Kristofer Alen Oracle PL, SQL

Oracle Press
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ORACLE
Oracle Press TM
Oracle PL/SQL 101
Christopher Allen
Osborne/McGraw-Hill
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101: Oracle PL/SQL
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Oracle PL/SQL 101

Christopher Allen
Copyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Osborne/McGraw-Hill
2600 Tenth Street
Berkeley, California 94710
U.S.A.
ISBN 0-07-212606-X
:
101: Oracle PL/SQL

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"", 2001
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: 070612 30.09.97.
ISBN 5-85582-139-0
20.10.2001 70 100/16
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33
, SQL*Plus :
CREATE TABLE plsqll01_test_2 (
name VARCHAR2 (.20) ,
gender CHAR(l)
INSERT INTO plsqll01_test_2 VALUES ('George1, 'M');

INSERT INTO plsql!01_test_2 VALUES ('Jane1, 'F');
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_test_2;
DROP TABLE plsql!01_test_2;
, SQL*Plus ,
. 2.6.
-
Edit Search Option* Help
SQL> CREATE TABLE plsq!1B1_test 2 (
2
name
UARCHAR2(20),
3
gender CHAR(1)
*
)
5 ;
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsq!101_test_2 UALUES ('George 1 , 'M');
1 row created.
'
- '
-, :
':'' " ' , "
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqliei_test_2 UALUES ('Jane1. 'F');
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_test_2;

NflHE
George
Jane
SQL>
SQL> DROP TABLE plsq!101_test_2;
Table dropped.
SQL>
. 2.6. CHAR VARCHAR2
34
, , INSERT . SQL-,
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CREATE TABLE plsq!101_product (
product_name VARCHAR2(25),
product_price NUMBER(4,2)
:
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
plsql!01_product
plsql!01_product
plsql!01_product
plsql!01_product
VALUES
VALUES
VALUES
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('Product
('Product
('Product
('Product
35
Name
Name
Name
Name
1',
2',
3',
4',
1);
2.5);
50.75);
99.99);
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_product;

DROP TABLE plsql!01_product;
, , . 2.7.
Oiacle SQL'Plus
File dit Search Options Help
SQL> CREATE TABLE plsqllB1_product (
2
product_nane UARCHAR2(25),
3
product_price NUMBER (it, 2)
*
)
5 ;
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101_prodiict UflLUES ('Product Name 1', 1);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqllByproduct UflLUES ('Product Name 2 ' , 2.5);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_product UflLUES ('Product Name 3', 50.75);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_product UflLUES ('Product Name V , 99.99);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll Byproduct;
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE
Product Name 1
Product; Name 2
Product Name 3
Product Name
1
2.5
50.75
99.99
SQL>
SQL> DROP TABLE plsqll81_product;
Table dropped.
SQL>
. 2.7. NUMBER
36
, NUMBER :
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NUMBER : 999999999999999999999999999 999 999 999 990 000

000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
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CREATE TABLE plsq!101_purchase (
product_name VARCHAR2 (25) ,
product_price NUMBER(4,2),
purchase_date DATE
\
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES

('Product Name 1', 1, '5-NOV-OO ' ) ;
('Product Name 2', 2.5, ' 29-JUN-01 ' ) ;
INSERT INTO plsq!101_purchase VALUES
('Product Name 3', 50.75, ' 10-DEC-02 ' )
38
('Product Name 4', 99.99, '31-AUG-03');
SELECT * FROM plsqllOljpurchase;
, . 2.8.
SQL- ,
.
* Oiacle SQL'Plus
SQL> CREflTE TftBLE plsql101_purchase (
2
product_name UARCHAR2(25),
3
4
5
6 ;
product_price NUMBtR(4,2),
purchase_date
)
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase UflLUES
2
('Product Name 1', 1, 'S-NOU-ee1);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_purchase UftLUES
2
('Product Name 2', 2.5, '29-JUN-B1' );
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqllB1_purchase UflLUES
2
('Product Name 3', SB.75, 'IB-DEC-eZ1);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1_purcHase UflLUES
2
('Product Name V, 99.99, '31-1-');
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqllB1_purcnase;
PRODUCT
Product
Product
Product
Product
Name
Name
Name
Name
PRODUCT PRICE PURCHASE
1
2
3
4
1
2.5
58.75
99.99
05-NOU-00
29-JUN-B1
18-DEC-B2
31-flUG-B3
SQL> |
. 2.8. DATE
39
,
. , - 29 2002 . , Oracle , 2002 .
, , 29 .
DATE .
, , ( ,
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). 6:00
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. 2.9.
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40
Oioclt! SQL-Plus
Ete Ed Search Options 1

SQL> DESC plsqliei_purchase
Name
Null?
PRODUCT_NA
PRODUCT_PRICE
PURCHflSE_DOTE
Type
UflRCHflR2(25)
NUMBER(4,2)
DATE
SQL>
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DROP TABLE plsql!01_purchase;
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_purchase (
product_name VARCHAR2 (25) NOT NULL,
product_price NUMBER(4,2) NOT NULL,
purchase_date DATE
r';>
.;., .,
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, . 2.10. ,
, NOT NULL,
, .
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* Oracle SQL-Plus
SQL> DROP TABLE plsql101_purchase;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL> TABLE plsq11B1_purchase (
3
i
5
6 ;
product_nane
UftRCHflR2(25) NOT NULL,
product_price NUHBER(I,2)
purchase_date DATE
)
NOT NULL,
Table created.
SQL>
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42

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SELECT * FROM plsqll01_purchase;
. 2.11. : SQL*Plus SELECT, .
;*. Oracle SQL-Plus

.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1_purchase UALUES ('Product Name 1', 1, NULL);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_purchase;
PRODUCT_NflME
Product Name 1
PRODUCTJMUCE PURCHftSE_
1
'
SQL>
. 2.11. null-
43
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, . :
(NULL, 2.5, '29-JUN-01');
('Product Name 3', NULL, '10-DEC-02');
(NULL, NULL, '31-AUG-03');
, . 2.12.
INSERT , , null- , NOT NULL.
Oracle SQl'Plus
fife dit Search Qplions H*
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01^purchase UALUES
2
(NULL, 2.5, '29-JUN-ei');
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase UALUES
jj
-J
ERROR at line 1:
ORO-01itOO: cannot insert NULL into' ( l PLSQLiai"."PLsqL101_PURCHflSE". ll PRODUCT_NAME")
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase UALUES
2
('Product Name 3 1 , null, 'lO-DEC-BZ 1 );
INSERT INTO plsqll01 purchase UALUES
*
ERROR at line 1:
OHfl-01!00: cannot insert NULL into ( 11 PLSQL181' 1 ."PLSQL101_PURCHASE". >1 PRODUCTJ > RICE")
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01 purchase UALUES

2
(NULL, NULL, 'ai-flUG-BS 1 );
INSERT INTO plsqllei_purchase UflLUES
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORft-OUtOO: cannot insert NULL into ("PLSQL101"."PLSQLiei_PURCHASE".lIPROOUCT_HftllE")
:
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsq111 purchase;
PRODUCT_NAME
Product Name 1
'
'
PRODUCT_PRICE PURCHASE_
1
SQL> |
. 2.12. null- NOT NULL

,
44
null- , NULL , .
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INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase (product_name, product_price)
VALUES ('Product Name 2', 2.5);
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase (product_name, product_price)
VALUES ('Product Name 3', 50.75);
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase (product_price, product_name)
VALUES (99.99, 'ProductName 4');
, . 2.13,
,+ Oiacle SQL'Plus
0e fid ech Qptiora Help
SQL>
QL> INSERT
INSERT INTO
INTO plsq!1B1_purchase
plsqll
(product_nane,
2
UflLUES Product Name 2 ' , 2.5);
product_prlce)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll 6"1_purcnase
(product , product price)
2
UflLUES ('Product Name 3 1 , 58.75)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsq!101_purchase (product_price, product_nane)
2
UflLUES (99.99. 'Product Name 4');
' '
.
..''-..,,'.
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROH plsqllB1_purchase;
PRODUCT_NflME
Product Name 1
Product Name 2
Product Name 3
Product Name i
PRODUCT_PRICE PURCHASE.
1
2.5
58.75
99.99
SQL>
JJJ
. 2.13. null-
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45
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INSERT . , , , .
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.

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('Fifth Product's Name', 25, '05-MAY-03');
Oracle , . 2.14.
* Otacle SQL'Plu
13!
! Search Qptiora Help

.'
SQL> INSERT INTO plsq!101_purchase UflLUES
('Fifth Product1s Name', 25, '05-MftV-03');
ERROR:
ORfl-61756: quoted string not properly terminated
SQL>
. 2.14. ,
, . ,
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SET SCAN OFF
('Fifth Product''s Name', 25, '05--');
SET SCAN ON
, :
46
,
. 2.15.
Oracle SQL'Plu
File Edit Seaich flptions Help
SQL> SET SCftN OFF
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqliai_purchase UftLUES
1
2
('Fifth Product 's Name', 25, 'OS-MAY-OS');
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SET SCAN ON
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsq!1B1_purchase;
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE PURCHASE
Product Name 1
Product Name 2
Product Name 3
Product Name 4
Fifth Product's Name
1
2.5
58.75
99.99
25 85-MflV-03
SQL>
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.1'*;.., SELECT product_name FROM plsql!01_purchase;
47
, . 2.16.
,
SELECT .
* Oracle SQL-Plus
File Edit Search flptkms Help
SQL> SELECT product_narae FROM plsqll01_purchase;
PRODUCT NftME
Product Name 1
Product Name 2
Product Name 3
Product Nane 4
Fifth Product's Nane
SQL>
.dJ
. 2.16.
. ,

PLSQLl01_PURCHASE :
SELECT product_name, purchase_date FROM plsq!101_purchase;

, , . SELECT , .
, PLSQL101_PURCHASE
, :
SELECT purchase_date, product_price, product_name
FROM plsql!01_purchase;
, . 2.17. , PLSQL101_PURCHASE ,
- .

