nornke cotrn cosaer aeknarnym ocnony nx nponey-
pt cncremarnsannn snannx nnn nocrpoennx cxem pasnnrnx. Hentm,
ocnonno rouko npnnoxennx cnn yuentx, paorammnx n pamkax
+ro knaccnuecko rpannnn, xnnxercx ]opmynnponanne snannx n no-
nxrnxx aconmrno ncrnnt; n +ra aconmrnax ncrnna ecrt ]akr y-
xonnoro xapakrepa. 3ro osnauaer, uro peantnocrt onxna naxonrt-
cx n nonnom coornercrnnn c coopaxennxmn npocnemenntx ymon n
spantm cmtcnom.
Pasnnrne n ycnoxnenne +rnx nsnauantntx saanntx npecran-
nenn o nopmantnocrn nnn o nannunn npnunn, onpeenxmmnx cot-
rnx, nepoxrno, sacnyxnnaer erantnoro paccmorpennx or npnmn-
rnnnoro annmnsma k nsompenntm mera]nsnuecknm ncnnnnnnam,
onepnpymmnm nonxrnxmn cytt, nponnennx, ecrecrnennoro no-
pxka, ecrecrnenntx npan, ecrecrnenntx sakonon n ocnonononaram-
mnx npnnnnnon. 3ect xe neoxonmo nouepknyrt, uro no cnoe
npnpoe n no ncnxonornueckomy coepxannm +ra ycranannnnammax
nekne pamkn nopmantnocrt cornacyercx c ]akramn na yponne yxon-
noro. Bo nmx nayuntx nene nccneyemtm ]akram npnnnctnaercx
cnxst c yxonntm nauanom. Hnrepec npecrannxer ro, kak +ro nsna-
uantno saannoe npecrannenne o nopmantnocrn cocymecrnyer c co-
npemenno nayko n kak ono yrpaunnaer nnrennekryantnoe npenoc-
xocrno n ntrecnxercx npecrannennxmn o npnunnno-cnecrnenntx
cnxsxx, n ocnonannn koroptx nexar neyxonnte ]akropt. 3ro npe-
crannxer nnrepec, nockontky nponnnaer cner n na nonpoc o rom, ka-
kont manct, uro apxanueckax kyntrypa coxpannrcx n meroonornn
+konomnuecko naykn.
B npnmnrnnntx ycnonnxx uenonek ncrynaer n nenocpecrnen-
nt nnunt konrakr c marepnantntmn ]akramn okpyxamme cpet;
n ym, n cnna nnnnna npoxnnxmrcx nenocpecrnenntm opasom n
16

ero nosecrnnn na okpyxammym cpey n co nce ouennnocrtm
n oycrpocrne ycnonn xnsnn. B cnoe noncenenno xnsnn npn-
mnrnnnt uenonek ne nnnr oesnnuenntx n mexannuecknx sakono-
mepnocre n nponcxoxmnx cotrnxx, a ecnn neuro noonoe n na-
nmaercx n nponeccax okpyxamme ero nko npnpot, ro ono no
ontme uacrn okastnaercx neoxcnnmtm n cunraercx saraountm.
3rn cotrnx nocnpnnnmamrcx n kauecrne nenaronpnxrntx nnn na-
ronpnxrntx n ncronkontnamrcx na ocnone rex nonxrn, koropte sna-
komt ncem nmxm ns nx nnunoro ontra, nonxrn, ocnonanntx na
snannn, npnoperennom nmtmn n nponecce nx exrentnocrn. 3ara-
ounax cmena npemen roa, nnxennx cnn npnpot nocnpnnnmamrcx
kak ecrnnx, koropte, noono uenoneuecko exrentnocrn, ynpan-
nxmrcx neknm pasymom, none, ycrpemnenno k neko nenn. Hponec-
ct, nponcxoxmne n nexnno npnpoe, +ro cnnt, cnocrna koro-
ptx cneyer nsyunrt, koropte nyxno cepxnnart, oxonrt, a rakxe
ncnontsonart, noono romy, kak nmn ncnontsymr xnnorntx. B ro
xe npemx pasmept uenoneuecknx coomecrn nenennkn, n coornercrnen-
no konrakrt nnnnna c pyrnmn nmtmn orpannuent. Pantme nn n
nponsnocrnenno, nn no nnenponsnocrnenno xnsnn neymonnmt
oesnnuennt xo cotrn, conpornnnxrtcx koropomy nnn nsmennrt
koropt nnkomy ne ano, ne tn rak ouennen nx uenoneka, kak +ro
nmeer mecro na onee nosnnx +ranax pasnnrnx uenoneueckoro ome-
crna, n onee kpynntx uenoneuecknx omecrnax, xnnymnx onee cnox-
no xnsntm. He cymecrnyer nnkaknx ceptesntx ocroxrentcrn, ko-
ropte npenxrcrnonann t uenoneky ]opmynnponart cnon snannx o
]akrax n cotrnxx xnsnn c nosnnn orentno nnunocrn n rep-
mnnax npnntuek, cknonnocre n cnnt nonn.
C reuennem npemenn n no mepe yanennx or apxanuecko moe-
nn kora +ro ecrnnrentno nponcxonr ycnonnx, n koroptx
uenonek ocymecrnnxer cncremarnsannm ]akron, nsmenxmrcx raknm
opasom, uro oesnnuennt xapakrep nocneonarentnocre cotrn
nce ontme ntxonr na nepenn nnan. Pacnnara sa necnoconocrt k
ecnpncrpacrntm rpakronkam ]akron cranonnrcx nce onee neornpa-
rnmo n ckopo. Xo cotrn nce onee nocneonarentno nose-
crnyer na ymt nme. Ho mepe pacmnpennx snannx n noncka, ueno-
nek nce menee cknonen ycmarpnnart n cotrnxx nanpannxmmym pyky
nnn ntcmn npomtcen. B conpemenno xnsnn, ocoenno n nnycr-
17
. . ?
pnantntx crpanax, +ror nensexnt cnnr uenoneueckoro mtmne-
nnx n cropony ontmero peannsma npoxnnxercx ocoenno xpko; on
ntpaxaercx n neoxornom, no nocneonarentnom orxoe or apxanuec-
knx npecrannenn. 3ror orxo nanonee sameren n snaunrenen n rex
orpacnxx snann, koropte nanonee cnxsant c noncenenno xns-
ntm nme n nenocpecrnenno nsanmoecrnymr c pasnnrnem conpe-
menno rexnnkn n raknx, kak nnxenepnte n rexnonornueckne nc-
nnnnnnt. Hmex eno c rexnonornuecknmn nponeccamn n nocneona-
rentnocrxmn npnunn n cnecrnn, +rn orpacnn snannx nponnnynnct
no rakomy nyrn (nnrerpannn nnn esnnrerpannn n sanncnmocrn or
roukn spennx na +ror nonpoc) antme pyrnx nayk. Te xe ncnnnnn-
nt, koropte ontme tnn npnnepxent apxanuecknm npecrannenn-
xm, kak, nanpnmep, npancrnennte, connantnte nnn rymannrapnte na-
ykn, nmemr eno c nponeccamn n nocneonarentnocrxmn, koropte
rpynee npocnenrt, npouyncrnonart, re ne rak ouennno, uro xo
cotrn oycnonnen oekrnnntmn npnunnno-cnecrnenntmn cnx-
sxmn, a ne nenenanpannenntm nosecrnnem nnemne cnnt.
