The workweek and weekend are those complementary parts of the week devoted to labour and rest respectively.

The legal working week (British English), or workweek (U.S. English), is the part of the seven-day week devoted to labour. In most Western countries it is Monday to Friday. Weekend is a time period including Saturday and Sunday. Some people extend the weekend to Friday nights as well. In some Christian traditions, Sunday is the "Lord's Day" and the day of rest and worship. In other Christian traditions, they recognize the solar calendar and their day of rest is from noon on Saturday to noon on Sunday. Jewish Shabbat or Biblical Sabbath lasts from sunset on Friday to the fall of full darkness on Saturday, leading to a Friday-Saturday weekend in Israel. Islam declares Friday as a day of rest, so Muslim-majority countries usually have a Thursday-Friday or Friday-Saturday weekend. The French Revolutionary Calendar had ten-day weeks (called dcades) and allowed dcadi, one out of the ten days, as a leisure day. Weekends count as holidays. The present-day concept of the weekend first arose from the Dies Solis (Day of the Sun) decreed by Constantine and from Biblical Sabbath. The Christian Sabbathitself was just one day each week, but the preceding day (the Jewish Sabbath) also came to be taken as a holiday in the twentieth century. This shift has been accompanied by a reduction in the total number of hours worked per week, following changes in employer expectations. Proposals have continued to be put forward for further reductions in the number of days or hours worked per week, on the basis of predicted social and economic benefits. History In cultures with a six-day work week, the day of rest derives from the main religious tradition: Sunday (Christian), Saturday (Jewish), or Friday (Muslim). The first five-day work week in America was instituted by a New England cotton mill to afford Jewish workers the ability to adhere to their own religious Sabbath. [1] In 1926 Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday. In 1929 the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was the first union to demand a five-day work week and receive it. After that, the rest of the United States slowly followed, but it was not until 1940 that the two-day weekend began nationwide. Reform Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world. Every reduction of the length of the work week has been accompanied by an increase in real per-capita income.[2] In the United States, the work week length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century. A rapid reduction took place from 1900 to 1920, especially between 1913 and 1919, when weekly hours fell by about eight percent.[3] In 1926, Henry Ford standardized on a five-day workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay.[4] Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week

during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40.[3] During the Depression, PresidentHerbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers.[4] The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment of women has increased dramatically. Hours worked per capita in the US increased 20 percent from 1970 to 2002. The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21 hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time. Other economists are concerned that shortening the work week will unfairly limit individual earning potential and weaken developed economies due to competition from the less regulated developing world. The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits. [edit]Around the world (Countries are listed alphabetically, only some appear under the subsections for Islamic countries and the European Union.) Chile A 45 hour work week in Chile begins on Monday and ends on Friday, and Saturday and Sunday constitute the weekend. Malls, supermarkets, and stores operate on Saturday, and in towns and cities most of them open also on Sunday. China In China, the work week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. China began the twoday Saturday-Sunday weekend in 1995. Most government employees work 5 days a week (including officials and industrial management). Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well. Normally, the Chinese consider the work week to begin on Monday and end on Sunday. However, most shops, museums, and cinemas are open on Saturday and Sunday. Commercial establishments, including consumer banking and consumer telecommunication branches, are generally open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays. Colombia In general, Colombia has a 48 hour work week. Depending on the business, people work five days for about 9.6 hours per day, typically Monday through Friday, or six days for eight hours a day, Monday through Saturday. EU This section requires expansion. (March 2009)

In Europe, the standard full-time working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday. In Ireland, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe, large shopping centres open on Sunday. In the Netherlands, however, there is controversy involving political parties, especially the SGP, tend to disagree with it. In European countries such as Germany, there are laws regulating shop hours. With exceptions, shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning. Austria The work week is Monday through Friday, although Friday is usually a half day. Shops are open on Saturday. By law, almost no shop is open on Sunday. However, exceptions have been made in Vienna. Bulgaria The work week is Monday through Friday, eight hours per day, forty hours per week. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafs and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday. Czech Republic In the Czech Republic, full-time employment is usually Monday to Friday, eight hours per day and forty hours per week. Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday, but employees still usually work forty hours per week. Denmark Denmark has an official 37 hour work week with primary work hours between 6:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. In public institutions, a 30 minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements, so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours. In private companies, the 30 minute lunch break is normally not included. Estonia In Estonia, the work week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Usually a work week is forty hours. Finland In Finland, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. A full-time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week. In retail and restaurant occupations, among others, the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks, depending on the employment contract. France The standard work week is Monday through Friday. Shops are also open on Saturday. Small shops may close on a weekday (generally Monday) to compensate workers for having worked Saturday. By law, Prfets may authorise a small number of specific shops to open on Sunday such as bars, cafs, restaurants and bakeries, which are traditionally open every day but only during the morning on Sunday. Workers are not obliged to work on Sunday.