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SQL-, .
3 . 725
48
fte < Search Options Help : ;
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;:
SQL> SELECT purchase_date, product_price, product_nane

2 FROM
plsql1B1~purchase;
,...*
PURCHASE. PRODUCT_PRICE PRODUCTJfflME
05--03
1 Product Name 1
2.5 Product Name 2
58.75 Product Name
99.99 Product Name 4
25 Fifth Product's Name
SQL>
<| J
. 2.17. ,
, ,
PLSQL101_PURCHASE 15%.
:
SELECT product_name, product_price * 1.15 FROM plsqll01_purijhase;
. 2.18.
!
* Oracle SQL-Plus
file Edit Search Option? Help
SQL> SELECT product_nane, product_price * 1.15 FROM plsql101_purchase;
PRODUCT NflME
Product Name 1
Product 2
Product 3
Product Nam 4
Fifth Product's Nan
PRODUCT PRICE*1.15
1.15
2.875
58.3625
114.9885
28.75
SQL>
. 2.18. : 15% .
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(operators). ,
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49
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+ -, . ,
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.

product_name VARCHAR2(25) ,
sales_tax NUMBER(4,2),
purchase_date DATE,
salesperson VARCHAR2(3)

1
('Product Name I , 1, .08, '5-NOV-OO', 'AB');
('Product Name 2', 2.5, .21, '29-JUN-01', ',CD');
1
('Product Name 3', 50.75, 4.19, 40-DEC-02 , 'EF');
1
('Product Name 4', 99.99, 8.25, '31-AUG-Q3 , 'GH');
SELECT product_name, product_price + sales_ta'x
FROM plsqllOljpurchase;
SELECT product name, 100 - product_price
FROM plsqll01_purchase;
SELECT product_name, sales_tax / product_price ..
FROM plsqllOljpurchase;
SELECT , . 2.19.
,
.
Oracle 7,
. Oracle 8
, SQL-
.
Oracle (expression) .
, , NULL, (, " 100" , ,
), , . :
SELECT product_name, product_price * 2 + 10 FROM plsqllOljpurchase;
50
1-IOiX
* Oracle SQL'Plus
SQL> SELECT product name, product_price + sales_tax FROM plsql181_purchase; _j
PRODUCT
Product
Product
Product
Product
Name
Name
Name
Name
PRODUCT PRICE+SflLES TUX
1.88
2.71
51. 94
1
2
3
4
SQL> SELECT product naroe, 180 - product_price FROM plsql1B1_purchase;

PRODUCT NflME
Product
Product
Product
Product
Name
Name
Name
Name
180-PRODUCT PRICE
99
97.5
1
2
3
4
49.25
.81
SQL> SELECT productjnane, sales_tax / product_price FROM plsql181_purchase;

PRODUCT NflME
Product
Product
Product
Product
Name
Name
Name
Name
SftLES /PRODUCT PRICE

1
2
3
4
.88
.084
.082561576
.882588251
SQL> |
. 2.19. SELECT
: PRODUCT_NAME PRODUCT_PRICE
* 2 + 10.
: " Oracle , ?"
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SELECT product_name,
(product_price * 2)
+ 10 FROM plsql!01_purchase;
51

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SELECT, (||). , product_name salesperson:
SELECT product_name || salesperson FROM plsq!101_purchase;
,
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SQL-, . ,
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SELECT product_name I | ' was sold b y ' I | salesperson
, . 2.20.
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31
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
SQL> SELECT product_name || ' was sold by ' | | salesperson
2 FROM
plsq!101 ^purchase;
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
PRODUCT _NftME | | 'UASSOLDBV | | SALESPERSON

Product
Product
Product
Product
Name
Name
Name
Name
1
2
3
4
was
was
uas
Mas
sold
sold
sold
sold
by
by
by
by
ftB
CD
EF
CH
'
SQL>
. 2.20.
SELECT
52

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SELECT, , .
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SELECT. , , ( ) , .
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SELECT:
SELECT product_name || ' was sold by ' I I salesperson SOLDBY
-, , (alias). SOLDBY ,
.
,
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SELECT product_name || ' was sold by ' || salesperson "Sold By"
, . 2.21.
A Oracle SQL-Plus
file * Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT product_nane 11 was sold by ' || salesperson "Sold By1'
2 FROM
plsq!1B1_purchase;
Sold By
Product
Product
Product
Product
Mane
Name
Name
Name
1
2
3
4
was sold by ftB

was sold by CD
was sold by EF
was sold by GH
SQL>
. 2.21.
SQL. , , ,
.
53
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quantity_on_hand NUMBER(5,0),
last_stockdate DATE
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('Small Widget', 99, 1, '15-JAN-03');
('Medium Wodget1, 75, 1000, '15-JAN-02');
,,,rtr.; . J'Cjtirpme. Phoobar'.,.50, 100,, ' 15-JAN-03') ;
INSERT INTO plsq!101_product VALUES
('Round Chrome Snaphoo', 25, 10000, null);
61

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SELECT * FROM plsql!01_product
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ie Edit Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT F R O M plsqll Byproduct
2 WHERE quantity_on_hand - 1;
PRODUCT
Snail Widget
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_OH_HAND LflST_STOC
99
1 15-JAH-03
SQL>
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. .1. ,

62
TTTnTxl
& Oracle SQL-Plus

SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll 01 product
2 WHERE quantity_on_hand < 500;
PRODUCT_NflME
PBODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_ON HfiND LflST STOC
Snail Widget
Chrome Phoobar
99
58
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100 15-JflN-l03
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SQL> SELECT FROM plsql181_product
2 WHERE quantitp_on_hand < 1000;
PRODUCT NAME
Small Widget
Chrome Phoobar
PRODUCT_PRICE qUHNTITV_ON_HflND LflST_STOC

99
SO
1 15-JflN-03
100 15-JflN-03
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll01_product
2 WHERE quantity_on_hand <= 1000;
PRODUCT NAME
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
PRODUCT_PRICE QUftNTITY_ON_HflND LflST_STOC
99
75
50
1 15-JRN-03
1000 15-JRN-02
100 15-JRH-03
SQL>
. 3.3. ,

63

WHERE quantity_on_hand > 1000;
WHERE quantity on hand >= 1000;
'
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64
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Oiacle SQL'Plu
file Edit Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll B1 jroduct
2 WHERE product_nane - 'Small W i d g e t 1 ;
PRODUCT
Small Widget
PRODUCT_PRIGE QUflNTITV_ON_HflND LftST_STOC

1 15-JflN-C
SQL>
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, "Chrome" (%).
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File Edit Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqH 81_product
2 WHERE product_name LIKE ' C h r o n e V ;
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT_PRICE QUftNTITV_OH_HflND LftST_STOC
50
Chrome Phoobar
100 15-JHN-03
SQL>
SJJL> SELECT * FROM plsqll 01_product
2 WHERE product_name LIKE '
PRODUCT NAME
Chrome Phoobar
Round Chrome Snaphoo
PRODUCT_PRICE QUftNTITV_ON_HflND LfiST_STOC
50
25
100 15-JflN-03
18000
SQL>
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67

WHERE product_name LIKE '%W_d%';

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WHERE last_stock_date = '15-JAN-03';
, . 3.6.
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SQL> SELECT * FROM plsql101_product
2 WHERE last_stock_date 'IS-Jfl
PRODUCT NAME
Snail Widget
Chrome Phoobar
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITY_ON_HftND LftST_STOC
99
SO
SQL>
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1 1S-JflN-B3
188 15-JflN-83
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SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll01_prodUCt
2 WHERE last_stock_date IS HULL;
PRODUCT
PRODUCT_PRICE QUftHTITV_OH_HAHD LflST_STOC

25
1B800
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll 01_prodJCt
2 WHERE last_stoch_date IS NOT NULL;
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Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflHTITY_ON_HflND LAST_STOC
99
75
SO
SQL>
. .7. null-
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. 3.8.
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file Edit Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll81 product ORDER BY product_price;
PRODUCT

Chrome Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Small Widget
PRODUCT_PRICE QUfiNTITY_ON_HflND LftST_STOC
25
58
75
99
10000
180 15-JflH-03
1000 1S-JflN-02
1 1S-JBN-03
. .8.
70
, SELECT
.
PLSQL101_PRODUCT
LAST_STOCK_DATE, :
.
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SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll81_product
2 ORDER BV last_stoch_date, product_narae;
/PRODUCT_NflME
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Midget
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflHTITV_ON_HflND LflST_STOC
75
58
99
25
SQL>
. .9.
1888 15-JftN-82
188 15-JflH-83
1 15-JflN-83
71
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SELECT
last_stock_date,
product_narae,
product_price,
quantity_on_hand
FROM
plsql!01_product
ORDER BY last_stock_date,
product_name
, . 3.10.
,
. , . , PLSQL101_PRODUCT ,
:
SELECT * FROM plsqllOl product ORDER BY product_price DESC;
HI3QI
4l Oracle SQL'Plus
file Edit Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT
last_stock_date,
product_name,
product_price,
quantity_on_hand
FROM
plsqll01_product
ORDER BV last_stock_date,
product_nane
LflST_STOC PRODUCTJiflME
15-JAN-02 Medium Uodget
15-JftN-03 Chrome Phoobar
15-JAN-03 Small Widget
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_ON_HflHD
75
50
99
25
1000
100
10000
SQL>
. 3.10. ,
72
, . :
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NUMBER(4,2),
purchase_date DATE,
salesperson VARCHAR2(3)
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase VALUES

('Small Widget', 1, '14-JUL-03', 'CA');
('Medium Wodget', 75, '14-JUL-03', 'BB')
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, 44-JUL-03', 'GA').
('Small Widget1, 8,. ' 15-JUL-03 ' , ''GA');
>JSERT-INTO
plsqll&l_purchase VALUES
;
('Medium Wodget', 20, '15-JUL-03', 'LB'),
NSERT INTO plsqlldl_purchase VALUES
73
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, 46-JUL-031, '');

('Round Snaphoo', 25, '16-JUL-03', 'LB');
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, '17-JUL-031, 'BB' );
;
SELECT DISTINCT, :
SELECT
FROM
ORDER BY
product_name
plsql!01_purchase
product name;
SELECT DISTINCT product_name

FROM
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product_name;
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"
SQL> SELECT
product_name
2 FROM
plsqll81_purchase
3 ORDER BV product_nane;
'^
PRODUCTJfflME
Chrome Pboobar
Chrome Phoobar
Chrome Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
Small Widget
Small Widget
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT product_name
2 FROM
plsqll81_purchase
3 ORDER BV
product_nane;
PRODUCT
Chrone Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
Small Widget
SQL>
. 3.11.
74
UNIQUE DISTINCT, :
SELECT UNIQUE product_name
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
ORDER BY
product_name;
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FROM
WHERE
ORDER BY
salesperson
plsql!01_purchase
purchase_date BETWEEN 'Ol-JUL-03' AND 45-JUL-031
salesperson;
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2 ,
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, SALES_TAX):
SELECT
FROM
SELECT
FROM
SELECT
FROM
product_name, product_price + sales_tax

plsq!101_purchase;
product_name, 100 - product_price
plsqll01_purchase;
product_name, sales_tax / product_price
plsql!01_purchase;
SELECT , , ..
. , 18 5 :
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75
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SQL> SELECT 18*1.85 FROM plsql181_purchase;
18*1.85
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
8 rows selected.
SQL> DESC DUAL;
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Type
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X
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18*1.85
18.9
SQL> I
. 3.12. DUAL
76
, PLSQL101_PURCHASE "Small Widget" "Large Widget", :

SELECT * -FROM plsq!101_purchase;
UPDATE plsqll01_purehase t ;
SET
product_name = 'Large Widget'
SELECT * FROM plsqllOljourchase;
PLSQL101_PURCHASEBce .
, . 3.13.
11
,-t Oracle SQL-Plus

8 'Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT FROM plsql101_purchase;
QUflNTITY PURCHASE_ SAL
PRODUCT NAME
Small Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Round Snaphoo
Chrome Phoobar
1
75
2
8
20
2
25
2
14-JUL-03
1U-JUL-83
-U-JUL-B3
15-JIIL-83
15-JUL-03
16-JUL-03
16-JUL-83
17-JUL-03
Cfl
BB
GO
Gfl
LB
LB
88
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> UPDATE plsqliei_purchase

2 SET
product name - 'Large Widget1
3 WHERE productfnane - Small Widget';
2 rows updated.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
FROM plsqliei_purchase;
PRODUCT NftHE
Large Uidget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Large Uidget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Round Snaphoo
Chrome Phoobar
QUflNTITV PURCHASE, SAL
1 ni-jUL-
75
2
8
20
2
25
2
1U-JUL-03 BB
1I|-JUL-B3 GA
15-JUL-03 GA
15-JUL-03 LB
16-JUL-03 CA
16-JUL-03 LB
17-JUL-03 BB
8 rows selected.
SO,L> |
. 3.13.
77
WHERE UPDATE.
, !