Hepexo or o+nonmnnonntx k nocr+nonmnnonntm npecran-
nennxm ne moxer trt ckaukoopasntm. axe n rex ecrecrnenntx
naykax, koropte nmemr eno c nponeccamn n xnno npnpoe n +no-
nmnnonntmn nocneonarentnocrxmn cotrn, konnennnx oekrnn-
no kymynxrnnno kaysantnocrn uacro n snaunmo nokpennxnact
omymennem, uro no ncex +rnx nponeccax npncyrcrnyer nekrop nn-
xennx k nyumemy, koropt naknatnaer orpannuennx na xapakrep n
nanpannenne npnunnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse. Bepa n +ror nekrop kak
nonesnoe nx naykn nonxrne nocrenenno ocnanxnact n neonokpar-
no ocnapnnanact; no ckasart, uro ona ymna ns nayunoro oopora,
tno t npeynennuennem.
Hponecc nsmenennx npecrannenn, nnn nonxrn, n koroptx nan-
onee rouno n nonno nonnomanoct snanne, nponcxonr nocrenenno,
n on, xorx n n pasno crenenn, cnocrnen ncem naykam. 3konomnuec-
kax nayka ne xnnxercx ncknmuennem, no ona no-npexnemy anennnpy-
er nonxrnxmn ecrecrnennoro n nopmantnoro, ncrnnt n ren-
ennn, perynnpymmnx npnnnnnon n nosmymenn cnnmkom
uacro, urot ee moxno tno cunrart +nonmnnonno nayko. Hcro-
pnx naykn +ro nnnnt n nenpxmo nyrt pacnaa annmnsma, or
npemenn cxonacron c nx nsrnxom na pocronmnuecrno cknost npnsmy
18

ero coornercrnnx oxecrnenntm npnnnnnam, o ]nsnokparon, onn-
panmnxcx na nonxrnx ordre naturel n loi naturelle, n coorner-
crnnn c koroptmn onpeenxnoct, :mo xnnxercx ncrnno n, ycranan-
nnnax nornueckne coornercrnnx, ynpannxer xoom cotrn. Hekoro-
pte nsmenennx npocnexnnamrcx or Aama Cmnra, koropt namen
pemenne nponemt n perynnpymmnx ecrnnxx nennnmo pykn,
k Mnnnm n K+pncy, koropte c]opmynnponann sakont ecrecrnen-
no sapaorno nnart n nopmantno nennocrn; Mnnnt tn na-
crontko yonnernopen cnoe paoro, uro ckasan: K cuacrtm, n sa-
konax cronmocrn ner nnuero, uro ocranoct t ntxcnnrt conpemenno-
my nnn nmomy yymemy anropy; reopnx +roro npemera xnnxercx
sanepmenno
3
. Ho pasnnunx mexy pannnmn n nosnemnmn npe-
crannennxmn +konomncron +ro pasnnunx n crenenn, a ne n cyrn.
Hosnnnn, na koroptx croxr +konomncrt-knaccnkn, ntxox na
nanntcmn nnn sanepmammn yponent cnnresa n oomenn, tno
t ymecrntm nasnart ]opmantno aeknarntmn. C]opmynnponannte
knaccnkamn sakont tnn sakonamn nopmantnoro, nnn ecrecrnenno-
ro, cocroxnnx, k koropomy, n coornercrnnn c nx npecrannennxmn, n
cnny camo npnpot neme ycrpemnent nce nponecct. B pesyntrare
nosnnkaer renennnx k ]opmnponannm npecrannenn, koropte no-
roronnenntm, npocnemenntm omecrnenntm cosnannem cnoero npe-
menn nocnpnnnmamrcx kak aeknarnt nnn ocront pesyntrar ue-
noneuecknx ycnnn. 3ro npoeknnx omenpnnxroro neana nonee-
nnx, cosannoro nx roro, urot cnyxnrt n kauecrne kanona, npnuem
rakoro, uro nccneonarent yonnernopxercx nnmt anennxnne k npn-
snannm ero n kauecrne annocrn, croxme sa ]akramn, c koroptmn
on nenocpecrnenno nmeer eno, n n kauecrne pykonoxmnx npnn-
nnnon, koropte, kak cunraercx, neocxsaemo npncyrcrnymr n ocnone
nsyuaemtx nponeccon, n n kauecrne renennn, onpeennnmnx na-
nmaemym kaprnny. Hpnmepom npoxnnennx +roro kanona moxer cny-
xnrt ncropnx rnnores, koropte nrpamr cront ontmym pont n knac-
cnueckom anannse nncrnryron: yrnepnnmnecx npnemt pacueron n
nauane aprepntx omenon noopaxaemtx oxornnkon, ptakon n ko-
panecrponrene, nnn uenoneka c pyankom n uenoneka c nymx pe-
3
Mill J.S. Principles oI Political Economy. 1848. Book III. Ch. I nnr. no:
Mu..i w. Ocnont nonnrnuecko +konomnn. T. 2. M.: Hporpecc, 1980. C. 172~.
19
. . ?
kamn, nnn uenoneka c kopsnno xnok n uenoneka c kopsnno opexon
4
.
B +rom xe pxy croxr xapakrepncrnkn ener kak nennkoro koneca
opamennx
5
nnn kak cpecrna omena. entrn paccmarpnnamrcx
sect ne c roukn spennx npnunnntx cnxse, a c roukn spennx ro
saaun, koropym n nopmantnom cnyuae onn onxnt pemart n co-
ornercrnnn c neanom +konomnuecko xnsnn, nspanntm anntm an-
ropom.
Ocoenno n paorax onee nosnnx anropon +ra repmnnonornx,
necomnenno, onxna tna nocnpnnnmartcx nnmt kak yonax mera-
]opa, n koropo konnennnx nopmantnocrn n nenenanpannennocrn npo-
neccon yxe npakrnueckn ne npncyrcrnonana. Hmenno kak opasnte
ntpaxennx, npnmenxemte npn ]opmynnponke reopnn, knaccnueckne
nonxrnx nopmantnocrn nce eme npncyrcrnymr n conpemenno +kono-
mnuecko nayke, no +ra npocrax nemt ncnontsonanne neonpeenen-
ntx ntpaxenn n kauecrne ocnonononarammnx nonxrn reopnn
ne nosnonnna +konomnke conepmnrt nepexo n paspx conpemenntx
nayk. Mera]opt nonesnt nx npononen n kak cpecrno, ceperam-
mee ycnnnx npn nsnoxennn ro nnn nno nosnnnn. Onn axe onee
nonesnt, uem mornn npenonoxnrt nx anropt. C nx nomomtm reope-
rnk moxer es saspennx conecrn yrn or neoxonmocrn npoxcnennx
sakonomepnocre, nexamnx n ocnone npnunnno-cnecrnenntx cnx-
se. Moxer on n es ncxknx onacenn npenarart reopnn raknx nn-
crnryron, kak entrn, nnn sapaornax nnara, nnn semnennaenne,
ne onyckaxct o paccmorpennx peantntx ]akron, sa ncknmuennem
rex, koropte nerko nornepxamr ero cxemarnueckne nocrpoennx.