Hungary In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Full-time employment is usually considered forty hours per week. For office workers, the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16:00 and 18:00., depending on the contract and lunch time agreements. Medium sized shops and supermarkets are usually open Saturday, with restricted opening hours (9-13:00 or 14:00), but larger retail stores, shopping malls, and supermarkets are open every day, with the exception of public holidays. In shopping malls, shops usually open at 10 a.m. and close by 20:00 or 21:00, and 18:00 on Sunday. Some supermarkets and petrol stations are open 24 hours, and in cities there are usually some small round-the-clock grocery stores serving local neighborhoods. The forty-hour work week of public servants already includes lunch time. Their work schedule typically consists of 8,5 hours between Monday and Thursday (from 8:00 to 16:30) and 6 hours on Fridays (8:00 - 14:00). Ireland Ireland has a work week from Monday to Friday, with core working hours from 09:00 to 17:30. Retail stores are usually open until 21:00 every Thursday. Many grocery stores, especially in urban areas, are open until 21:00 or later, and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock. Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday (usually 10:0012:00 to 17:0019:00). [Citation needed] Italy In Italy the 40 hour rule applies: Monday to Friday, 09:00 to 18:00, with a one hour break for lunch. Sunday is always a holiday; Saturday is seldom a work day at most companies and universities, but it is generally a regular day for elementary, middle and high schools. In the past, shops had a break 13:00 to 16:00, and they were generally open until 19:00. Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner's discretion;[15] malls are generally open Tuesday to Sunday 09:00 to 20:00, and 15:00 to 20:00 on Monday, with no lunchtime closing. Latvia Latvia has a Monday to Friday work week capped at forty hours.[16] Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00. Poland The workweek is Monday through Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday, many small shops are closed on Sunday.

Portugal The workweek is Monday through Friday; 7 to 8 hours per day, 35 to 40 hours in total per week. Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, especially food shops and shopping centres. Romania The work week is Monday through Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Shops are open on Saturday and Sunday. Spain The working week is Monday through Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. The traditional opening hours are 9am to 1pm-2pm and then 3-4pm to 6pm for most offices and workplaces. Most shops are open on Saturday mornings and many of the larger shopping malls are open all day Saturday and in some cities like Madrid, they are open most Sundays. Sweden In Sweden, the standard workweek is Monday through Friday, both for offices and industry workers. The standard workday is eight hours, although it may vary greatly between different fields and businesses. Most office-workers have flexible working hours, and can largely decide themselves on how to divide these over the week. The workweek is regulated by Arbetstidslagen (Work time law) to a maximum of 40 hours per week.[17] The 40-hour-week is however easily bypassed by overtime. The law allows a maximum of 200 hours overtime per year.[18] There is however no overseeing government agency, and the law is often cited as toothless[citation needed]. In Sweden the workers are not paid for the standard 1 hour total break. Using the standard way of counting the hours, Sweden actually has a 45-hour work week. Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, supermarkets and shopping centres, so that employees there have to work. Traditionally, restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend, but this has in later years largely fallen out of practice. Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays. United Kingdom The normal business working week is from Monday to Friday (35 to 40 hours depending on contract). Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well. In England and Wales stores' hours on a Sunday are determined by the total floor space of a store.[19] In Scotland however there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday. The EU Working Time Directive regulates that workers cannot be forced to work for more than 48 hours per week on average (although the UK allows individuals to opt out if they so choose). The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 [20] days per year but that

includes Public Holidays. England & Wales have eight, Scotland has nine, and Northern Ireland has ten permanent Public Holiday days per year[21][22] Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the work week begins on Monday and ends on Sunday. The former sixday week was abandoned in 2006. Most local and international companies' employees work five days per week. Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturday as well. Normally, the Chinese consider the week begin on Monday and end on Sunday. However, most shops, museums, and cinemas are open on Saturday and Sunday. Commercial establishments including consumer banking and consumer telecommunication branches are generally open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays. India The standard workweek in India for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. Work schedule is 48 hours per week, Sunday being rest day. Due to power shortage in some states, industrial areas have power shutdown on staggered days of the week across the state. Hence each area may follow a different rest day for industry. Almost all industries follow standard 48 hours week. All major industries along with services like transport, hospitality, healthcare etc. work in shifts. Central government offices follow 5 day week. State governments follow half day work on 1st,3rd and 5th Saturdays and rest on 2nd and 4th Saturdays, except West Bengal government which follows a Monday - Friday workweek. There is usually no half working day in private sector. Software industry follows 5 day week at 40 or 44 hours a week. Generally establishments other than those having pure desk jobs are open till late evening in most cities, offering more flexibility of time to visitors. Most stores are open for 6 or 7 days a week. Retail shops in malls are open on all days. Doctors are mostly available in morning and evening in their clinics or hospital OPD. Many services are open till 8 p.m. or 9 p.m. Restaurants close between 9 to 11 p.m. Many highway restaurants called Dhabas are open for 24 hours a day. Dhabas are available in large numbers on all major state and national highways, outside city or village limits. Some highway fuel stations are open for 24 hours. Indian calendar week starts from Sunday. Weekend usually means Friday evening and Saturday irrespective of the individuals rest day. Using the term weekend to mean Sunday or rest day can lead to misunderstanding or confusion. It is advisable to use Weekly Off instead of weekend to refer to rest day. Islamic countries ThursdayFriday weekend Friday is the Muslim holy day when Jumu'ah prayers take place, and a number of countries have a ThursdayFriday weekend. Those countries are presently:

Saudi Arabia (Note: Saudi Arabia has a two-day weekend for the public sector and a one-day (Friday) weekend for the private sector)

Oman (Note: This will last until May 1st of 2013, when it will change to FridaySaturday weekends) Afghanistan Yemen

As of 2009, formal proposals are also being discussed in Yemen to change to a (singleday) Friday weekend. The coalition government formed on December 2011 issued a decree changing the weekend in Yemen. As of February 2012 the weekend in Yemen was to be FridaySaturday, but this was postponed due to the instability across the country. The weekend remains Thursday-Friday. For Oman, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the working week is Saturday to Wednesday. [edit]FridaySaturday weekend Following reforms in a number of Arab States of the Persian Gulf in the 2000s, the ThursdayFriday weekend was replaced by the FridaySaturday weekend. This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday Jumu'ah prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets. Algeria (2009)[24] Bahrain (2006) Bangladesh Egypt [25] Iraq (20052006) Jordan (2000) Kuwait (2007) Libya (20052006) Northern Malaysia (only in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah) Mauritania (20052006) Qatar Sudan (2008) [26] Syria (20052006) [27] United Arab Emirates (2006) Friday weekend

Some Muslim-majority countries have Friday as the only weekend day and have a sixday work week. In Afghanistan, Thursday is half a day of work. Government buildings close around 11:30 AM (local). In Iran, Thursday is part of the weekend for public offices, but, for some jobs and most schools, Thursday is a half-day of work. SaturdaySunday weekend

Other countries with Muslim-majority populations or significant Muslim populations nonetheless follow the SaturdaySunday weekend. While Friday is a working day, a long midday break is given to allow time for worship. Those countries are: Indonesia Lebanon. The workweek is Monday through Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday, many small shops close on Sunday. Lebanon and Syria follow a Western-style calendar. Malaysia (except the states of Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah. These Malaysian states have a Friday-Saturday weekend rather than the Saturday-Sunday as in the rest of the country.) Morocco Pakistan follows the standard international 40-hour working week, from Monday to Friday, with Saturday and Sunday being weekends.[29] However, in many schools and enterprises, Friday is usually considered a half-day. Tunisia The workweek is Monday through Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Turkey - working above 45 hours is overtime and the employer has to pay 1.5x of the hourly wage per hour. Non-contiguous workweek Brunei Darussalam has a non-contiguous work week, consisting of Monday through Thursday plus Saturday. The days of rest are Friday and Sunday. Israel For most Israelis, the workweek begins on Sunday and ends on Thursday or Friday midday[30] to accommodate Jewish Sabbath, which begins Friday night. The standard workweek is 43 hours per week. A workday is 8 hours except when special cases by law. Japan The standard business office workweek in Japan begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week. This system became common between the years of 1980 and 2000. Before then, most workers in Japan worked full-time from Monday to Friday, and half time on Saturday (called "Han don", means half-holiday. "don" from the Dutch word "Zondag"), 4548 hours per week. On Friday many people say "HanaKin," which means "flowery Friday." Public schools and facilities (excluding city offices) are also open on Saturdays. However, it should be noted that most Japanese company staff will work in excess of 60 hours a week, through mainly unpaid overtime. Mexico Mexico has a 40 hour work week running from Monday to Friday. However, it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday, which is the day workers get paid. Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities.