, , . DELETE
:
DELETE FROM _ WHERE ;
, .
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PLSQL101_PURCHASE. ,
, 15 2003 .:
DELETE FROM plsql!01_purchase

WHERE purchase_date > 45-JUL-031;
. 3.14.
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"Large Widget":
DELETE FROM plsqllOl_purchase

WHERE product_name = 'Large W i d g e t ' ;
, ,
Wodget Phoobar, 15 .

. : DELETE,
WHERE, TRUNCATE ().
, , :
DELETE FROM _;
, : , Oracle ,
78
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
Fte Edit Search Qptions 1
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsql181_purchase;
PRODUCT
NflME
Large Widget
Hediun Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Large Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Round Snaphoo
Chrome Phoobar
QUANTITV PURCHftSE_ SflL

1 Ht-JUL-83 Cft
75 1U-JUL-83 BB
2 m-JUL-83 Gfl
8 15-JUL-ea Gfl
28 15-JUL-B3 LB
2 16-JUL-03
25 16-JUL-83 LB
2 17-JUL-B3 BB
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> DELETE FROM plsqllB1_purchase
1
2 WHERE purchase_date > 'IS-JUL-OS ;
3 rows deleted.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsql181_purchase;
PRODUCT_NftME
Large Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Large Midget
Mediun Uodget
QUANTITV PURCHftSE_ SflL

1
75
2
8
28
1U-JUL-83
1H-JUL-B3
Ht-JUL-83
15-JUL-B3
15-JUL-83
Cfl
BB
Gfl
Gfl
LB
SQL>
. 3.14.
WHERE.
, . ,
,
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TRUNCATE . Oracle , , . ,
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, PLSQL101_PURCHASE,
, :
79
^ TRUNCATE TABLE pisql!01_purchase;

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!

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quantity
NUMBER(4,2),
purchase_date DATE,
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3)
'
Oracle ROLLBACK ().

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. , ,
:
'3 INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES
('Small Widget1, 1, 44-JUL-03', 'CA');
('Medium Wodget', 75, 44-JUL-03', 'BB');
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_purchase;
ROLLBACK;
4 . 725
'
80
. 3.15. , SELECT ,
. ROLLBACK ,
. , .
ROLLBACK . , SAVEPOINT, .
SAVEPOINT :
SAVEPOINT __;
? , .
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.
Be Edit Search Qptiora Help
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase VALUES

2
('Small Widget 1 , 1, 'lii-JUL-1. ' C O ' ) ;
1 row created.

2
('Medium Wodgef . 75, '14-JUL-03*. 'BB');
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll01_purchase;
PRODUCTJMHE
QUANTI TV PURCHASE. SAL
Snail Uidget
Medium Uodget
1 1U-JUL-83 CA
75 14-JUL-03 BB
SQL>
SQL> ROLLBACK;
Rollback complete.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqllM_purchase;
no rows selected,
SQL>
. 3.15.
81
, ,
.
,
, SELECT. :
1
('Small Widget , I, 44-JUL-03', 'CA');
SAVEPOINT a;
INSERT INTO pls'qll01_purchase VALUES
SAVEPOINT sp_2;
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, 44-JUL-03', 'GA'); '
SAVEPOINT third;
('Small Widget', 8, '15-JUL-03' , 'GA');
SAVEPOINT final_sp;
^,..,,,. :
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1
('Medium Wodget', 20, '15-JUL-03 , 'LB');
SELECT * FROM plsqllOl purchase-;';, \.
ROLLBACK TO"final_sp;
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_purchase; ...,, ..
ROLLBACK TO third;
ROLLBACK TO sp_2;
ROLLBACK TO a;
SELECT * FROM plsqllOljpurchase;
ROLLBACK;
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INSERT, INTO,,plsqllul_puxchase VALUES
('Small Widget', 1, '14-JUL-03', 'CA');
SAVEPOINT A;
82

SAVEPOINT B;
1
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, '14-JUL-03 , 'GA');
SAVEPOINT C;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES '
('Small Widget', 8, 45-JUL-03', 'GA');
SAVEPOINT D;
INSERT INTO plsqllOljpurchase VALUES
('Medium Wodget', 20, '15-JUL-03', 'LB');
COMMIT;
ROLLBACK TO D;
, . 3.16. ,
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"D" , . ' , Oracle " " .

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:

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SELECT * FROM plsql101_purchase;

SQL*Plus
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_purchase;
INSERT INTO plsql101 jDurchase VALUES

('Round Snaphoo', 5, '16-JUL-031, 'CA');
SELECT * FROM plsql101 purchase;
COMMIT;
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_purchase;
, . 3.17.
83

| I I" 11111 1|;|.|
Oiacle SQL'Plu
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_purchase UflLUES
1
2
('Snail Widget', 1, 'lij-JUL- , 'Cfl');
fj
1 row created.
SQL> SAUEPOINT ;
Sauepoint created.
2
Medium Uodgef , 75, 1i-JUL-e3 , 'BB');
1 row created.
SQL> SAUEPOINT B;
Sauepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101_purchase VALUES
1
2
('Chrome Phoobar', 2, 'Ui-JUL-03 , 'Gfl');
1 row created.
SQL> SAUEPOINT C;
Sauepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81 purchase UALUES
2
('Small Widget'7 8, '15-JUL-03', 'EA');
1 row created.
SQL> SAUEPOINT D;
Sauepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_purchase UALUES
2
(-Medium Wodgef , 28, 'IS-JUL-', 1);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL>
SQL> ROLLBACK TO D;
ROLLBACK TO D
*
ERROR at line 1:
..
ORA-81086: sauepoint D' neuer established
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll81 purchase;
PROOUCT_NAME
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Uodget
QUANTITV PURCHASE_ SAL

1
75
2
8
2
1i-JUL-03
14-JUL-83
14-JUL-03
15-JUL-B3
1S-JUL-83
CA
BB
GA
GA
LB
SQL> |
. 3.16.
, .,
84
_0_1
-M-H_u_3L
SgL> select fro PLSQL1 .PURCHASE;

PROOUCT.NAHE
QUANTITV PURCHASE. SAL
SHll Widget
Hediun Wodget
Chrone Phoobar
SHll Widget
Medium Wodget
1
75
2
1
21
sgL>
sgi>
SQL>
sgi>
sqi>
H-JUL-
1-JUL-3
H-JUL-II3
15-JUL-n
15-JUL-03
;
;:
Eh . S*" awioni 'fcW>'
SQL>
SOL>
. : ' ' . - . ' ' .
sgL>
PROOUCT.NAHE
sgL>
SQL) insert into PLSQL1H PURCHASE ualue (

2
'Round SnaphoC, 5, '16-JU--2M3- . 'CA');
sgL>
sgt>
sgi>
;;
IQL>
SQL>
1 ro created.
gUANTITV PURCHASE. SAL

1
75
2
1
21
SQL>
..........
,
, . ,
__
SHll Widget
Nediu Wodget
Chron* Phoobar
SHll Widget
Hediun Wodget
1
75
2
1
21
.' ;
:
.- ;
PLSgL1H_PURCHRSE:
'RODUCT NAME
QUANTITY PURCHASE. SAL
SHll Widget
HediuH Wodget
Phoobar
SHll Widget
Nediu Wodget
Round Snaphoo
' - ' '" ( *

,
1 1J.-JUL-03 CA
75 K-JUL-n BB
2 1-JUL-3 GA
1 15-JUL-03 CA
21 15-JUL-03 LI
5 16-JUL-03 CA
6 rows selected.
f.
CA
II
CA
CA
LI
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SL>
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> ' ' ''.' :
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sgi>
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Mediun Wodget
Cliron Phoobar
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DROP TABLE plsqlldl_product;
CREATE TABLE plsqll,01_product '.{.
product_name
VARCHAR2 (-25) ,
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
last_stock_date DATE
SQL* Plus
91

('Small Widget', 99, 1, '15-JAN-03');
('Medium Wodget1, 75, 1000, 45-JAN-02 ' ) ;
('Chrome Phoobar', 50, 100, '15-JAN-03');
('Round Chrome Snaphoo1, 25, 10000, null);'
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DROP TABLE plsqllOljpurchase;
CREATE TABLE pisql!01_purchase (
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)
INSERT INTO plsql!0.1_purchase VALUES

('Small Widget', 'CA', '14-JUL-03', 1);
('Medium Wodget', 'BB1, '14-JUL-03', 75);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'GA', 44-JUL-03', 2);
('Small Widget', 'GA', '15-JUL-03', 8);
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('Round Snaphoo', 'CA1, 46-JUL-031, 5);
EDIT
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SELECT
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SQL> SELECT product nnae FROM plsql! Byproduct;
SELECT product_nnae FROM plsql181_product
*
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1* SELECT product_nane FROM plsql1B1 product

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PRODUCT NflME
Snail Widget
Hediun Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
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95
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File Edit Seaich Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT
pi-oduct_nmae
2 FROM
plsql181_pi-odutc
3 WHERE
t
quantity_on hand >- 188

AND
5
FROM
plsqliei_produtc
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UPDATE plsql!01_product
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SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll01_product;
PRODUCT_NAME
PRODUCT_PRICE QUAHTITV_OH_HAHO LAST_STOC
Snail Uidget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
99
75
50
Round phrone Snaphoo
25
1 15-JAN-03
1000 15-JAN-02
100 15-JAN-03
10000
SQL>
SQL> UPDATE pisqnoi_product

2
SET
product name = 'Large Uidget'
3 WHERE producO>ane - 'Snail Uidget';
1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll Byproduct;
PRODUCT_HAME
PRODUCT_PRICE QUANTITV_ON_HAND LAST_STOC
Large Uidget
99
1 i5-JflN-B3
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
75
50
25
1000 15-JAN-02
100 15-JAN-03
10000
SQL> |
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SQL> select * from PLSQL101_PRODUCT;
PRODUCT
PRODUCT_PRICE QUaNTITV_ON_HflND
LflST_STOC
99
Small Widget
15-JflN-03
'',':
Medium Uodget
15-JflN-02
Chrome Phoobar
15-JflN-83
PRODUCT_HftME
75
1000
'
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100
PBODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITY_ON_HAND
LflST_STOC
25
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SET PAGESIZE 9999

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File Edit Sech Qpttons Help
SQL> select from PLSQL101_PRODuCT;
PRODUCT_NAME
Small Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
.d
PRODUCT_PRICE QUANTITV_ON_HAND LflST_STOC

99
75
50
25
1 15-JAN-03
1000 15-JAN-02
100 15-JAN-03
10000
SQL>
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SQL*Plus
101
Oracle. Windows NT,

Windows Explorer (Start | Programs | Windows NT Explorer) , "OraNT". SQL*Plus
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INSERT INTO plsqll01_product VALUES (
'Extra Huge Mega Phoobar +',
9.95,
1234,
102

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PLSQL101_PRODUCT , , .
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COLUMN quantity_on_hand FORMAT 99,999
SQL*Plus
103
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SQL> SELECT FROM plsq!101_product ;
PRODUCT_HAME
PRODUCT_PRICE QUANTITV_ON_HflND LAST_STOC
Small Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
99
75
50
25
1 15-JflN-03
1008 15-JAH-02
100 15-JAH-03
10000
. ,
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SQL> COLUMN product price FORMAT 9999.99
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll Byproduct ;
PRODUCT_NAME
Small Uidget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
PRODUCT_PRICE QUANTITV_ON_HflND LAST_STOC