3ror mero nosnonxer c]opmynnponart reopnm nncrnryron nnn ]as
xnsnn na ocnone npnnxroro npecrannennx o nekoem mexannsme, n
koropom n nocpecrnom koroporo pasnnnaercx xnsnt, o mexannsme,
naenennom crpemnennem k pannonecnm n cocroxnnn nopmt, a rakxe
n reopnm, onnctnammym ycnonnx, npn koroptx +ro noopaxaemoe
pannonecne ocrnraercx. Taknm opasom, mt okastnaemcx nepe nn-
4
Marshall A. Principles oI Economics. Book V. Ch. II. L., 1980 Mapua.. A.
Hpnnnnnt +konomnuecko naykn. M.: Hporpecc, 1993. T. 2. Kn. 5. In. 2. C. 17.
Hpnmeu. 1~.
5
Smith A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes oI the Wealth oI Nations. L.: Dell
and Sons, 1887. Book II. Ch. II. C+um A. Hccneonanne o npnpoe n npnunnax
orarcrna napoon. M.: Hayka, 1993. Kn. 2. In. 2. C. 418~.
20

nom reopnn nennocrn, ocnonanno na nsepxkax nponsnocrna, koro-
pax crpemnrcx sanonnnrt coo nce anannrnueckoe npocrpancrno, no-
ono npnpoe, ne repnxme nycrort. uynknnonnponanne npomtm-
nennocrn, a rakxe ee marepnantnax crpykrypa onnctnamrcx c nomo-
mtm omenpnnxroro naopa nonxrn, n nanmaemte nnxennx +roro
+exauu:ecru ecrnymmero oekra cnoxrcx sarem k nopmannso-
nanno cxeme ornomenn. Cxema, k koropo mt raknm opasom npn-
xonm, na nekoropom ntcmem yponne cnxsana c noneennem paccmar-
pnnaemtx oekron. B coornercrnnn c +ro nopmannsonanno cxe-
mo nsmenennx roro nnn nnoro cermenra ecrnymmero oekra
nponcxoxr n sanncnmocrn or nennocrn, npnanaemo pxy npeme-
ron n xapakrepncrnk, npnnnmaemtx n pacuer; sarem koncrpynpyercx
]opmantno nenpornnopeunnax ]opmyna, koropax onnctnaer nourn ncm
c]epy npomtmnennocrn. 3ro mero eyknnn. 3arem ]opmyna npo-
nepxercx nyrem cpannenn c nanmaemtmn nponeccamn, npn +rom
nx cpannennx ncnontsyercx nopmantnt cnyua; n raknm opa-
som pesyntrart nonyuamr nornepxenne nyrem nnyknnn. Xapak-
repncrnkn nponecca, koropte ne nnnctnamrcx n nnrepnperannm no
anno ]opmyne, ornocxrcx k paspxy anomantntx cnyuaen n oxc-
nxmrcx nosecrnnem nomex. Hpn +rom nonpoc o cyekrax nnn cn-
nax, koropte oycnonnnnamr nponecc +konomnuecko xnsnn, crapa-
rentno oxonrcx. Pesyntrarom npnmenennx rakoro meroa n nyu-
mem cnyuae xnnxercx naop nornueckn nenpornnopeunntx cyxenn
o ornocnrentno nopmantntx nsanmocnxsxx npemeron cncrema
+konomnuecko rakconomnn. B xymem xe cnyuae +ro naop makcnm,
npenasnauenntx nx neennx nsneca n ocyxennx cnopntx no-
npocon nonnrnkn.
Taknm opasom, n +konomnuecko nayke nponcxoxr nponecct,
xnnxmmnecx npoonxennem rex, uro nponcxonnn n ecrecrnenntx
naykax nekoropoe npemx nasa. B ecrecrnenntx naykax rakconomn-
ueckax paora tna n ocraercx ncknmunrentno nenno, no yuentx
nepecrano ycrpannart crpemnenne k cnmmerpnn n cncremarnsannn.
Onn crann saanartcx nonpocamn o npnunnax (cymero n nponcxox-
mero), n or paccmorpennx crpykrypt kopannontx pn]on onn nepe-
mnn k nccneonannm crpykrypt n opasa xnsnn nonnnon, xnnymnx
na nnx n pxom c nnmn. B onacrn nsyuennx pacrenn paora no
cncremarnsannn npoonxaercx, no npemerom nccneonann n nc-
21
. . ?
kyccn, koropte neyr orannkn n nacroxmee npemx, xnnxercx cko-
pee nonornueckax snaunmocrt ro nnn nno xapakrepncrnkn crpyk-
rypt, ]ynknnn nnn marepnn, uem nx rakconomnueckne acnekrt. Bce
pasronopt nokpyr nnronnasmt, nenrpocom n kapnoknnernueckoro npo-
necca cnnerentcrnymr o rom, uro renept nccneonannx opament k
nponeccam xnsnn n nanenent na nx oxcnenne n repmnnax kymynx-
rnnno kaysantnocrn.
Kakym paory rakconomnueckoro xapakrepa moxno npoenart n
onacrn +konomnuecko naykn, nannyumnm opasom emoncrpnpymr
rpyt K+pnca, n koroptx mero rmarentno npoyman, a pesyntrart
xopomo c]opmynnponant n +]]ekrnnno npnmenent. K+pnc macrepc-
kn opamaercx c npecrannennem o nopmantnom n +konomnuecko
xnsnn. Mera]nsnueckax nex o npenaueprannom xapakrepe nponec-
con y nero yxe ne onpeenxer nocrpoenne reopnn, a npecrannenne o
renennnn k conepmencrnonannm n rapmonnn nnrepecon onee ne
xnnxercx ornpanno rouko npn okasarentcrne nernrnmnocrn cno-
xnnmecx n annt momenr +konomnuecko cnryannn. B +konomn-
uecknx paorax K+pnca n mentme crenenn, uem y ero npemecrnen-
nnkon, npncyrcrnyer nepa. On nce eme ncnontsyer nonxrnx nopmant-
nocrn n ecrecrnennoro sakona, onako mera]nsnka, koropax cronr sa
ero opamennem k nonxrnm nopmantnocrn, rak aneka or craporo
ecrecrnennoro nopxka, uro crana, no kpane mepe nomnnantno,
oesnnuenno n cnocono pasnnnartcx es nocroxnno ornxkn na
rymannrapnym cocrannxmmym renennn, koropte ona ]opmynn-
pyer. 3ra mera]nsnka cnenact k uemy-ro, no cnoe oesnnuennocrn
npnnnxammemycx k rakomy nonnmannm ecrecrnennoro sakona, ko-
ropoe cnocrnenno narypanncry. 3ro ecrecrnennt sakon, koropt n
nne perynnpymmnx npnnnnnon naknatnaer orpannuennx na npo-
ncxoxmee; no yxe onee ne cunraercx, uro on naknatnaer orpann-
uennx n nnrepecax nekoroptx nnyrpennnx nene uenoneka. Hex na-
ra n ntcokom cmtcne nourn nonnocrtm nsxnra, n cncrema c]opmy-
nnponana na ocnone cnonx cocrnenntx nonxrn. Hocne K+pnca, n
uacrnocrn ero reopernuecknx paor, +konomnueckax nayka nourn npe-
npamaercx n rakconomnm pan rakconomnn.