Mongolia Mongolia has a Monday to Friday working week, with normal maximum time of 40 hours. Most shops are also open on weekends, many large retail chains having full opening hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises conduct business from 9:00 to 18:00, and government institutions may have full working hours. Nepal Nepal follows the ancient Vedic calendar, which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday.[32] Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays, so it is common for students to go to school Sunday through Friday. In November, 2012, the home ministry has proposed a two-days holiday per week plan at all government offices except at those providing essential services like electricity, communications, water supply, etc. [33] This proposal follows a previous proposal by "Load-shedding Reduction Work Plan 2069 BS" for a five working days plan at government offices as part of the efforts to address the problem of load-shedding. The proposal is currently being discussed in the Administration Committee, and it is not yet clear whether the plan includes private offices and educational institutions. New Zealand In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., but it is not uncommon for many industries (especially construction) to work a half day on Saturday, normally from 8 or 9 am to about 1 p.m. Supermarkets, malls, independent retailers, and increasingly, banks, remain open seven days a week. Russia In Russia the common workweek begins on Monday and ends on Friday with 8 hours per day. Federal law defines a workweek duration of 5 or 6 days and not more than 40 hours. In all cases Sunday is a holiday. With a 5-day workweek the employer chooses which day of the week will be the second day off. Usually this is a Saturday, but in some organizations (mostly government), it is Monday. Government offices can thereby offer Saturday service to people with a normal working schedule. There are non-working public holidays in Russia, and all of them fall on a fixed date. By law, if such a holiday coincides with ordinary day off, the next work day becomes a day off. An official public holiday cannot replace a regular day off. Each year the government can modify work weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule. For example, if a five-day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday, the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable work week. Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers, shop assistants, and security guards. In many cases independent schemes are used. For example, the service industry often uses the X-through-Y scheme (Russian: X Y) when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest. Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union the standard work week was 41 hours: 8 hours 12 min. Monday through Friday. Before the mid-1960s there was a 41 hour 6-day standard work week: 7 hours Monday through Friday and 6 hours on Saturday. Thailand In Thailand, the workweek is Monday through Saturday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week (Saturday is usually a half or full day). However, government offices and some private companies have modernized, adopted progress through enacting the European standard of Monday through Friday. Currently, 50% of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five-day workweek. 23% have taken steps to reform their 6-day workweek through half measures (such as reducing from a 6-day workweek to a 5.5-day workweek). United States The standard workweek in the United States begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week, with Saturday and Sunday being weekend days. Most stores are open for business on Saturday, and may be open a full or half-day on Sunday as well except where prohibited by law. (See Blue law). Increasingly, employers are offering compressed work schedules to employees. Many government and corporate employees now work 80 hours over 9 days during a two-week period (commonly 9 hour days Monday to Thursday, 8 hours on one Friday, and off the following Friday). Jobs in healthcare, law enforcement, transportation, retail and other service positions commonly require employees to work on the weekend or to do shift work. 51. WEEKLY HOURS. - No adult workers shall be required or allowed to work in a factory for more than forty-eight hours in any week.

52. WEEKLY HOLIDAYS. - (1) No adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in a factory on the first day of the week (hereinafter referred to as the said day), unless (a) he has or will have a holiday for a whole day on one of the three days immediately before or after the said day, and (b) the manager of the factory has, before the said day or the substituted day under clause (a), whichever is earlier, - (i) delivered a notice at the office of the Inspector of his intention to require the worker to work on the said day and of the day which is to be substituted, and

(ii) displayed a notice to that effect in the factory : Provided that no substitution shall be made which will result in any worker working for more than ten days consecutively without a holiday for a whole day.

(2) Notices given under sub-section (1) may be cancelled by a notice delivered at the office of the Inspector and a notice displayed in the factory not later than the day before the said day or the holiday to be cancelled, whichever is earlier.

(3) Where, in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1), any worker works on the said day and has had a holiday on one of the three days immediately before it, that said day shall, for the purpose of calculating his weekly hours of work, be included in the preceding week.

54. DAILY HOURS. - Subject to the provisions of section 51, no adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in a factory for more than nine hours in any day : Provided that, subject to the previous approval of the Chief inspector, the daily maximum hours specified in this section may be exceeded in order to facilitate the change of shifts.

53. COMPENSATORY HOLIDAYS. - (1) Where, as a result of the passing of an order or the making of a rule under the provisions of this Act exempting a factory or the workers therein from the provisions of section 52, a worker is deprived of any of the weekly holidays for which provision is made in sub-section (1) of that section, he shall be allowed, within the month in which the holidays were due to him or within the two months immediately following that month, compensatory holidays of equal number to the holidays so lost.

(2) The State Government may prescribe the manner in which the holidays for which provision is made in sub-section (1) shall be allowed.

55. INTERVALS FOR REST. - (1) The periods of work of adult workers in a factory each day shall be so fixed that no period shall exceed five hours and that no worker shall work for more than five hours before he has had an interval for rest of at least half an hour.

(2) The State Government or, subject to the control of the State Government, the Chief Inspector, may, by written order and for the reasons specified therein, exempt any factory from the provisions of sub-section (1) so however that the total number of hours worked by a worker without an interval does not exceed six.