99. BB
75.08
50.08
25. OB
1 15-JAN-83
1000 15-JAN-02
188 15-JAN-03
18888
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COLUMN product_price FORMAT $99.99
SELECT * FROM plsqllOljproduct;
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104
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COLUMN, . , , . 4.10.
COLUMN product_name FORMAT A10 WORD_WRAP HEADING 'Name'
JUSTIFY CENTER
COLUMN product_price FORMAT $99.99 HEADING 'Price' JUSTIFY RIGHT
COLUMN quantity_on_hand FORMAT 99,999 HEADING 'On|Hand'
JUSTIFY RIGHT
COLUMN last_stock_date HEADING 'Last|Stock|Date' JUSTIFY RIGHT
. ,.
106
Oiacle SQL-Plus
File Edit Seach Options Help
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsq!1B1_prodUCt;
Product
Name
PRODUCTJ>RICE QUANTITV_ON_HAND LAST_STOC
Snail
Widget
$99.00
1 15-JAN-B3
Mediun
Wodget
$75.
1,888 1S-JflN-82
Chrome
$58.80
188 15-JAN-B3
Round
$25.80
Phoobar
Chrome
Snaphoo
1(1,880
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMN
product nane FORMAT A10 WORD_URAP HEADING 'Name' JUSTIFV CENTER

product_price FORMAT $99.99 HEADING 'Price1 JUSTIFV RIGHT
quantity_on_hand FORMAT 99,999 HEADING 'On|Hand' JUSTIFV RIGHT
last_stock_date HEADING 'Last(Stock(Date' JUSTIFV RIGHT
SELECT FROM plsq!181_product;
Nane
Price
On
Hand
Last
Stock
Date
Small
Widget
$99.BB
1 15-JAN-B3
Mediun
Uodget
$75.88
1,888 1S-JAN-02
Chrome
Phoobar
$58.88
188 15-JAN-B3
Round
Chrome
Snaphoo
$25.BO
18,088
SQL>
JJJ
. 4.10. COLUMN
, COLUMN, :
COLUMN _ OFF
, PLSQL101_PRODUCT
, , :
SQL'Plus
COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMN
107
product_name OFF
product_price OFF
quantity_on_hand OFF
last_stock_date OFF
SELECT * FROM plsqllOl product;

(spooling) .
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SPOOL c:\plsqll01_test.prn
SPOOL OFF
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EDIT c:\plsqll01_test.sql
Unix
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2. , plsq!101_test.sql :
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_temp (
first_name VARCHAR2(15),
last_name VARCHAR2(25)
INSERT INTO plsqll01_temp VALUES ( ' J o e ' , ' S m i t h ' ) ;

INSERT INTO plsq!101_temp VALUES ( ' J a n e ' , ' M i l l e r ' ) ;
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_temp;
DROP TABLE plsql!01_temp;
3. .
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109
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@:\plsqll01_test
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SQL> EDIT c:\plsql101_test.sql
SQL> Bc:\plsqliei_test
Table created.
1 row created.
1 row created.
FIRST NAME
LAST NAME
Joe
Jane
Smith
Miller
Table dropped.
SQL>
. 4.11. SQL
110
. ( , . (hard-coded),
.) SQL :
ACCEPT.
(substitution variable)
. , , plsql 101_test2.sql :
SET VERIFY OFF
SELECT product_name, quantity, purchase_date
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
WHERE quantity >= &minimum_quantity_sold
SET VERIFY ON
. minimum_quantity_sold ("Enter value for mmimum_quantity_sold"). WHERE. 20
, . ( (/) ENTER)
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FROM
plsql!01_purchase
WHERE purchase_date = '&date_you_want_to_select'
SET VERIFY ON
, . , , .
SQL* Plus
111
plsqll01_test3.sql
. ( 14-JUL-03, 15-JUL-03
16-JUL-03.)
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accept _prompt ''
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plsq!101_test4.sql :
SET VERIFY OFF

SET ECHO OFF
ACCEPT v_earliest_date
PROMPT 'Earliest date you would like to see? (dd-mmm-yy): '
ACCEPT v_latest_date
PROMPT 'Thank you. Latest date you would like .to see?
(dd-mmm-yy): '
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
WHERE purchase_date BETWEEN '&v_earliest_date' AND '&v_latest_date'
ORDER BY product_name, quantity
SET VERIFY ON
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WHERE quantity <= &maximum_quantity_sold;
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FROM plsql!01_purchase
WHERE purchase_date BETWEEN '&earliest_date' AND 'Sla-'
test_date'
ORDER BY product_name, quantity;
SET VERIFY ON
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CREATE TABLE plsql!01_product (
product_name
VARCHAR2 ( 2 5 ) ,
product_price
NUMBER (4, 2),
quantity_on_hand NUMBER (5, 0) ,
laststockdate
DATE

('Small Widget', 99, 1, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
('Medium Wodget', 75, 1000, ' 15-JAN-02 ' ) ;
('Chrome Phoobar ' , 50, 100, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
.INSERT INTO plsq!101_product VALUES
('Extra Huge Mega Phoobar +', 9.95, 1234, ' 15-JAN-04 ' ) ;
product_name
VARCHAR2 (25) ,
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
SQL
purchase_date
quantity
119
DATE,
NUMBER(4,2)

1
('Small Widget , 'CA', '14-JUL-03', 1);
('Medium Wodget', 'BB', '14-JUL-03', 75);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'GA', 44-JUL-03', 2);
1
('Small Widget , 'GA', '15-JUL-03', 8);
('Medium Wodget', 'LB', '15-JUL-03', 20);
('Round Snaphoo', 'CA', '16-JUL-03', 5);

,
. :

.
()

Oracle ,
. ,
, , , SQL-, , . ,
.
SYSDATE
SYSDATE . , ,
Oracle, , . , , :
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
120
. DML. , SYSDATE INSERT, ,

:
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES':
1
('Small Widget , 10, sysdate, 'SH');
PLSQL101_PURCHASE SELECT, , PURCHASE_DATE. (

, ^ , .)
, INSERT. :
INSERT INTO plsql'101_purchase VALUES
('Medium Wodget', 15, sysdate-14, 'SH');
('Round Snaphoo', 25, sysdate-7, 'SH');
('Chrome Phoobar', 10, sysdate+7, 'SH');
, ,
, . , 7 SYSDATE, , .
SYSDATE , . ,
30 ,
:
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_purchase
WHERE purchase_date .BETWEEN (SYSDATE-30) AND SYSDATE;
. 5.1.
' SYSDATE . , , ,
. ,
, :
DELETE FROM plsql!01_purchase
WHERE SALESPERSON = 'SH1;
USER
USER, ,
.
, USERENV. ,
, .. , , . ; , , 9. ,
, . ,
.
SQL
121
A Oiacle SQL'Plus
Je d Search Qptions Help
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_purchase
2 UHERE purchase_date BETWEEN (SVSDATE-30) ftND SVSDfiTE;
PRODUCT
QUflNTITV PURCHASE. SflL
Snail Uidget
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
10 05-JUL-BO SH
15 21-JUN-B8 SH
25 28-JUN-Oe SH
SQL>
. 5.1. SYSDATE WHERE

USER Oracle,
, . ,
:
SELECT USER FROM DUAL;
, SQL*Plus. , , ,
,
.
USERENV
USERENV , . , .
, , :
SELECT USERENV('TERMINAL') FROM DUAL;
.
USER ,
. SYSDATE,
.

, . .
, ,
. .
,
, .
122
ROUND
ROUND .
:
ROUND(exodHoe_3Ha4emie,
____)
ROUND ( , ) , . SELECT,
, .
. PLSQL101JPRODUCT . ( )
. , ROUND,
:
SELECT
FROM
SELECT
FROM
product_name, product_price
plsql!01_product;
product_name, ROUND(product_price,
plsql!01_product;
0)
, . 5.2.

ROUND.
, , . , 2. * Oracle SQL-Plus
File Edit Seaich Options Help
SQL> SELECT product_nane, product_price
2 FROM
plsql1B1_product;
PRODUCT NflHE
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Extra Huge Mega Phoobar
PRODUCT PRICE
99
75
50
25
9.95
SQL>
SQL> SELECT productname, ROUND(product_price, 0)
2 FROM
plsqll Byproduct;
PRODUCT_HflME
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Extra Huge Mega Phoobar +
SQL> |
. 5.2. ROUND
ROUND(PRODUCT_PRICE,8)
99
75
se
25
10
SQL
123
,
, . , ROUND
, ,
, , . .
,
ROUND, , ,
, . ,
,
DUAL. , , , ROUND, . 5.1.
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
ROUND(1234.5678,
4) FROM DUAL;
3) FROM DUAL;
2) FROM DUAL;
1} FROM DUAL;
0) FROM DUAL;
-1) FROM DUAL;
-2) FROM DUAL;
-3) FROM DUAL;
5.1. ROUND
ROUND
ROUND(1234.5678,4)
1234.5678
ROUND( 1234.5678, 3)
1234.568
ROUND( 1234.5678, 2)
1234.57
ROUND( 1234.5678,1)
1234.6
ROUND( 1234.5678,0)
1235
ROUND(1234.5678, -1)
1230
ROUNDf 1234.5678,-2)
1200
ROUNDf 1234.5678,-3}
1000
TRUNC
TRUNC , .
, 5 . 1,
. , , .
5.2.
124
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
5
TRUNC(1234 .5678,
TRUNC (1234 .5678,
TRUNC(1234 .5678,
TRUNC(1234 .5678,
TRUNC(1234 .5678,
TRUNC(l-234 .5678,
TRUNC(1234 .5678,
TRUNC(1234.5678,
4) FROM DUAL;
3) FROM DUAL;
2) FROM DUAL;
1) FROM DUAL;
0) FROM DUAL;
-1) FROM DUAL;
-2) FROM DUAL;
-3) FROM DUAL;
5.2. TRUNC
TRUNC
TRUNC( 1234.5678,4)
1234.5678
TRUNC( 1234.5678,3)
1234.567
TRUNC( 1234.5678, 2)
1234.56
TRUNC( 1234.5678,1)
1234.5
TRUNC(1234.5678,0)
1234
TRUNC(1234.5678,-1)
1230
TRUNC( 1234.5678, -2)
1200
TRUNC( 1234.5678, -3)
1000

, Oracle (character
functions), . : ( ,
); ; , , . ,
.
UPPER, LOWER INITCAP

. , :
SELECT UPPER(product_name) FROM plsqll01_product;
SELECT LOWER(product_name) FROM plsq!101_product;
SELECT INITCAP(productjname) FROM plsqll01_product;
. 5.3. , INITCAP ,
.
:
SQL
A Oiacle SQL'Plus
ite iearch Qptions fclelp
SQL> SELECT UPPER(product_nane) FROM plsq!101_product;
125
UPPER(PHODUCTJtt ME)
SMflLL UIDGET
MEDIUM UODGET
CHROME PHOOBflR
ROUND CHROME SNAPHOO
EXTRA HUGE MEGA PHOOBAR +
SQL> SELECT LOWER(product_nane) FROM plsql101_product;
LOWER(PRODUCT_NAHE)
snail midget
medium wodget
chrome phoobar
round chrome snaphoo
extra huge mega phoobar +
SQL> SELECT IHITCAP(product_nane) FROM plsql101_product;
INITCAP(PRODUCT_NAME)
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
SQL>
. 5.3. UPPER, LOWER INITCAP