Hn onn cront xe rananrnnnt anrop rak ne npeycnen n npenpa-
mennn +konomnkn n neantno yntnym nayky, kak K+pnc, kora on
sannmancx reopernsnponannem o uncro nayke. Bo npemena craptx
22

+konomncron-knaccnkon +konomnueckax nayka nnrana xnno nnrepec
k pxonomy otnarenm n ocnontnanact n cnonx mera]nsnuecknx nstc-
kannxx na spanom cmtcne. B pykax onee nosnnx npecrannrene
knaccnuecko mkont nayka yrepxna snaunrentnym uacrt +ro cnoe
npenecrn. Ona nepecrana trt ntpaxennem spanoro cmtcna cnoero
npemenn, kak uero-ro, sacnyxnnammero nnnmannx; no +ro npnunne
nayka norepxna omecrnennym noepxky, nockontky nmn ne cno-
cont nnrepeconartcx rem, uro nx ne kacaercx; kpome roro, nayka
tna aneka or roro peanncrnueckoro nnn +nonmnnonnoro cnocoa
mtmnennx, koropt akrnnno ]opmnponancx n cepenne neka n ecre-
crnenntx naykax. 3konomnka ne sannmanact nn mera]nsnko xnsnn,
nn +mnnpnuecknm anannsom n nourn ne nonyuana noepxkn nsnne.
B nocnene rpern neka nayka ntstnana nnrepec rontko y rex, kro,
no cuacrnnnomy creuennm ocroxrentcrn poxennx nnn opasona-
nnx, okasancx cnocontm coxpannrt cknonnocrt k rakconomnn. B pe-
syntrare c roro npemenn, kora rakconomnueckax crpykrypa naykn
nakonen ntcrynnna no nce cnoe sakonuennocrn, nenocrnocrn, cnm-
merpnn n nestnemocrn, camn +konomncrt, naunnax c K+pnca, crann
nce ontme rxrornrtcx +ro nensmennocrtm n npnknatnann nemano
ycnnn k romy, urot npnart cncreme nnamnsm. Yuente knaccn-
ueckoro nanpannennx crpemnnnct rnanntm opasom k cosannm o-
nee sakonuenno n nonno cxemt (nponcxoxmnx) nsmenenn. B +ro
npemx neant rakconomnn tnn ntpoment na cnanky ncropnn, npn
coxpanennn npecrannenn, na koroptx onn asnponannct. Hosnee
yuente ancrpncko mkont ntcrynnnn c reopne nponecca, no k
nacroxmemy npemenn samnn n nonnt rynnk, nockontky nponecc,
koroptm onn pemnnn sanxrtcx, ne xnnxncx, n coornercrnnn c nx co-
crnenntm nonnmannem, kymynxrnnno nnn pasnopaunnammecx no-
cneonarentnocrtm.
O uem nce +ro cnnerentcrnyer? Ecnn nac ne ycrpannamr okr-
pnna sapaorno nnart, noonax rakconomnn onoontntx, n reo-
pnx nponenra, cxoxax c onncannxmn cnopontx pacrenn, ncex nx
cnnpanennntx, rnesopasptnntx, nymncrtx n nnrennntx pasno-
nnnocre, ro :mo nx nac moxer ctrpart pont nnronnasmt, nenrpo-
comt nnn kapnoknnernueckoro nponecca, opamaxct k :e+v mt mor-
nn t yrn or mera]nsnuecknx npecrannenn o nopmantnom n o
23
. . ?
perynnpymmnx npnnnnnax? uro mt namepent enart n +ro cnxsn?
Ckopee axe: uro mt enaem n +ro cnxsn? Cymecrnyer nponecc +ko-
nomnuecko xnsnn, koropt n ontmo crenenn nyxaercx n reope-
rnueckom anannse. Akrnnnt marepnan, n koropom pasnopaunnaercx
+konomnueckn nponecc, +ro uenoneueckn marepnan npomtmnen-
noro coomecrna. Hpnmennrentno k +konomnuecko nayke nponecc
kymynxrnnntx nsmenenn, nyxammncx n oxcnennn, +ro no-
cneonarentnocrt nsmenennx cnocoon, c nomomtm koroptx conep-
mamrcx ecrnnx c marepnantntmn cpecrnamn xnsnn.
uro tno cenano nx nocrnxennx +roro nponecca +konomnuec-
ko xnsnn? Hyrn n cnocot ncnontsonannx marepnantntx oekron
n ocroxrentcrn n nmo momenr npemenn npecrannxmrcx nccneo-
narenm kak nekne mexannueckne npncnoconennx n ycrpocrna nx
ocrnxennx onpeenenntx mexannuecknx nene. Ho+romy tno npo-
cro npnnxrt +rn nyrn n cnocot n kauecrne neknx npncnoconenn,
nmemmnx ry nnn nnym mexannueckym crpykrypy n, raknm opasom,
cnyxamnx marepnantntm nenxm uenoneka. Kak rakonte onn tnn
onncant n knaccn]nnnponant +konomncramn no omnm nasnannem
kannrana, npnuem kannran nonnmancx kak macca marepnantntx oek-
ron, npenasnauenntx nx ncnontsonannx uenonekom. 3roro nnonne
onontno nx nene rakconomnn, no +ro ne mero paccmorpennx npe-
mera npn paspaorke reopnn pasnnrnx. Hpn pemennn nocnene saa-
un, paccmarpnnaemte kak npemert, saecrnonannte n nponecce ky-
mynxrnnntx nsmenenn, nnn kak +nemenrt cxemt xnsnn, +rn npons-
nonrentnte nara xnnxmrcx nonnomennem uenoneuecknx snann,
nantkon n npncrpacrn; r.e. onn xnnxmrcx, no cymecrny, npeonaam-
mnm opasom mtcnn n nmenno n +rom kauecrne nknmuamrcx n npo-
necc nnycrpnantnoro pasnnrnx. unsnueckne cnocrna marepnanon,
ocrynntx uenoneky, nensmennt: nsmenxercx uenonek, ero nonnma-
nne, ero npecrannenne o rom, kak onn moryr ncnontsonartcx n nenxx
pasnnrnx. Hakonnenne nar, yxe ocrynntx uenoneky, onpeenxer
ro, kak on opamaercx c nmemmnmncx marepnanamn n ncnontsyer nx,
no axe c +ro roukn spennx c roukn spennx orpannuenn npo-
mtmnennocrn co cropont kannrana orpannuennem xnnxercx ro,
ury uenonek n cocroxnnn enart, n merot, koroptmn on npn +rom
nontsyercx. Hsmenennx, nponcxoxmne n rexnnuecknx cpecrnax,
+ro ntpaxenne nsmenenn n uenoneke. Hsmenennx n marepnantntx
24

oekrax nopoxamr antnemne nsmenennx rontko uepes uenoneka.