56. SPREADOVER. - The periods of work of an adult worker in a factory shall be so

arranged that inclusive of his intervals for rest under section 55, they shall not spreadover more than ten and a half hours in any day : Provided that the Chief Inspector may, for reasons to be specified in in writing, increase the spreadover up to twelve hours.

57. NIGHT SHIFTS. - Where a worker in a factory works on a shift which extends beyond midnight, - (a) for the purposes of sections 52 and 53, a holiday for a whole day shall mean in his case a period of twenty-four consecutive hours beginning when his shift ends;

(b) the following day for him shall be deemed to be the period of twenty-four hours beginning when such shift ends, and the hours he has worked after midnight shall be counted in the previous day.

58. PROHIBITION OF OVERLAPPING SHIFTS. - (1) Work shall not be carried on in any factory by means of a system of shifts so arranged that more than one relay of workers is engaged, in work of the same kind at the same time.

(2) The State Government or subject to the control of the State Government, the Chief Inspector, may, by written order and for the reasons specified therein, exempt on such conditions as may be deemed expedient, any factory or class or description of factories or any department or section of a factory or any category or description of workers therein from the provisions of sub-section (1).

59. EXTRA WAGES FOR OVERTIME. - (1) Where a worker works in a factory for more than nine hours in any day or for more than forty-eight hours in any week, he shall, in respect of overtime work, be entitled to wages at the rate of twice his ordinary rate of wages.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), "ordinary rate of wages" means the basic wages plus such allowances, including the cash equivalent of the advantage accruing through the concessional sale to workers of foodgrains and other articles, as the worker is for the time being entitled to, but does not include a bonus and wages for overtime work.

(3) Where any workers in a factory are paid on a piece-rate basis, the time rate shall be deemed to be equivalent to the daily average of their full-time earnings for the days on which they actually worked on the same or identical job during the month immediately preceding the calendar month during which the overtime work was done, and such time

rates shall be deemed to be the ordinary rates of wages of those workers : Provided that in the case of a worker who has not worked in the immediately preceding calendar month on the same or identical job, the time rate shall be deemed to be equivalent to the daily average of the earnings of the worker for the days on which he actually worked in the week in which the overtime work was done. Explanation : For the purposes of this sub-section, in computing the earnings for the days on which the worker actually worked such allowances, including the cash equivalent of the advantage accruing through the concessional sale to workers of foodgrains and other articles, as the worker is for the time being entitled to, shall be included but any bonus or wages for overtime work payable in relation to the period with reference to which the earnings are being computed shall be excluded.

(4) The cash equivalent of the advantage accruing through the concessional sale to a worker of foodgrains and other articles shall be computed as often as may be prescribed on the basis of the maximum quantity of foodgrains and other articles admissible to a standard family. Explanation 1 : Standard family means a family consisting of the worker, his or her spouse and two children below the age of fourteen years requiring in all three adult consumption units.

Explanation 2 : Adult consumption unit means the consumption unit of a male above the age of fourteen years; and the consumption unit of a female above the age of fourteen years and that of a child below the age of fourteen years shall be calculated at the rates of 0.8 and 0.6 respectively of one adult consumption unit.

(5) The State Government may make rules prescribing - (a) the manner in which the cash equivalent of the advantage accruing through the concessional sale to a worker of foodgrains and other articles shall be computed; and

(b) the registers that shall be maintained in a factory for the purpose of securing compliance with the provisions of this section.

60. RESTRICTION ON DOUBLE EMPLOYMENT. - No adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in any factory on any day on which he has already been working in any other factory, save in such circumstances as may be prescribed. 61. NOTICE OF PERIODS OF WORK FOR ADULTS. - (1) There shall be displayed

and correctly maintained in every factory in accordance with the provisions of subsection (2) of section 108, a notice of periods of work for adults, showing clearly for every day the periods during which adult workers may be required to work.

(2) The periods shown in the notice required by sub-section (1) shall be fixed beforehand in accordance with the following provisions of this section, and shall be such that workers working for those periods would not be working in contravention of any of the provisions of sections 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 and 58.

(3) Where all the adult workers in a factory are required to work during the same periods, the manager of the factory shall fix those periods for such workers generally.

(4) Where all the adult workers in a factory are not required to work during the same periods, the manager of the factory shall classify them into groups according to the nature of their work indicating the number of workers in each group.

(5) For each group which is not required to work on a system of shifts, the manager of the factory shall fix the periods during which the group may be required to work.

(6) Where any group is required to work on a system of shifts and the relays are not to be subject to predetermined periodical changes of shifts, the manager of the factory shall fix the periods during which each relay of the group may be required to work.

(7) Where any group is to work on a system of shifts and the relays are to be subject to predetermined periodical changes of shifts, the manager of the factory shall draw up a scheme of shifts whereunder the periods during which any relay of the group may be required to work and the relay which will be working at any time of the day shall be known for any day.