SELECT INITCAP('this TEXT hAd UNpredictABLE caSE1) FROM DUAL;:
, , UPPER. SELECT,
, . UPPER,
. ,
: , . , UPPER
, .
. 5.4.
UPDATE
SET
WHERE
SELECT
WHERE
plsqll01_product
product_name = 'chrome phoobar'
product_name = 'Chrome Phoobar';
* FROM plsql!01_product
UPPER(product_name) LIKE '%PHOOBAR%';
126
, Oiacle SQL-Plus
File
Edit
Search
Options Help
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqllB1_prodUCt

2 WHERE
UPPER(product_name) LIKE '
PRODUCT NflHE
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_OH_HflND LflST_STOC
chrome phoobar
50
9.95
188 15-Jf)N-03
1234 15-JflN-84
SQL>
. 5.4. UPPER
UPPER ,
, , . ,
. 5.4, - .
PRODUCTJStAMEK , INITCAP. :
SELECT INITCAP(product_name),
product_pr,ic,e,
quantity_on_hand,
FROM
WHERE
last_stock_date
plsql!01_product
UPPER(product_name) LIKE '%PHOOBAR%';
. 5.5,
, :
UPDATE plsqll01_product
SET
product_name = 'Chrome Phoobar'
WHERE product_name = 'chrome phoobar';
LENGTH
, . LENGTH. , , ,
PLSQL10 l_PRODUCT, .
,
25 15 . , ,
. , , :
SELECT
product_name, LENGTH(product_name) NAME_LENGTH
FROM
plsql!01_product
WHERE
LENGTH(product_name) > 15
127
SQL
Oracle SQL'Plus
File Edit Seach Options Help
SQL> SELECT INITCAP(product_name),
2
product price,
3
quantity_on_hand,
<t
last_stock_date
5 FROM
plsql101_product
6 WHERE UPPER(product_nane) LIKE 'tPHOOBftRV;
INITCRP(PRDDUCT_NflME)
S3
PRODUCT_PRICE QUBNTITV_uN_HflND LflST_STOC
Chrome Phoobar
50
9.95
1S-JflN-03
1234 15-JfiN-e4
SQL>
. 5.5. INITCAP
NAME_LENGTH,
.
LENGTH . , ,
.
SUBSTR
Oracle, , . ,

ITEMJD
LA-101
LA-102
LA-
LA-104
NY-101
NY-102
NY-
NY-104
, , :
MANUFACTURERJ.OCATION
MANUFACTURERJTEM.NUMBER
LA
LA
LA
101
102
103
128
LA
NY
NY
NY
NY
5
104
101
102
103
104
(string),
(substring).
ITEMJD . (parsing) .
Oracle SUBSTR.
, ,
.
.
ITEM_ID .
, .
, . , , :
CREATE TABLE. , :
CREATE TABLE plsqll01_old_ltem (
item_id CHAR(20),
item_desc CHAR(25)
INSERT INTO plsq!101_old_item VALUES

('LA-101', 'Can, Small');
INSERT INTO plsqll01_old_item VALUES
('LA-102', 'Can, Large');
('LA-', 'Bottle, Small1);
('LA-104', 'Bottle, Large');
('NY-101', 'Box, Small');
('NY-102', 'Box, Large');
('NY-', 'Shipping Carton, Small');
('NY-104', 'Shipping Carton, Large');
, ,
SUBSTR. :
$\8_, __,
^)
SQL
129
_ , . __ ,
, _ ,
.
, :
SELECT SUBSTR(item_id, 1, 2) MFGR_LOCATION,
SUBSTR(item_id, 4, 3) ITEM_NUMBER,
item_desc
FROM
plsq!101_old_item
, . 5.6.
,
. ,
, .
INSTR
SUBSTR, , ,
. , , , ITEM_DESC PLSQL101_OLD_ITEM,
.. , . ,
, .
Oiacle SQL-Plus
file Edit S^ch Qptjons |

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(itemjld. 1. 2) MFGR_LOCflTIOH,
2
SUBSTR(item_id, 4, 3) ITEH_NUHBER,
3
4 FROM
5 ;
iten_desc
plsql101_old item
MF ITE ITEM DESC

Lfl 1B1 Can, Snail
LA 102 Can, Large
Lfl 183 Bottle, Small
Lfl
NY
NV
NY
NV
104 Bottle, Large

101 Box, Snail
162 Box, Large
103 Shipping Carton, Snail
18U shipping Carton. Large
8 rows selected.
SQL> |
Jl
. 5.6. SUBSTR
130
, ( ), .
INSTR.
INSTR ,
. ,
, , .
INSTR :
INST~R(ucxodHbtu_meKcm, __, __)
, _ , , . __
, , __ , ( , 1).
INSTR ITEM_DESC PLSQL101_OLD_ITEMHa . , ,
, . ,
, .
INSTR ITEM_DESC PLSQL101_OLD_ITEM, , .
:
SELECT item_desc,
INSTR (itera_desc,
i i
/ i
FROM
1
)
plsqll01_old_item;
. 5.7, INSTR ,
.
SUBSTR, , , . , 1 INSTR.
:
SELECT item_desc,
SUBSTR (item_desc,
1,
INSTR (item_desc,
FROM
) -1
. )
plsql!01_old_item;
. 5.8. ,

.
131
SQL
Oracle SQL'Plus
File Edit Search Qptbns tjelp
SQL> SELECT item_desc,
2
INSTR(iten_desc,
3
U
5
1
)
..,
FROM
plsql101_old_iten;
ITEM DESC
INSTR(ITEM_DESC,V ,1)
Can, Snail
Can, Large
Battle, Small
Bottle, Large
Box, Snail
Box, Large
Shipping Carton, Small
Shipping Carton, Large
*
7
7
<t
4
16
16
8 rows selected.
SQL>
. 5.7. , INSTR
* Oracle SQL'Plus
Fte Edit Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT item_desc,
2
SUBSTR(item_desc,
1,
4
5
6
7
8
9
IHSTR(iten desc,
1
) -1
FROM
plsql1B1_old_iten;
ITEM DESC
SUBSTR(ITEM_OESC,1,INSTR(
Can, Small
Can, Large
Bottle, Snail
Bottle, Large
Box, Snail
Box, Large
Shipping Carton, Snail
Can
Can
Bottle
Bottle
Box
Box
Shipping Carton
Shipping carton
8 rows selected.
SQL> |
iLJ
. 5.8.
-IE
132
. (nesting) . , .
.
ITEM_DESC . , , SUBSTR.
INSTR, .
, 2 , INSTR.
, :
SELECT item_desc,
SUBSTR(item_desc,
INSTR(item_desc,
i t
1
FROM
) +2,
99
)
plsqll01_old_item;
'
,
, . , SUBSTR 99.
, , , .
SUBSTR: , .

SUBSTR, , .
SELECT item_desc,
SUBSTR(item_desc,
1,
INSTR(item_desc,
I
1
) -1
) CATEGORY,
SUBSTR(item_desc,
INSTR(item_desc,
t
I
I
1
) +2,
FROM
99
) ITEM_SIZE
plsql!01_old_item;
. 5.9.
, , ,
.
, ,
SQL
133
Bra
* Oiacle SQL'Plus
File Edit Search Qplions Help
SQL> SELECT item desc,
2
SUBSTR(item desc,
3
1.
4
INSTR(item desc,
6
7
8
10
11
1
) -1
) CATEGORY,
SU8STR(item desc,
IHSTR(item desc.
12
13
14
15
) +2,
16 FROM
99
) ITEM SIZE
plsq!101_old_itero;
ITEM_DESC
CftTEGORY
Can, Small
Can, Large
Bottle, Small
Bottle, Large
Box, Small
Box, Large
Can
Can
Bottle
Bottle
Box
Box

8 rows selected.
Shipping Carton
Shipping Carton
ITEM_SIZE
Small
Large
Small
Large
Small
Large
Small
Large
, . . . , . . ,
SQL> |
.iLJ
26.
. 5.9.
. Oracle , , , ,
:
SELECT item_desc,
SUBSTR(item_desc, 1, INSTR(item_desc, ',', 1) -1) CATEGORY,
SUBSTR(item_desc, INSTR(item_desc, ',', 1) +2, 99) ITEM SIZE
FROM
plsql!01_old_item;

, .
LTRIM RTRIM
, ,
, . . 5.10.
134
IJH* Oracle SQL'Plus

File Ed* Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT 'Item ' | |
2
item_id ||
3
' is described as a ' | |
*
item_desc | |
5
'.' "Item Description Sentence"
6 FROM
plsql101_old_itera;
Item Description Sentence

Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Lfl-101
Lfl-1 02
Lfl-1 03
Lfl-1 04
NV-101
NV-1 02
NV-103
NV-1 Oil
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
described
described
described
described
described
described
described
described
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Can, Small
Can, Large
Bottle, Small
Bottle, Large
Box, Small
Box, Large
8 rows selected.
SQL> |
jJJ
--
j5
1
. 5.10. CHAR
SELECT 'Item ' | |

item_id | |
' is described as a ' | |
item_desc | I
' . ' "Item Description Sentence"
FROM
plsq!101_old_item;
ITEM_ID ITEM_DESC ?
, CHAR. ,
VARCHAR2 CHAR? VARCHAR2 , CHAR . ,
-CHAR ,
. , . , .
. (trimming),
Oracle : LTRIM RTRIM. LTRIM , RTRIM . :
(_)
SQL
135
ITEM_ID ITEM_DESC . RTRIM.

, :
SELECT 'Item ' ||
RTRIM(item_id) ||
' is described as a ' ||
RTRIM(item_desc) ||
'.' "Item Description Sentence"
FROM
plsq!101_old_item;
,
. 5.11.
, .
SUBSTR INSTR RTRIM
PLSQL101_OLD_ITEM, ,
. 5.12.
, . 5.12, . - .
, . , .
, .
- . . , , . 5.12. ,
*. Oracle SQL'Plus
file dit Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT 'Item
5
6
'
| |
RTRIM(item_id) ||
2
3
FROM
' is described as a
RTRIM(iten_desc) ||
'. "Item Description Sentence"
plsql101_old_iten;
Item Description Sentence

Item
Item
Item
LA-101 is described as a Can, Small.

LA-1D2 is described as a Can, Large.
LA- is described as a Bottle, Small.
Item
Item
Item
Item
NV-101
NV-102
NV-103
NV-1B4
Item Lfl-184 is described as a Bottle, Large.

is
is
is
is
described
described
described
described
as
as
as
as
a
a
a
a
Box, Snail.
Box, Large.
Shipping Carton, Small.
Shipping Carton, Large.
8 rows selected.
SQL>
. 5.11.
136
File Edit Seated Option: Help

Item ID sentence
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
Iten
Iten
Iten
Iten
Iten
Iten
Iten
Iten
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
for
for
for
for
for
for
For
for
Snail
Large
Snail
Large
Can is: 1.-101.

Can is: Ld-102.
Bottle is: Lft-183.
Bottle is: LA-181.
Small Box is: NY-101.
Large Box is: NV-102.

Snail Shipping Carton is: NV-1Q3.
Large Shipping Carton is: HY-104.
8 rows selected.
SQL>
. 5.12. , !
, .
, , . , .
, .
, , .