Hcrounnk nenpeptnnocrn, nenocrnocrn pasnnrnx cneyer ycmarpn-
nart n uenoneueckom marepnane; no+romy, ecnn nnxymne cnnt npo-
necca +konomnueckoro pasnnrnx noome cneyer nsyuart, ro nx nyxno
nsyuart nmenno sect. Ecnn nayke cyxeno nepern n paspx +nonm-
nnonntx nayk, ee npemerom onxna crart +konomnueckax exrent-
nocrt.
Bo ncem +rom ner nnuero nonoro. Ho nsnecrnocrt annoro ]akra
enaer ero eme onee snaunmtm. 3ro ]akr, nonyunnmn nceomee
npnsnanne n xoe ontmnncrna nocnennx nckyccn, n rakoe npn-
snanne xnnxercx cymecrnenntm marom k romy, urot cocpeorounrt
na annom ]akre nccneonannx n ocyxennx. Ecnn +konomnka y-
er pasnnnartcx no romy xe nyrn, uro n pyrne naykn, nsyuammne
nponecct xnsnn, ro omee nanpannenne, no koropomy cneyer nn-
rartcx, xcno.
3konomncrt knaccnueckoro nanpannennx ne conepmnnn nnka-
knx ceptesntx nontrok paccrartcx c rakconomnuecknm noxoom n
npnnnecrn n cnom nayky renernueckn noxo k onncannm xnsnn.
Kak yxe ronopnnoct, +ro n ontmo crenenn nepno n n ornomennn
ncropnuecko mkont. Hpecrannrenn nocnene ntrannct paccmar-
pnnart nponecc pasnnrnx, no npn +rom rxrorenn ckopee k oapnn-
nncrcko nnnnn paccyxenn, uem k ro, koropym conpemennax na-
yka couna t +nonmnnonno. Hx nccneonannx nmenn onncarentnt
xapakrep n ne tnn renernuecknm anannsom pasnopaunnammerocx npo-
necca. B cnoe paore onn, necomnenno, onnnct pesyntraron, nme-
mmnx nenpexoxmym nennocrt; no ocrnrnyrte pesyntrart npx nn
moxno knann]nnnponart kak +konomnueckym reopnm. C pyro cro-
pont, ancrpnnt n nx npemecrnennnkn, a rakxe nx croponnnkn n
nckyccnn o nennocrn, cocpeorounnnct na orentno uacrn +kono-
mnuecko reopnn n c ontmo rmarentnocrtm nsyunnn nponecc nos-
nnknonennx nekoroptx xnnenn n npeenax +roro orpannuennoro (nc-
cneonarentckoro) nonx. Bcm nckyccnm o npeentno nonesnocrn n
cyekrnnno nennocrn kak o pesyntrare nponecca onennnannx cne-
yer paccmarpnnart kak renernueckoe nccneonanne ]akron onpee-
nennoro rnna. Ho n n +rom cnyuae c roukn spennx peannnrannn +ko-
nomnuecko reopnn kak nenoro +ra nckyccnx nnkaknx nnoon ne
npnnecna. Hcxox ns roro uro ntpasnrenem nosnnnn ancrpnnen no
25
. . ?
+romy kpyry nonpocon tn Kapn Menrep, cneyer ckasart, uro n ne-
nom onn onapyxnnn necnoconocrt nopnart c knaccnuecko rpan-
nne, npecrannxmme +konomnky kak rakconomnueckym nayky.
Hpnunna +ro neyaun ancrpncko mkont, no-nnnmomy, sa-
knmuaercx n noxno konnennnn uenoneuecko npnpot noxno c
roukn spennx anno nenn, onako, nosmoxno, nnonne aeknarno
pyrnm saauam. Bo ncex nmemmnxcx ]opmynnponkax +konomnuec-
ko reopnn, paspaoranntx kak anrnncknmn +konomncramn, rak n
yuentmn konrnnenrantno Enpont, uenonek paccmarpnnaercx c no-
snnn reonnsma; nntmn cnonamn, on npecrannxercx kak naccnnnax
n nneprnax, a rakxe nensmennax n cnoe annocrn uenoneueckax cym-
nocrt. unsnonornueckne n anrpononornueckne konnennnn, ns koro-
ptx ncxonnn +konomncrt, ncnontsonannct yxe neckontknmn noko-
nennxmn nccneonarene n ncnxonornn n connantntx naykax. Ieo-
nncrnueckax konnennnx ynoonxer uenoneka tcrpoecrnymme
mamnne nx ncuncnennx omymenn nacnaxennx n crpaannx, koro-
pt nnpnpyer kak nekax onoponax rnoyna crpemnennx k cuacrtm
n npnxonr n nnxenne no nosecrnnem crnmynon, ocranaxct npn
+rom nensmenno. Y nero ner nn npomnoro, nn yymero. On npe-
crannen nsonnponanntm cyekrom, naxoxmnmcx n ycrounnom pan-
nonecnn, koropoe napymaercx nnmt no yapamn nnemnnx cnn, nepe-
memammnx ero ro n onom, ro n pyrom nanpannennn. Yepxnnam-
mn pannonecne n npocrpancrne crnxnn, on cnmmerpnuno npamaercx
nokpyr cocrnenno yxonno ocn o rex nop, noka ne okaxercx no
nnacrn napannenorpamma cnn n ne nocneyer n nanpannennn pesynt-
rnpymme. Kora cnna ronuka ncuepntnaercx, on npnxonr n cocro-
xnne nokox, n npexnee cocroxnne rnoynt xenannx. B yxonnom or-
nomennn reonncr ne xnnxercx nnnnnaropom nepemen. He na nem
epxnrcx nponecc xnsnn, on, pasne uro, xnnxercx oekrom cepnn
nsmenenn, koropte nponsnoxr c nnm ocroxrentcrna, no ornome-
nnm k nemy nnemnne n uyxeponte.