(8) The State Government may prescribe forms of the notice required by sub-section (1) and the manner in which it shall be maintained.

(9) In the case of a factory beginning work after the commencement of this Act, a copy of the notice referred to in sub-section (1) shall be sent in duplicate to the Inspector before the day on which work is begun in the factory.

(10) Any proposed change in the system of work in any factory which will necessitate a change in the notice referred to in sub-section (1) shall be notified to the Inspector in duplicate before the change is made, and except with the previous sanction of the Inspector, no such change shall be made until one week has elapsed since the last change.

62. REGISTER OF ADULT WORKERS. - (1) The manager of every factory shall maintain a register of adult workers, to be available to the Inspector at all times during working hours, or when any work is being carried on in the factory, showing (a) the name of each adult worker in the factory; (b) the nature of his work; (c) the group, if any, in which he is included; (d) where his group works on shifts, the relay to which he is allotted; and (e) such other particulars as may be prescribed :

Provided that if the Inspector is of opinion that any muster roll or register maintained as a part of the routine of a factory gives in respect of any or all the workers in the factory the particulars required under this section, he may, by order in writing, direct that such muster roll or register shall to the corresponding extent be maintained in place of, and be treated as, the register of adult workers in that factory.

(1A) No adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in any factory unless his name and other particulars have been entered in the register of adult workers.

(2) The State Government may prescribe the form of the register of adult workers, the manner in which it shall be maintained and the period for which it shall be preserved.

63. HOURS OF WORK TO CORRESPOND WITH NOTICE UNDER SECTION 61 AND REGISTER UNDER SECTION 62. -

No adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in any factory otherwise than in accordance with the notice of periods of work for adults displayed in the factory and the entries made beforehand against his name in the register of adult workers of the factory.

The benefits of a four day working week

The benefits of a four day working week Whilst many sceptics criticise the four day working week as lazy. The fact remains that there are many benefits to adopting a four day work week, both for employer and employee. Although some of the benefits that spring to mind might seem obvious, there are also a number of direct and indirect benefits what may not immediately spring to mind, when considering the four hour work week.

Employee benefits: Better work life balance More time to spend with friends family Reduced cost No commuting on to and from the office in rush hour traffic, no child care Healthier life style a 4 day work week frees up time for exercise and leisure activities, but also means you get to eat lunch at home, saving money and allowing you to eat healthier Less stress Stress can kill literally, a more relaxed lifestyle helps to combat work related stress. Even if your work is stressful, you now have an extra day to relax Flexibility With many 4 day work week programs, organisations will still be open 5 days per week, but allow employees the flexibility to choose which days to take off

Employer benefits: Improved morale your employees are likely to be over the moon with their new 3-day weekend Reduced absenteeism employees can now schedule external appointments on their free weekday. Additionally, stress related illnesses and turnover will reduce Increased productivity It's proven that shorter working hours and increased rest, boost employee productivity and creativity Reduced costs for businesses that close on the 5th day, there are costs savings from utilities, heating/cooling etc.. the 4 day work week reduces the cost of absenteeism Flexibility Cover when needed. A 4 day work week allows you to call on employees in times of crises, but also offers cover in the event of snowed in days and other related problems Community benefits Environmental reduced greenhouse gasses from commuting, reduced energy consumption Local less traffic congestion, more free time in the community In light of benefits, can you afford not to employ a four day work week? After all what is the point in economic growth if it doesn't afford us more time to engage our passions? Still not convinced? Share you comments below. Economic Myths: The 5 Day Work Week And The 8 Hour Day Published on 9/21/2005 in Economics, General, Myths and Unions. 42 Comments How many times have you been in an economic discussion with someone, discussing the benefits of competition, the power of markets, and the overall benefits of capitalism when someone blurts out that in any competitive system, unions and regulations are necessary, for without them, without their interference, we wouldnt have a middle class, we wouldnt have a five day work week or eight hour work days? I hear this all the time, I see it on bumper stickers, and it is so often repeated that I thought Id blog on it and give the readers of my blog an edge on what really happened, and how to respond if they encounter the same topic.