Oracle , . ,
, . ,
, .
SYSDATE TRUNC
, ,
:
('Square Zinculator', 45, 1, SYSDATE);
. , . , dd-mmm-yy
( ):
WHERE last_stock_date = 'dd-mrm-yy';
,
! , ,
?
SQL
137
, ,
SYSDATE, a SYSDATE ,
. ( , ), , . 1 1.4 ,
: ,
.
: TRUNC, WHERE . TRUNC LAST_STOCK_DATE,
SELECT:
WHERE TRUNC(last_stock_date) = 'dd-mim-yy';
, .
, , .
, , . , , INSERT
SYSDATE TRUNC.
DELETE FROM plsql!01_product
WHERE product_name = 'Square Zinculator';
('Square Zinculator', 45, 1, trunc(sysdate));
SELECT *' FROM plsql!01_product
WHERE last_stock_date = 'dd-mmm-yy';
TRUNC
? . , , . ,
,
, . , ,
( ) ,
SYSDATE .
ADD_MONTHS
ADD_MONTHS , , (
). :
_(8('/_/', _)
_ ( TRUNC(SYSDATE)) . _
, , -
138
. (
.)
, ,
:
SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,1) FROM DUAL;
SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,12) FROM DUAL;
ADD_MONTHS "", ,
, . , , . 5.13:
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
ADD_MONTHS('28-NOV-00',
1
ADD_MONTHS('29-NOV-OO ,
ADD_MONTHS('30-NOV-00',
ADD_MONTHS('31-DEC-00',
1) FROM DUAL;
1) FROM DUAL;
1) FROM DUAL;
-1) FROM DUAL;
,
"31 ". "31 ", 30 .
ADD_MONTHS
. . ,
ADD_MONTHS .
Oiacle SQL-Plus
fife dk !Seach
SQL> SELECT
flDD_HONTHS('28-NOU-OO',
1) FROM DUftL;
ftDD_MOMTH
28-DEC-OO
SQL> SELECT
flDD_MONTHS('29-NOU-B8',
1) FROM DUAL;
ADDJTOHTH
29-DEC-80
SQL> SELECT ftDD_MONTHS('--', 1) FROH DUflL;
ADDJ40KTH
31-DEC-OB
SQL> SELECT flDD_MONTHS('31-DEC-OO', -1) FROM DUAL;
ADD_HONTH
-NOU-OO
SQL>
. 5.13. ADD_MONTHS
SQL
139
, , ,
- - . ,
INSERT UPDATE '
ADD_MONTHS(TRUNC(SYSDATE),
1)
LAST_DAY
LAST_DAY , : , .
:
, , , ,,,, , ,
LAST_DAY(9a/na)
, , SYSDATE
. , :
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

LAST_DAY('01-JAN-02') FROM DUAL;
LAST~DAY('15-JAN-02') FROM DUAL;
LAST_DAY('31-JAN-02') FROM DUAL;
. ,
, . ,
, 1 , 30 ,
1 . : , , ?
: 1 ,
LAST_DAY. , ,
, .
:
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_person (
person_code VARCHAR2(3),
first_name VARCHAR2(15),
last_name
VARCHAR2(20),
hiredate
DATE
INSERT INTO plsql!01_person VALUES

CCA', 'Charlene1, 'Atlas', 'Ol-FEB-02');
('GA', 'Gary', 'Anderson', '15-FEB-02');
( 'BB', 'Bobby' , 'Barkenhagen1;, '28-FEB-02 ') ;
('LB', 'Laren', 'Baxter', 'Ol-MAR-02');
140
, , LAST_DAY. SELECT, , LAST_DAY

, :
\
SELECT first_name,
last_name,
hire_date,
LAST_DAY(hire_date)+1 INSURANCE_START_DATE
,FROM
plsqlldljperson;
, ,
. 5.14.
t Oracle SQLTIus
SQL> SELECT f irst_nane ,
2
lastjname,
3
hire date,
*
LAST~DflV(hire_date)+1
plsqll81_person;
5 FROM
d
INSURflNCE_START_DATE
FIRST NAME
LftST_NflME
HIRE DATE INSURANCE
Charlene
Gary
Bobby
Laren
Atlas
Anderson
Barkenhagen
Baxter
B1-FEB-82
15-FE8-82
28-FEB-82
ei-HflR-82
81-MAR-82
81-MAR-B2
B1-MAR-B2
81-APR-82
SQL>
. 5.14. LAST_DAY

,
. : PLSQL101_PRODUCT . , ,
, .
,
ADD_MONTHS, : . ,
,
. ?
, : 18_
.
:
141
SQL
LAST_DAY(
ADD_MONTHS(
____,
_
+1
, ,
LAST_STOCK_D ATE . , , ,
.
. 5.15.
quantity_on_hand,'
last_stock_date,
LAST_DAY(ADD_MONTHS(last_stock_date, 3))+l RESTOCK_DATE
FROM plsql!01_product
WHERE quantity_on_hand <= 100
ORDER BY product_name ;
MONTHS_BETWEEN
MONTH_BETWEEN ,
, . :
MONTHS_BETWEEN(/c0e4HOH_daffJfl, _)
*. Oiacle SQL-Plus
Je Ed Search Options Help
SQL> SELECT product_nane,
2
quantity_on_hand,
last_stock_date,
FROM
LAST DftV(ftDD_MONTHS(last_stOCk_date, 3))+1 RESTOCK_DflTE

plsqll81_product
ORDER BV product_nane;
6 WHERE quantity_on_hand <= 100

PRODUCT
NftME
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Widget
Square Zinculator
QUANTITV_ON_HAND LAST_STOC RESTOCKJ)

100 15-JAN-03 01-HAV-03
1 15-JAN-03 01-MAV-03
1 09-JUL-OO 01-NOU-OO
SQL> |
-iLJ
. 5.15.
142
, , . , ,
PLSQL101_PRODUCT, :
last_stock_date,
MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, last_stock_date) STOCK_MONTHS
FROM
plsqll01_product;
,
MONTH_BETWEEN, ROUND:
last_stock_date,
ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, last_stock_date),0) STOCK_MONTHS
FROM
plsql!01_product;
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quant ity_on_hand,
last_stock_date
FROM
plsql!01_product;
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,
. 5.18.
product_price,
quantity_on_hand,
TO_CHAR(last_stock_date, 'MM-DD-YYYY H H 2 4 : M I ' ) "Last Stocked"
FROM plsql!01_product;
SET
last_stock_date = TO_DATE('December 31, 2002, 11:30 P . M . ' ,
'Month dd, Y Y Y Y , HH:MI P . M . ' )
WHERE product_name LIKE '%Zinc%';
product_price,
quantity_on_hand,
TO_CHAR(last_stock_date, 'MM-DD-YYYY HH24:MI') "Last Stocked"
FROM plsql!01_product;
151
SQL
J: Oracle SQL-Plus
SQL> SELECT product name,
2
TO_CHAR(product_price, '$9,999.88') "Price",
3
quantity on_hand,
4
last stock date
5 FROM
plsq!181_product;
PRODUCT_NftME
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QUANTITV_ON_HAHD LAST_STOC
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1
1888
100
18888
1234
1
15-JAN-83
15-JAN-82
15-JAN-83
15-JAN-84
89-JUL-88
6 rows selected.
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. 5.16. TO_CHAR

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PRODUCT_NAME
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6 rows selected.
Price
$99 .88
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On Hand Last Stocked

1
1,888
188
18,000
1,234
1
JAN 15, 2883

JAN 15, 2882
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,
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product_price.
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TO CHARUast stock date, 'MM-DD-YVVV 24:) "Last Stocked"
plsql101_product;
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PRODUCT_PRICE QUfiNTITV_ON_HflND Last Stocked
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. 1234
1
01-15-2003 BO:08
01-15-2802 00:00
01-15-2003 00:00
01-15-2004 00:00
07-09-2000 00:00
6 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> UPDATE plsqHQl product
2 SET
last_stock_date - TO DATECDecember 31, 2002, 11:30 P.M.'.
3
'Month dd, VVVV, HH:MI P.M.')
4 WHERE productjiame LIKE '%ZincV;
1 row updated.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT product_name.

2
product_price,
3
quantity_on_hand,
4
TO CHAR(last stock date, 'MM-DO-vvvv HH24:MI') "Last Stocked"
5 FROM plsql101_product;
PRODUCT NAME
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1234
1
01-15-2003 00:00
01-15-2002 00:00
01-15-2003 00:00
01-15-2004 00:00
12-31-2002 23:3B
rows selected.
SQL>
. 5.18.
TO_DATE

DECODE
SQL, , PL/SQL, ,
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153
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("Eastern"), "LA" ("Western") . , , - ,
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. 5.19.
154
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
File Edit Search 'Options Help

SQL> SELECT DECODE(SUBSTR(iten_id, 1,2),
2
'Lfl 1 , 'Western' ,
'NV , 'Eastern' ,
3
4
5
6
7
FROM
-d
-J
'* Unknown '

) "Region",
SUBSTR(iten_id, 4,3) "Item ID",
item desc
plsql181_old_iten;
Region
Ite ITEMJDESC
Western
Western
Western
Western
Eastern
Eastern
Eastern
Eastern
181 Can, Snail

182 Can, Large
183 Bottle, Snail
184 Bottle, Large
181 Box, Snail
182 Box, Large
183 Shipping Carton, Snail

104 Shipping Carton, Large
8 rows selected.
SQL> |
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jJJ
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. 5.19. DECODE
SELECT DECODE(SUBSTR(item_id, I, 2),
'LA', 'Western',
'NY', 'Eastern',
'* Unknown *'
) "Region",
SUBSTR(item_id, 4,3) "Item ID",
item_desc
FROM
plsqll01_old_item;
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1 55
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156
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select to_char(EXIT_DATE, 'YYYYMMDD')
DISCHARGE_DATE,
substr(SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER,1,3) I -'I I
substr(SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER,4,2) I | ' - ' H
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from ENCOUNTER
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last_stock_date
FROM plsqllOljproduct;
NVL(last_stock_date, 'Ol-JAN-2001') "Last Stocked"
FROM plsqll01_product;
* Oiacle SOL'HIus
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SQL> SELECT product_name,
2
last stock_date
3 FROM
plsql101_product;
PRODUCT NAME
LAST STOC
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31-DEC-02
rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT product name,
2
NUL(last_stock date, 1ei-JAH-2BOl1) "Last Stocked"
3 FROM plsql101_product;
PRODUCT NAME
Last Stoc
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15-JAN-03
15-JAN-02
15-JAN-03
01-JAN-01
15-JAN-Oil
31-DEC-02
6 rous selected.
SQL> |
. 5.20. NVL null-
158
, NVL LAST_STOCK_DATE
. null , :
'
NVL(last_stock_date, TRUNC(SYSDATE)) "Last Stocked"
FROM
plsqll01_product;
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last_stock_date, 'N/A') "Last Stocked"
FROM
plsqll01_product;
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NVL
TO_CHAR(last_stock_date), 'N/A') "Last Stocked"
FROM
plsqll01_product;
SQL-
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159
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2
NUL(last_stock_date, 'N/fi') "Last Stocked"
3 FROM
plsql101_product;
HUL(last_stock_date, 'N/fl') "Last Stocked"
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01858: a non-numeric character was found where a numeric was expected
SQL>
NUL(TO_CHflH(last_stock_date), 'H/fl') "Last Stocked"
FROM
plsqltei_product;
PRODUCT NAME
Last Stoc
'
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160
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SQL> SELECT FROM plsql101_product;
PBODUCT_NftME
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_OH_HflND LAST_STOC