Conpemennax ncnxonornx, nonyunnmax nonoe nokpennenne or
nonemnx anrpononornuecknx nccneonann, npenaraer nnoe nonn-
manne uenoneuecko npnpot. B coornercrnnn c +ro konnennne
uenoneky cnocrnenno uro-ro enart, a ne npocro nacnaxartcx n
crpaart no nosecrnnem neknx cnn. On ne npocro crycrok xena-
nn, nonexamnx yonnernopennm n pesyntrare nsanmoecrnnx c
26

nnemne cpeo, a rapmonnunax crpykrypa cknonnocre n npnntuek,
koropax peannsyercx n ntpaxaercx n nponecce exrentnocrn. B coor-
nercrnnn c +rnm nsrnxom uenoneueckax exrentnocrt, n n rom uncne
+konomnueckax, ne paccmarpnnaercx kak neuro nropnunoe no orno-
mennm k nponeccy yonnernopennx rex nnn nntx xenann. exrent-
nocrt cama no cee npecrannxercx xnnennem cymecrnenntm, a xena-
nnx, k ne noyxammne, xnnxmrcx npoxnnennem remnepamenra n
onpeenxmr konkpernoe nanpannenne exrentnocrn n rom nnn nnom
cnyuae. nx nnnnna, paccmarpnnaemoro kak arenra, npenpnnnma-
mmero nekne ecrnnx, +rn xapakreponornueckne ycnonnx nrpamr oc-
nonnym n pemammym pont, onpeenxx ero nosnnnm n +rom nponecce.
Onako c roukn spennx naykn onn npecrannxmr coo +nemenr pa-
mok, n koroptx mtcnnr arenr, pesyntrar npemecrnonanme xnsnn.
Onn nopoxamrcx nacnecrnennocrtm n ontrom arenra, npnope-
renntm no nosecrnnem rpannn, npnnxrtx konnennn n mare-
pnantntx ycnonn; onn xe ]opmnpymr ycnonnx nx cneymmero mara
n +rom nponecce. 3konomnueckax ncropnx xnsnn nnnnna +ro
kymynxrnnnt nponecc aanrannn cpecrn k nenxm, nsmenxmmnmcx
no mepe pasnnrnx nponecca, kora n arenr, n okpyxammax ero cpea
xnnxmrcx pesyntraramn npemecrnymmero nponecca. Merot, c no-
momtm koroptx on ycrpannaer cnom xnsnt na ceronxmnn ent,
nponkronant npnntukamn, nepenecenntmn nm ns nx nuepamnero,
a rakxe marepnantntmn ycnonnxmn nuepamne xnsnn.
Yrnepxennx, kacammnecx nnnnna, cnpanennnt n n ornome-
nnn rpynnt, n koropo on xnner. Bce +konomnueckne nsmenennx
+ro nsmenennx n xosxcrnennom coomecrne, n meroax, c nomomtm
koroptx ono ncnontsyer marepnantnte npemert. Hsmenennx n cre-
peornnax mtmnennx uenoneka nponcxoxr npn +rom n nocnenmm
ouepet. 3ro nepno axe n ornomennn rexnnuecknx acnekron pasnn-
rnx npomtmnennocrn. To nnn nnoe rexnnueckoe ycrpocrno, npe-
nasnauennoe nx pemennx kaknx-nno marepnantntx saau, nose-
crnyer na antnemee pasnnrne crepeornnon mtmnennx npnntu-
ntx meroon n raknm opasom cranonnrcx ornpanntm nynkrom
kak nx antnemero pasnnrnx cnocoon ocrnxennx ntnnnyrtx
nene, rak n nx nocneymmnx nsmenenn n camnx nenxx. B +rom
nponecce nocroxnntx nsmenenn ne cymecrnyer esycnonno aek-
narnoro cnocoa xnsnn, okonuarentntx nnn aconmrntx nene, ko-
27
. . ?
ropte morna t paccmarpnnart nayka, ute saaue xnnxercx ]opmy-
nnponka reopnn nponecca +konomnuecko xnsnn. Cyxnm ocrarkom
xnnxercx exrentnocrt, nanpannennax na ocrnxenne neko oek-
rnnno nenn. 3konomnueckax exrentnocrt onaaer reneonornuec-
knmn cnocrnamn, n rom cmtcne, uro nmn ncera n nese crpemxrcx
uro-nnyt cenart. B uem nmenno +ra exrentnocrt saknmuaercx,
nenosmoxno onpeennrt es ee erantnoro nccneonannx; no kont
ckopo mt onxnt paccmarpnnart xnsnt uenoneka kak unena xosx-
crnennoro coomecrna, nam npnxonrcx nmert eno c poono xapak-
repncrnko ero exrentnocrn kak pasnopaunnammecx exrentnocrn
reneonornueckoro rnna.
Ona moxer xnnxrtcx nnn ne xnnxrtcx reneonornuecknm nponec-
com n cmtcne nanpannennocrn na ocrnxenne kako-nno nenn, kna-
nn]nnnpyemo nccneonarenem nnn coomecrnom nccneonarene kak
ocronax nnn aeknarnax. Orner na nonpoc o rom, xnnxercx ona ra-
kono nnn ner, ne nxonr n saaun annoro nccneonannx, n +ror
nonpoc ne npecrannxer nnrepeca nx +nonmnnonno +konomnkn. Bo-
npoc o nannunn renennn n pasnnrnn cotrn, ouennno, ne nosnn-
kaer nnaue, kak ns npenoctnkn nnn npenonoxennx o cymecrnona-
nnn cyekra, ocymecrnnxmmero nanmenne sa +ro renennne.
Honck renennnn moxer onnpartcx na nem o cymecrnonannn esyc-
nonno nenn, koropym neoxonmo ocrnut, nnn na npecrannenne o
npannntnom nanpannennn pasnnrnx cotrn. 3ro npecrannenne o
nepnom nanpannennn pasnnrnx ne npenonaraercx +nonmnnonno na-
yko, ono nexnr nne ee npemernoro nonx, koropoe opasymr npn-
unnno-cnecrnennte cnxsn rex nnn nntx nponeccon. Ho+romy n pam-
kax +nonmnnonnoro noxoa ne ocraercx mecra nx ]opmynnponkn
ecrecrnenntx sakonon n repmnnax ]nkcnponanno nopmt, kak n o-
nacrn +konomnkn, rak n n nmo pyro onacrn nccneonann. Her
mecra n nx pyroro nonpoca, kacammerocx nonxrnx nopmantnoro,
nonpoca o rom, kako onxna trt nent ocyxaemoro nponecca pas-
nnrnx.