So, who gave us the 5 day, 8 hours per day, work week? Was it really the unions, was it really higher regulations? No, the historical answer is that it was Heny Ford who gave us the 5 day, 8 hours per day, work week. Ford was tired of continuously losing good employees, he was trying to increase employee retention and at the same time increase profits, so he basically doubled wages and implemented a 5-day work week, and in the process effectively invented the modern weekend. It is Henry Ford who is widely credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in the United States. In addition, if you look at why Henry Ford did this, you will see that his reasons had nothing to do with charity, and everything to do with increasing profits and dealing with the forces of competition. What makes those who believe it was unions look even more ridiculous is the fact that Henry Ford despised unions. The tensions were so strong, that Ford hired a former Navy boxer to help him stop the unions from unionizing Ford Motor Company. Many of those who hold the view that it was unions or regulations who gave us the middle class, often hold outdated fears against unfettered markets, still repeating the now fully debunked Karl Marx view that capitalism, through competition, will bring exploitation of workers, will be a race to the bottom, and will eventually, atleast according to Marx, result in class warfare blah blah blah blah. However, if you come back to the real world, you will see that competition does the exact opposite, it increases the standard of living, it increases working standards, it increases pay, and it is overall the working persons best weapon, not its enemy. T his is why unionsand the minimum wage have the opposite result, since by reducing competition they dont make the working persons standard of living better; on net balance, they make it worse. So in conclusion, it wasnt because of unions or regulations that we have a middle class, it was in spite of them that we do, and the next time you hear otherwise, correct them immediately, the working class will thank you. The benefits of a four-day week Henry Ford brought the five-day week to the US. Might Toyota, through expediency rather than design, now be bringing the three-day weekend to Europe?

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Patrick Collinson The Guardian, Saturday 28 March 2009 Jump to comments (6) Henry Ford is credited with introducing the five-day week to the US , and is often cited as the man who created the American middle class. MightToyota, through expediency rather than design, be bringing us the four-day week? The Japanese car company, facing a 40% collapse in many markets, is considering putting its European factories on to a four- or even three-day week. It's grim news for the income of workers at its Burnaston factory in Derbyshire, who could lose 20% or more of their pay. But it's rather better than sacking one-fifth of the labour force or cutting pay rates. We have a lot to learn from the Japanese, who have coped with a two-decade-long economic downturn and deflation. Despite near-zero economic growth, unemployment has stayed far below western levels. Japan has chosen social cohesion over the quickfix cures popular among Anglo-American economists. We have a choice. We can sack millions of workers and widen the already severe social gulf between the haves and the have-nots. We can fortify our homes against the inevitable spike in crime as joblessness soars. Or we can share the pain, reducing our hours and total pay to "rightsize" output. Importantly, we should not accept lower pay rates but lower pay through shorter hours. Is this utopianism? Critics will point to the "failed" 35-hour week experiment in France. But is it really so outlandish? Factory workers used to work a five-and-a-half-day week one reason why football matches traditionally kick off at 3pm on a Saturday. Nobody despairs that we have lost Saturday morning working. And who should despair a move towards a three-day weekend? Interestingly, we have tried this before albeit in 1974, during even more calamitous economic times. The three-day working week lasted from 1 January to 7 March in 1974, as Ted Heath's government battled with striking miners. What happened to our national output as a result? According to Hansard, the index of UK industrial production fell from 109.2 in the fourth quarter of 1973 to 103 in the first quarter of 1974 ie a drop of just 5.7%. So we worked 40% less but produced only 5.7% less. Seems like we are wasting our time going to work for almost half the week. Of course, that's facile: during the three-day week, many workers remained on full time. And some industries might suffer disproportionately from extended weekend leave.

But imagine what an extra 52 days off each year would do to your work-life balance. A three-day closure would mean reduced greenhouse gas emissions, lower childcare bills, lower commuting costs and less congestion. Studies show that it promotes higher productivity. Absenteeism would drop as employees make appointments for doctors and dentists on their extra day off. Loss of pay is the rather large hurdle to get over. For some people it would be mitigated by the fact that the additional earnings of the fifth day are being taxed at 40% anyway. The five-day week is a relatively modern concept. Maybe our grandchildren will regard it as oddly as we regard six-day-a-week factory working. What is the point in economic growth if it does not offer us more leisure? State employees in Utah have already shifted to a four-day week, albeit on compressed five-day hours. So far, it seems to be working. Let's make Thursday the new Friday. And save the global economy to boot. is an important element that makes their family's air becomew a r m e r . C h i l d r e n w i l l b e h a p p y w h e n b e i n g t a k e n c a r e o f carefully by their parents. In their study, parents can look overand encourage them to try their best to learn. They will take them to entertainment areas to amuse. With men, thay can goo u t w i t h t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s o r t h e i r r a l e t i v e s t o t a l k a n d drink something to enjoy and relax. In addition, the thing is v e r y necessary for the own labourers that they have time to satisfytheir needs better than before. We ourselves visit our friends o r w e c a n g o s h o p p i n g , s o on. This is really essential afterhours of toil ( gi lam viec cc nhoc). Sometimes ou r company holds many parties on that days off, we cana c c u m u l a t e m o r e e x p e r i e n c e s a n d u n d e r s t a n d m o r e e x a c t a b out our colleagues. Also, taking part in social activities inour local h e l p s u s b e f r i e n d l y w i t h p e o p l e a r o u n d . A l l t h i n g s contribute considerably to the success in our job. T h e s e c o n d b e n e f i t w e w a n t t o r e f e r t h a t i s a b o u t e c o n o m i c aspect .The first we will talk about that is the government budget willreduce considerably over that of 6 day work week before.Normally, the government has to spend a sum of money to payf o r e l e c t r i c i t y , w a t e r , s o m e o t h e r t h i n g s , m e d i c a l s p e n d i n g . . . . T h i s p a y m e n t b e c o m e s m o r e a n d m o r e h i g h e r i n the recent life. According to the statistics in some companies,t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s t o p a y 1 b i l l i o n VND a month for theses p e n d i n g s o n a v e r a g e . T h i s w i l l b e c h a n g e d i n 5 d a y w o r k week. We will save a huge sum of money. Instead of spendingt o o m u c h w e c a n u s e t h e s e m o n e y t o i n v e s t o n a n o t h e r purposes of the government. Be sure that the interest (tienlai) which we have is very much if we invest continously.T h e g o v e r n m e n t b u d g e t w i l l d e c r e a s e i n s t e a d o f i n c r e a s i n g before.Secondly,before we work 6 days a week that means 48 hours aweek. We