99
75
50
25
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45
1
1000
100
10000
1234
1
15- JAN- 03
15-JftN-B2
15-JAN-83
15-JflN-flJt
31 -DEC- 02
6 rows selected.
SQL> This line will be ignored. Oracle will not try to run it.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsql1D1_purchase;
PRODUCT_NAME
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20
5
14-JUL-03 CA
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14-JUL-03 GA
15-JUL-03 GA
15-JUL-03 LB
16-JUL-03 CA
6 rous selected.
SQL>
. 5.22. SQL-
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PL/SQL 101 Oracle Press.
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161
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PRODUCT NftHE
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PRODUCT_PRICE QUflHTITV_OH_HflHD Lfl$T_STOC
99
75
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rows selected.
1 15-JftN-e3
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PRODUCT
NftME
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QUfiHTITV PURCHASE. SflL

1
75
2
8
26
5
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14-JUL-83 BB
14-JUL-03 Gfi
15-JUL-B3 Gfl
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6 rows selected.
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SUM . ,
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SELECT SUM(quantity) FROM plsqll01_purchase;
162
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FROM
COUNT(1) FROM plsqll01_product;

COUNT(product_name) FROM plsql!01_product; '
COUNT(last_stock_date) FROM plsqll01_product;
COUNT(last_stock_date) / COUNT(product_name)
"Populated Records"
plsql!01_product;
163
SQL
f, Oracle SQL-Plus
File Edit Search flptions Help
SQL> SELECT COUHT(1) FROM plsql101_product;
COUHT(1)
6
SQL>
SQL> SELECT COUNT(product_nane) FROM plsql181_product;
COUNT (PRODUCTJWME)
6
SQL>
SQL> SELECT COUNT(last_stock_date) FROH plsq!101_product;
CuUNT(LflST_STOCK_DflTE)
_
SQL>
SQL> SELECT COUNT(last stoch_date) / COUNT(product_naine) "Populated Records"
2 FROM plsql1B1_product;
Populated Records
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AVG
AVO .
, " \" - ; . ,
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MIN , . , ,
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MAX
,
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164
PLSQL101_PRODUCT,
:
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,
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SELECT MAX(LENGTH(product_name)) FROM plsqll01_purchase;

GROUP BY
, ,
. GROUP BY
SELECT, :
SELECT product_name, SUM(quantity)
FROM
plsqll01_purchase
GROUP BY product_name;
. 5.25. , GROUP BY , .
SELECT.
SELECT . , , ,
,
. , .
, PRODUCT_NAME
SUBSTR.
SELECT SUBSTR(product_name, 1, 15) "Product",
SUM(quantity) "Total Sold",
AVG(quantity) "Average",
COUNT(quantity) "Transactions",
MIN(quantity) "Fewest",
MAX(quantity) "Most"
FROM
plsqllGlJpurchase
. 5.26.
SQL
165
* Oiacle SQL'Plus
MI-
File E dit Search Options Help

SQL> SELECT FROM plsq!1B1_purchase;
PRODUCT NAME
QUANTITV PURCHASE_ SAL
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1
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2
8
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5
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U-JUL-03
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15-JUL-83
16-JUL-03
BB
GA
GA
LB
CA
rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT product_nane, SUM(quantity)
2 FROM
plsqltei_purchase
3 GROUP BV product_nane;
PRODUCT
SUM(QUANTITV)
NftME
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5
9
SQL>
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SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(product name. 1. 15) "Product".
2
3
fiUG
(quantity) "Average",
H
5
HI N( quantity) "Fewest",
6
MflX( quantity) "Most"
7 FROM
plsql101 purchase
8 GROUP BV pruduct_nane;
Product
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Total Sold
2
95
5
9
Average Transactions
2
47.5
5
4.5
1
2
1
2
J
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2
2
5
1
2
75
5
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166

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.: SELECT SUBSTR(product_name, 1, 15) "Product",

MAX (quantity) "Most".
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
HAVING SUM(quantity) < 5;
, SELECT
.
? HAVING, :
SELECT SUBSTR(product_name, I, 15) "Product",
MAX(quantity) "Most"
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
HAVING SUM(quantity) >= 5;
. SQL-,
SQL
167
(SYSDATE, USER USERENV), (ROUND TRUNC),

(UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP, LENGTH, SUBSTR, INSTR,
LTRIM RTRIM), (ADD_MONTHS,
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GROUP BY,
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,
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INSERT INTO plsql!01_product (
product_name,
product_price,
quantity_on_hand,
last_stock_date )
VALUES (
'New P r o d u c t ' ,
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10,
TO_CHAR(USER) )
''
A. 1
B.2
C. 7
,
D. 10
E.
2. ?
A. ROUND(4.5, 0) < TRUNC(4.5,0)
B. ROUND(4.1, 0) < TRUNC(4.2, 0)
C. ROUND(8.9, 0) > TRUNC(8.9,0)
D. ROUND(8.9, 1) > TRUNC(8.95, 2)
168
3. DECOt)E?
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5. 2002 ?
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FROM DUAL;
B. SELECT ADD_MONTHS(LAST_DAYC15-OCT-02'), -1)
FROM DUAL;
C. SELECT ADD_MONTHS(LAST_DAY(16-OCT-02'), 2)
FROM DUAL;
D. SELECT ADD_MONTHS(LAST_DAY(17-OCT-02'),-2)
FROM DUAL;

1.D. 10
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CREATE TABLE plsqll01_person (
person_code VARCHAR2(3),
first_name
VARCHAR2(15),
last_name
VARCHAR2(20),
hiredate
DATE

CCA', 'Charlene', 'Atlas', 'Ol-FEB-02');
('GA', 'Gary', 'Anderson', '15-FEB-02');
CBB', 'Bobby", 'Barkenhagen', '28-FEB-02');
CLB', 'Laren', 'Baxter', 'Ol-MAR-02');
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
laststockdate
DATE

('Small Widget', 99, 1, '15-JAN-03');
INSERT INTO plsqllOl product VALUES
('Medium Wodget', 75, 1000, 45-JAN-02');
1
('Chrome Phoobar , 50, 100, '15-JAN-03');
('Extra Huge Mega Phoobar +', 9.95, 1234, ' 15-JAN-04'.) ;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES ('Square Zinculator',
45, 1, TO_DATE('December 31, 2002, 11:30 P.M.',
173
'Month dd, YYYY, HH:MI P.M.')

CREATE TABLE plsqll01_purchase (
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date DATE,
. quantity
NUMBER(4,2)

1
('Small Widget , 'CA', 44-JUL-03', 1);
INSERT INTO plsqllOl purchase VALUES
('Medium Wodget', 'BB', '14-JUL-03', 75);
1
('Chrome Phoobar', 'GA', '14-JUL-03 , 2);
('Small Widget', 'GA', '15-JUL-03', 8);
('Medium Wodget', 'LB', '15-JUL-03',.20);
('Round Snaphoo', 'CA', 46-JUL-03', 5);
DROP TABLE plsql!01_old_item;
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_old_item (
item id CHAR(20),
itenTdesc CHAR(25)
INSERT INTO plsql!01_old item VALUES

('LA-1011, 'Can, Small');
INSERT INTO plsql!01_old_item VALUES
('LA-', 'Bottle, Small');
INSERT INTO plsqllOl old item VALUES
('NY-101', 'Box, Small');
('NY-104', 'Shipping Carton, Large1);
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PERSON.CODE
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ALTER TABLE plsql!01_person MODIFY (first_name NOT NULL);
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_person MODIFY (last_name NOT NULL);
.
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INSERT INTO plsql!01_person VALUES (
'XL1, 'Xaviera1, NULL, 45-NOV-03'
.'

A Oracle SQL'Plus
Be Edit Search flptions Help
SQL> flLTER TflBLE plsqll81_person MODIFY (first_nane HOT HULL);
183
Table altered.
SQL> BLTER TflBLE plsq!101_person MODIFV (last_name NOT NULL);
Table altered.
SQL>
. 6.5.

A Oiacle SQL'Plus
File Edit 2each Qpfons Help
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqllB1_person UflLUES (
2
' X L 1 , 'Xauiera', NULL, '15-NOU-831
3
)
* ;
INSERT INTO plsqll01_person UflLUES (

*
ERROR at line 1:
-11*: cannot insert NULL into (l>PLSQL1fl1"."PLSQL101_PERSON".'fLflST_Hfll1E")
SQL>
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ADD . CONSTANT. plsqllQl_person_un;Lque .UNIQUE ,(
first_name,
last_name,
hiredate '

, . 6.8.
INSERT INTO plsqll01_person VALUES' ('
'LN', 'Linda', 'Norton', ' Ol-JUN-03 ' ) ;
INSERT INTO plsqll01_person VALUES (< ;
'NL', 'Linda', 'Norton1, ' Ol-JUN-03 ' ) ;
185
Oracle SOL'Plu
* Search Options Help
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsq!101_person
2 ADD CONSTRAINT plsql101_person_unlque UNIQUE (
3
4
5
first_nane,
last name.
hire~date
Table altered.
SQL>
. 6.7.
Oiitcle SQL-Plus
Je dit Search Qptions *

SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01_person UALUES (
2
' L N ' , 'Linda 1 , Norton*. B1-JUN-B31);
'
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81 person UALUES (
2
-NL 1 . -Linda', TNorton', 81-JUN-B3>);
INSERT INTO plsqll01_person UALUES (
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-oeOBI: unique constraint (PLSQL1B1.PLSQL101_PERSON_UNIQUE) uiolated
SQL>
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SQL> ftLTER TftBLE plsql1B1_purchase ROD (
2
3
5
6
7
8
Table
CONSTRAINT reasonable_date CHECK(

purchase_date IS NOT NOLL
AND
TO_CHflR(purchase_date, VYVV-MM-DD 1 ) >- '20-06-'
altered.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1 purchase UALOES (
2
'Small Midget 1 . 10, '28-FEB-OB', 'GO');
INSERT INTO plsql101_purchase UALOES (
ERROR at line 1:
ORft-02290: check constraint (PLSQL101.REflSONflBLEJJflTE) violated
SQL>
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. 6.9.
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_purchase ADD (
purchase_date IS NOT NULL
188
AND
TO_CHAR(purchase_date, ' YYYY-MM-DD' ) >= '2000-06-30'
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES (

'Small Widget', 'GA', '28-FEB-OO'
10);
, null-; , , ,
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SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqlioi_product ADD (
2
CONSTRAINT reasonable stock_date CHECK(
3
TO_CHAR(last_stock_date, ' VVYY-MM-DD ' ) >- '2801-12-31'
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101_product UALUES (
2
'Anodized Franifier1. 49, 5, NULL)
3 ;
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101 product UALUES (
3 ;
'Spring-Loaded Pit Puller 1 , 49, 5, '30-DEC-01')
'Spring-Loaded Pit Puller', 49, 5, '3B-DEC-ei')
ERROR at line 2:
ORft-82298: check constraint (PLSQL1D1.REASONABLE_STOCK_DATE) violated
SQL>
SQL>
. 6.10. ,
null-
189
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ADD {

CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date CHECK(
TO_CHAR(last_stock_date, 'YYYY-MM-DD') >= '2001-12-31'
)
)
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES (
'Anodized Framifier', 49, 5, NULL)
/
INSERT INTO plsq!101_product VALUES {