Hcropnx +konomnuecko xnsnn nmoro coomecrna +ro nc-
ropnx ero xnsnn, kont ckopo ona ]opmnpyercx nnrepecom uenoneka k
marepnantntm xnsnenntm cpecrnam. 3ror nnrepec no mnorom on-
peenxn n kyntrypnt pocr ncex coomecrn. Hpexe ncero n ouenn-
nee ncero on nnnxn na ]opmnponanne n omn pocr roro pxa kon-
28

nennn n cnocoon xnsnn, koropte renept npeopasonannct n nn-
crnryrt; no ror xe camt nnrepec nponnstnan xnsnt coomecrna n
ero kyntrypnt pocr n ram, re nosnnkmne n pesyntrare crpykrypt
ne xnnxmrcx npenmymecrnenno n nenocpecrnenno crpykrypamn +ko-
nomnueckoro xapakrepa. 3konomnueckn nnrepec conponoxaer ncm
xnsnt uenoneka; yyun uacrtm xnsnennoro nyrn, on nponnstnaer n
nponecc kyntrypnoro pasnnrnx. On noncemecrno nosecrnyer na kynt-
rypy, rak uro moxno yrnepxart, uro nce nncrnryrt n nekoropo
crenenn xnnxmrcx +konomnuecknmn nncrnryramn. 3ro nmenno rak,
kont ckopo ocnono ecrnnx, ero ornpanntm nynkrom, na nmom
+rane nponecca xnnxercx oprannueckn komnnekc cnocoon mtmne-
nnx, c]opmnponanmncx n xoe npomnoro nponecca. 3konomnuec-
kn nnrepec ne nsonnponan, on nnmt onn ns neckontknx rpyno
noammnxcx nsonxnnn nnrepecon, na koroptx ocnontnaercx reneo-
nornueckax exrentnocrt nnnnna. B kaxom cnyuae nnnnn
nnmt ennnunt arenr, n on nknmuaercx n kaxt nn nocneona-
rentno exrentnocrn kak nenoe, xorx orentnte nenn, npecneye-
mte npn +rom, moryr ocrnrartcx na ocnone orentntx nnrepecon,
raknx, kak +konomnueckn, +crernueckn, cekcyantnt, rymannrap-
nt, pennrnosnt. Hockontky kaxt ns +rnx nnrepecon xnnxercx
rpantm ennoro arenra uenoneka, c npncymnm emy komnnekcom
cnocoon mtmnennx, ntpaxenne kaxoro ns nnx naxonrcx no
nnnxnnem otuaen, c]opmnponanntx c yuacrnem ocrantntx. Ho+ro-
my cymecrnyer px kyntrypntx xnnenn, koropte ne noamrcx po-
nennm n moryr trt uerko oosnauent kak +konomnueckne nncrnry-
rt, xorx kareropnx +konomnueckne nncrnryrt ncnontsyercx nx
oosnauennx rex nncrnryron, n koroptx +konomnueckn nnrepec na-
xonr camoe npxmoe n nocneonarentnoe nonnomenne n +konomnuec-
koe nponcxoxenne koroptx npoxnnxercx nanonee nenocpecrnen-
no n c nanmentmnmn orpannuennxmn.
Hs ncero ckasannoro cneyer, uro +nonmnnonnax +konomnka on-
xna trt reopne kyntrypnoro pocra kak nponecca, onpeenxemoro
+konomnuecknm nnrepecom, reopne kymynxrnnno nocneonarent-
nocrn +konomnuecknx nncrnryron, c]opmynnponanno n repmnnax
nponecca. Ecnn t nosnonxno mecro, sect cneonano t nonopo-
nee paccmorpert nontrkn, npenpnnxrte conpemenntmn +konomnc-
ramn n +ro onacrn, c rem urot nokasart, n kakom nanpannennn
29
. . ?
pasnnnaercx coornercrnymmax nckyccnx. Ouennno, uro cenano ne-
mano n ontmym uacrt npoenanno paort c roukn spennx ykasan-
no nenn cneyer cunrart +]]ekrnnno. Tak, ontmax uacrt paort,
npoenanno ncropnuecko mkono, n ocoenno ee nosnemnmn
npecrannrenxmn, cnnmkom snaunma nx roro, urot oxonrt ee
monuannem, axe yunrtnax orpannuennt oem crartn.
Tenept mt roront nepnyrtcx k nonpocy o rom, nouemy +konomn-
ueckax nayka ne xnnxercx +nonmnnonno ncnnnnnno. Henpemen-
no nentm rakono ncnnnnnnt onxno trt paccmorpenne kymy-
nxrnnnoro nponecca ]opmnponannx +konomnueckoro nnrepeca n kon-
rekcre kyntrypnoro pasnnrnx. Ona onxna trt reopne nponecca
+konomnuecko xnsnn pact nnn coomecrna. 3konomncrt onnpamr-
cx na reonncrnueckym konnennnm uenoneuecko npnpot n uenone-
uecko exrentnocrn, a konnennnx +konomnueckoro nnrepeca, npe-
naraemax reonncrnuecko ncnxonorne, ne oecneunnaer ocrarou-
noro marepnana nx reopnn pasnnrnx uenoneuecko npnpot. B
pamkax reonncrnuecko konnennnn +konomnueckn nnrepec ne pac-
cmarpnnaercx n repmnnax ecrnnx. Ho+romy ona ne npenonaraer n
ero paccmorpennx n onenkn c roukn spennx kymynxrnnnoro pasnnrnx
cnocoon mtmnennx n, axe npn nannunn rakoro crpemnennx, ne cno-
cocrnyer npnmenennm +nonmnnonnoro meroa. B ro xe npemx anr-
pononornueckne npecrannennx, xapakrepnte nx otennoro nonn-
mannx uenoneuecko npnpot, k koroptm otuno anennnpymr +ko-
nomncrt, ne sacrannnn nx paccmarpnnart uenoneueckym npnpoy c
roukn spennx kymynxrnnnoro nponecca pasnnrnx otuaen. 3rn sanm-
crnonannx nosnonnnn ncnontsonart nonxrne nopmannsonanntx rnno-
rernuecknx ocnonann npn anannse npnmnrnnnoro omena, c koropt-
mn snakomt nce unrarenn +konomnuecko nnreparypt, a nen nop-
mannsonanntx konnennn npn nccneonannn nponcxoxennx
sementno cocrnennocrn n sementno penrt nnn n ]nnoco]cko-co-
nnonornuecknx nckyccnxx o ]ynknnxx pasnnuntx knaccon n xns-
nn omecrna nnn napoa.