received salary with a low level. Our time spent toomuch but our salary was too little. This was a main cause whyour lives' quality was too low compared with the mostc o u n t r i e s i n t h e s a m e a r e a . S o , l i v i n g s t a n d a r d w a s l o w andw a s n o t e n s u r e d p e r f e c t l y a b o u t m e d i c a l c a r e a l s o o t h e r services. Our economic could not develop strongly until there w a s t h i s d e c i s i o n f r o m t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r i n 1 9 9 9 . N o w , w e just work 5 days a week and our income is raised higher. Fromthen to now, there is considerable change in our economy. Wenot also solve well about the labourers' salary but alsocontribute usefully to their expenditure. Because the development of a country is partly belong to people'sexpenditure.Besides, the social evils will reduce noticeably, our country'ssituation will change quickly when the problems seem not tos e t t l e t o t u r n o u t t o b e r e s o l v e d . O n t h e d e c r e a s e a b o u t working hour s a n d o n t h e i n c r e a s e a b o u t t h e s a l a r y w i l l a decisive condition in the economic development of the country. The last benefits our group will represent about that is work effect . At this aspect, we will come to the following things: an i n s p i r a t i o n i n w o r k i n g , a p e r f e c t p l a n f o r t h e n e x t w e e k , n o pressure no stress.With a long time in a week, our inspiration seems not to existin the job. We just know to go to the office to finish our tasksa s u s u a l . W h e n t h e r e a r e n o i n s p i r a t i o n w e w i l l h a v e n o creativeness in our working process. Decreasing the time will be an active state in establishing the inspiration. Our creativea b i l i t y w i l l g r o w m u c h c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e w o r k i n g p r o c e s s before. Our working process reduces from 48 hours to 40 hoursa week. So, work effect will increase more and more.Drawing up a plan that helps you be more self-confident thanyour job before going to the office. In 2 days off, you will think over many plans to draw a perfect one. That perfect thought makes you get an active effect in process of work. In Viet Nam,there are many cases which people take advantage of time todo another things in office hours. With a long office hours butt h e v o l u m e o f w o r k i s l i t t l e , t h e r e a r e s o m e p e o p l e w h i c h p r e t e n d n o t t o k n o w a b o u t t h e i r o w n t a s k . W i t h t h e r e c e n t hours distribution, the short time and the suitable volume of w o r k w i l l b r i n g t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y e f f e c t s t o t h e l a b o u r e r s i n ge neral. Also, we know that the pressure from job is very high if we don o t f i n i s h o u r h u g e v o l u m e o f w o r k . T h a t p r e s s u r e b e c o m e s more and more higher if our job comes to a standstill. We willnot be afraid of that pressure if we have a good time in 2 daysoff to work out a good resolution. Be sure that the effect whichwe get is excellent. Besides,we will suffer from stress broughton by overwork. Stress can affect us badly. So, we need have the suitable working time to overcome the stress well.Much pressures of the work causes much stresses and maybe t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e j o b f o r c e s u s t o b e m o r e h o t - t e m p e r e d . This makes us become uncomfortable and tired.

So, 5 day work week has reduced the standstill ( ach tat),thep r e s s u r e a n d t h e s t r e s s p a r t l y f o r u s . T h e n o u r j o b b e c o m e s more convenient and more efficient than ever. In short , the benefits which we get from 5 day work week willbe an important factor to solve many problems weencountered in the last years with 48 hours a week