3konomnka noka ne ncrana na ncxonte nosnnnn n rouky spe-
nnx, neoxonmte +nonmnnonno nayke. 3konomncrt ne pacnonara-
nn coornercrnymmnmn marepnanamn, n nnuero, uro morno t no-
ronknyrt pasnnrne cotrn n rakom nanpannennn, ne nponsomno.
axe ecnn +ro tno t nosmoxno n nmo momenr nonepnyrt n
30

nanpannennn +nonmnnonnoro noxoa n +konomnke, nepoxrnocrt ra-
koro nonopora nentcoka. o rex nop noka ]akrt paccmarpnnamrcx
npenmymecrnenno c rakconomnuecknx nosnnn n marepnan onycka-
er npnmenenne +roro meroa, rakconomnueckn mero okastnaercx
camtm npocrtm, npnnocnr samernte n tcrpte pesyntrart n nan-
nyumnm opasom nnnctnaercx n cymecrnymmee snanne o paccmarpn-
naemom npemere. Takona cnryannx n +konomnke. pyrne naykn ro
xe rpynnt rakxe npnnanexann k paspxy rakconomnuecknx nc-
nnnnnn, n n nnx orxo or nponepenntx meroon ocyxancx kak no-
kasnoe nonaropcrno. Ho nporonranntm oporam nrn nerko, onn npn-
noxr n xopomym komnannm. Hponnxenne no +rnm oporam oner-
uaer npnsnanne npoenanno paort. Orknonenne xe or nnx osnauaer
+kcnepnmenrnponanne, ammee oranennte n ]parmenrapnte pesynt-
rart, nennocrt koroptx rpyno npennert.
Tontko kora merot, ncnontsyemte nayko, n cnnres, xnnxm-
mncx pesyntrarom nx npnmenennx, ne cornacymrcx c opasom mtm-
nennx, npeonaammnm npn paccmorpennn pyrnx nponem, yuenoro
nepecramr ycrpannart nmemmnecx n ero onacrn merot n roukn
spennx, n on nmer ntxo ns +ro cnryannn. Kak n pyrne nmn,
+konomncr nnnnn, nnrennekr koroporo enn. On nonnomaer n
cee otuan n cknonnocrn, nonyuennte or npemecrnennnkon n nne
rpannn n kyntrypt, npoykrom koroptx on xnnxercx; opas mtm-
nennx uenoneka, c]opmnponannt ontrom, koropt on npnoperaer
n ono kako-nno onacrn, nnnxer na ero npecrannennx o xnnenn-
xx n pyrnx onacrxx. Merot nanmennx n paort c ]akrnuecknm
marepnanom, nouepnnyrte naroapx nocroxnnomy opamennm k o-
memy snannm, nocrenenno nponnkamr n nmym ns cnennantntx o-
nacre. Hponecc nx npnsnannx moxer nponcxonrt menenno; n rex
cnyuaxx, kora +ro npenonaraer nepexo k nonomy, on moxer ntst-
nart conpornnnenne. Ho ecnn +rn merot n reuenne npoonxnrent-
noro npemenn nokpennxmrcx ocnonno uacrtm ontra omero xa-
pakrepa, nx npeonaanne n cnennantntx onacrxx xnnxercx nnmt
nonpocom npemenn. Hoxot n merot ntxnnennx cnxse, koroptmn
mt ntnyxenno nontsyemcx npn paccmorpennn n ycnoennn ]akron
na onee +nemenrapntx yponnxx snannx, re ]nrypnpymr rpyte ]ak-
rt, npnmenxmrcx n n cnyuaxx, kora nnnmanne nanpanneno na npo-
necct, c koroptmn nmeer eno +konomnka. Pasnoopasne n oem
31
. . ?
]akron, k koroptm otuno npnmenxmrcx merot, ornnunte or rpan-
nnonno npnmenxemtx +konomnuecko nayko, nacrontko nennkn
c +rnm uacro npnxonrcx cranknnartcx, uro mt crpemnmcx k no-
ntm ]akram npnmennrt +rn nonte merot n raknm opasom nnecrn
nx n nayunt oopor.
B ocnonnom n conpemennom snannn ]akrt npncyrcrnymr n ka-
uecrne kaysantntx nocneonarentnocre. 3ro ocoenno nepno n or-
nomennn snannx, kacammerocx npocrtx ]akron, koropoe naxno nx
conpemenno npomtmnennocrn. Hmxm, rnyoko npnnepxenntm +ro-
my peanncrnueckomy cnocoy mtmnennx, sakont n reopemt +konomn-
uecko naykn, panno kak n pyrnx nayk, paccmarpnnammnx nopmant-
noe reuenne cotrn, npecrannxmrcx nepeanncrnuecknmn n nycrt-
mn, ncknmuammnmn kako-nno ceptesnt nnrepec k nx ocyxennm.
3akont n reopemt cunramrcx nepeanncrnuecknmn, nockontky onn
ne moryr trt c]opmynnponant n nonxrnxx, ncnontsyemtx +rnmn
nmtmn npn opamennn k ]akram, c koroptmn nm npnxonrcx cran-
knnartcx. Hoont peanncrnueckn nacrpo n coornercrnymmne
merot ceronx nponnknn na ntcmne yponnn nayunoro snannx n
axe n onacrn naykn, paorammne c rem xe uenoneuecknm marepna-
nom, koropt cocrannxer npemer +konomnuecko naykn, n camn +ko-
nomncrt naunnamr uyncrnonart nepeanncrnunocrt cnonx reopem o
nopmantntx cnyuaxx. Ecnn npakrnueckne nyxt conpemenno nn-
ycrpnantno xnsnn yyr coxpanxrt re ueprt, koropte npncymn
nm ceuac, n, raknm opasom, yyr cnococrnonart yrnepxennm
oekrnnntx meroon nosnannx, nonpoc o ntrecnennn ns +konomn-
uecknx nccneonann cnocoa mtmnennx, ocnonannoro na nonxrnn
]nkcnponanno nopmt (no cymecrny annmncrnueckoro), cnocoom
mtmnennx, nanenenntm na paccmorpenne ]akron n repmnnax npn-
unnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse (no cymecrny marepnanncrnuecknm),
yer nnmt nonpocom npemenn.
Hocnenn cnoco nocnpnxrnx ]akron n nx anannsa moxer trt
nyume nnn xyxe, onee nnn menee snaunmtm n aeknarntm, uem npe-
tymn, moxer n ontme nnn n mentme crenenn orneuart ]op-
mantntm nnn +crernuecknm rpeonannxm, moxer ntstnart coxane-
nnx no nonoy nropxennx nespentx cnocoon mtmnennx n onacrt
npo]eccnonantno exrentnocrn, no nce +ro naxonrcx sa pamka-
mn namero paccmorpennx. Ho annennem norpenocre conpemen-
32

no rexnonornn cnocot noncenennoro mtmnennx uenoneka pasnn-
namrcx n nanpannennn, npnnnxammemcx k meroam, koropte n na-
yke ]opmnpymr +nonmnnonnt noxo, n snanne, nonyuaemoe na
onee ntcokom yponne ycrapenmnmn meroamn, cranonnrcx nx nnx
uyxtm n nnmenntm cmtcna. Connantntm n nonnrnuecknm naykam
npnercx nnrartcx n +rom nanpannennn, nockontky onn yxe okasa-
nnct na +ror nyrn.
Hepeeoo c aue.ucroeo E. Buuoepaooeo
Hepeno na pycckn xstk. Hsarentckn om IY BB3, 2006