'Spring-Loaded Pit Puller', 49, 5, '30-DEC-01')
f
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person_code
VARCHAR2(3) NULL,
first_name
VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
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VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
hire_date
DATE NULL
CONSTRAINT reasonable_liire_date CHECK (
TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'YYYY-MM-DD') >= 4930-01-01'
)
)
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VARCHAR2(25) NULL,
product_price
NUMBER(4,2) NULL
CONSTRAINT validjorice CHECK "(
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),
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CONSTRAINT positive_quantity CHECK (
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190
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'Red Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, ' 3 0 - D E C - 0 1 ' )
191
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ENABLE CONSTRAINT

reasonable stock date;
SET
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WHERE last_stock_date = '-30-DEC-01';
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ENABLE CONSTRAINT
reasonable stock date;
Oiacle SQL-Plus
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File Edit Search Qpfons Help

SQL> IHSERT INTO plsqll01 product UflLUES (
1
1
2
'Red Snaphoo , T.95, 10, '30-DEC-01 )
3 ;
INSERT INTO plsqll01_product UflLUES (
ERROR at line 1:
;;
ORA-02290: check constraint (PLSQL1B1.REflSONfiBLE_STOCK_DflTE) violated

. . - .
SQL>
SQL> flLTER TABLE plsqll01_product DISflBLE CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date;
Table altered.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101_product UflLUES (
2
'Red Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, '3B-DEC-011)
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqll01_product ENABLE CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date;
ALTER TABLE plsqll01_product ENABLE CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-B2293: cannot enable (PLSQL101.REASONABLE_STOCK_DATE) - check constraint
violated
.
SQL>
SQL> UPDATE plsqll B1_product
2 SET
last stock_date = '31-DEC-01'
3 WHERE lasOtock_date = '-DEC-ei';
1 row updated.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqll 01 product ENABLE CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date;
Table altered.
SQL>
. 6.11.
192

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ALTER TABLE plsql!01_person MODIFY (last_name NULL);

ite Edit Search Options Help
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsql101_person MODIFV (firstjiane NULL);
Table altered.
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqll01_person MODIFV (last_nane NULL);
Table altered.
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SQL> INSERT INTOplsql101_product UALUES (
2
'Blue Snaphoo'. 1.95, 10, 3D-DEC-01 1 )
3 ;
Blue Snaphoo', 1.95, 18, 3B-DEC-B1')
*
ERROR at line 2:
-0229: check constraint (PLSQL1B1.REASONABLE_STOCK_DATE) violated
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsq!1B1_product DROP CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql101_product
UALUES (
1
1
2
'Blue Snaphoo . 1.95, 1B. '3B-DEC-B1 )
3 ;
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198
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ADD PRIMARY KEY (product_name);
:
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ADD PRIMARY KEY (person_code);
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_purchase
ADD PRIMARY KEY (product_name,
salesperson,
purchase_date
f. Oracle SQL'Plus
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SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqll Byproduct
2 ADD PRIMARV KEV (product_name);
Table altered.
SQL>
. 6.16.
199
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:
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_product2 (
product_name
VARCHAR2(25) PRIMARY KEY,
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NUMBER (4,2),
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last stock date
DATE

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ALTER TABLE __
ADD CONSTRAINT _
FOREIGN KEY (___)
REFERENCES __
200
.* OiacleSUL'Plus
file dil Search flptions Help
SQL> SELECT product_name
2 FROM
plsq!1B1_product
S3
3 ORDER BV product_name;
PRODUCT
NftME
Anodized FraniFier
Blue Snaphoo
Chrome Phoobar
Extra Huge Hega Phoobar +
Mediun Uodget
Red Snaphoo
Small Widget
Square Zinculator
9 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT product name
2 FROM plsql101_purchase
PRODUCT_NAME
Chrome Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
Snail Widget
SQL>
. 6.17. ,

:
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_product
FOREIGN KEY (product_name)
REFERENCES plsqll01_product
r
, , . 6.18. "parent
key not found" ,
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201
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file dir Sch Option, HetfS;,'
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqll61 purchase
2 ADD CONSTRAINT plsqlToi_purchase_fk_prodiict

3
FOREIGN KEV (product )
4
REFERENCES plsqll81 product;
ALTER TABLE plsqllB1_purchase
-J
:
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02298: cannot enable (PLSQL181.PLSQL101_PURCHASE_FK_PRODUCT) - parent key
not found
SQL>
. 6.18.

UPDATE plsql!01_purchase
SET
product_name = 'Round Chrome Snaphoo'
WHERE product_name - 'Round Snaphoo';
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_product
FOREIGN KEY. (product_name)
REFERENCES
plsql!01_product;
,
:
'Small Widgee', 'CA', '17-JUL-03', 1)
. 6.19. , , . ,
, :
INSERT INTO plsqlldl_purchase VALUES (
'Small Widget', 'CA1, '17-JUL-03', 1)
,
PLSQL101_PURCHASE,
PLSQL101_PERSON SALESPERSON.
202
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
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Edk
Search
fiptions
Help
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1_purcliase UftLUES (

2
'Snail Uidgee', 'Cfl 1 , 17-JUL-831. 1)
ERROR at line 3:
ORfl-02291: integrity constraint <PLSqL101.PLSQLiei_PURCHflSE_FK_PRODUCT)
violated - parent
key
f
not found
SQL>
. 6.19.

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SELECT plsql!01_purchase.product_name,
plsqll01_person.last_name,
plsql!01_person.first_name,
pisql!01_purchase.quantity
FROM
plsql!01_purchase,
plsql!01_person
WHERE plsql!01_person.person_code = plsql!01_purchase.salesperson
. 6.20.
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. 6.21.
SELECT plsqll01_purchase.product_name,
plsqll01_person.last_name,
plsql!01_person.first_name,
plsql!01_purchase.quantity
FROM
plsql!01_purchase,
plsql!01_person
i
PLSQL101_PERSON
PLSQL101_PURCHASE 35
204
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SQL> SELECT plsqll U1_purchase . produc t_name ,
2
plsqll
fl1_per
son.
las
t_nane,
3
plsql101_person.first_nane,
4
plsql101 purchase. quantity
5 FROM plsqll 01_purchase,
6
plsqll 01_person
7 WHERE plsqll B1_person.person_code - plsql101_purchase. salesperson
'
.d
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PRODUCT_HAME
LAST_NAME
FIRST_NAME
Small Widget
Small Widget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Medium Wodget
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Anderson
Anderson
Barkenhagen
Baxter
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Gary
Gary
Bobby
Laren
7 rows selected.
QUANTITY
1
5
1
Z
75
20
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SELECT plsq!101_purchase.product_name,
plsql!01_product.product_price,
pisql!01_purchase.quantity,
plsql!01_person.last_name
FROM
plsql!01_product,
plsql!01_person,
plsqll01_purchase
WHERE plsqll01_product.product_name = plsql!01_purchase.product_name
and
plsql!01_person.person_code = plsql!01_purchase.salesperson
.
SELECT, , -
205
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SQL> SELECT plsql101_purchase.product_name,
plsql101_person.last_nari)e.
plsql1B1_person.First_name,
FROM
i 7 ;
plsql101~purchase. quantity
plsql101_purchase,
plsq!101 person
PRODUCT_NAME
LflSTJMME
FIRST_NflME
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrone Phoobar
Small Widget
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Barkenhagen
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Charlene
Garu
Garu
Gary
Gary
Gary
HediuR Wodget

Small Widget
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrone Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Round Chrone Snaphoo
Small Widget
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrone Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Small Widget
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Small Widget
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Snail Widget
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Morton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Morton
Morton
Norton
QUflNTITV
75
, . 2; .;:
20
5
1
,
75
2
8
21
5
1'
1
Gary
Gary
Bobby
Bobby
Bobby
Bobby
Bobby
Bobby
Bobby
75
2
8
20
5
1
1
75
2
8
20
5
1
1
75
2
8
20
5
1
Laren
Laren
Laren
Laren
Laren
Laren
Laren
Linda
Linda
Linda
Linda
Linda
Linda
Linda
., -
35 rows selected.
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.quantity,
b.last_name
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plsqll01_person b,
plsql!01_purchase
WHERE
a.product_name = .product_name
and
b.person_code = .salesperson
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prod.product_price,
pure.quantity,
pers.last_name
FROM
plsqll01_product prod,
plsql!01_person pers,
plsqll01_purchase pure
WHERE prod.product_name = purc.product_name
and
pers.person_code = pure.salesperson
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CREATE TABLE plsqll01_purchase_'archive (
product_name
VARCHAR2 (25) ,
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER (4, 2)
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase_archive VALUES

('Round Snaphoo', 'BB', ' 21-JUN-01 ' , 10);
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase_archive VALUES
('Large Harf linger ', 'GA', '22-JUN-01', 50);
( 'Medium Wodget', 'LB', '23-JUN-01', 20);
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase_archive VALUES
('Small Widget' , 'ZZ', '24-JUN-02 '-, 80);
. ('Chrome Phoobar', 'CA', '25-JUN-02', 2) ;
('Small Widget', 'JT', '26-JUN-02', 50);
UNION
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SELECT product_name FROM plsql!01_purchase
SELECT product_name FROM plsq!101_purchase_archive
UNION
SELECT product__name FROM plsql!01_purchase_archive
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SQL> SELECT product_name F R O M plsqll repurchase
PRODUCT
Chrome Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Medium Uodget
Small Midget
Snail Widget
Small Widget
7 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT product_name FROM plsqliai_purchase_archiue
PRODUCT
Chrome Phoobar
Large HarFlinger
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
Small Midget
Snail Midget
6 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
2
3
4
SELECT product_nane FROM plsq!101_purchase

UNION
SELECT product_nane FROM plsql181_purchase_archiue
ORDER BV product_nane;
PRODUCT NOME
Chrome Phoobar
Large HarFlinger
Medium Uodget
Round Snaphoo
Small Widget
rows selected.
SQL>
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. 6.22. UNION
UNION ALL
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SELECT product_name FROM plsql!01_purchase_archive
_____
211
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. 6.23:
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plsqllOl_J>roduct
WHERE last_stock_date = (
SELECT last_stock_date
FROM
plsg!101_product
WHERE product_name = 'Small Widget'
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ite d Search flptiohs

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2 FROM
3 WHERE
4
5
6
7
e ;
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plsql1B1 product
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PRODUCT_NAHE
PRODUCT_PR1CE QUflNTITV_ON_HflND LfiST_STOC
Snail Widget
99
1 15-JAH-03
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100 15-JftN-B3
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213
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WHERE salesperson = (
SELECT person_code
FROM
plsq!101_person
WHERE first_name = 'Gary' AND last_name = 'Anderson'
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; ;
d
PRODUCT_HflME
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
PRODUCT_PRICE QUflHTITV_ON_HflHO LftST_STOC

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1.95
10 31-DEC-01
10 30-DEC-Q1
SQL>
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. 6.24. ,
214
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plsqll01_product
WHERE product_price > (
SELECT AVG(product_price)
FROM
plsql!01_product

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, , .
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. . 6.25:
SELECT *
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
ORDER BY product_narae;
SELECT *
FROM
plsql!01_product
WHERE product_name NOT IN (
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
ORDER BY product_name
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UPDATE plsqllOl_product
SET
product_price = product_price * .;9
FROM plsql:101_purchase
215
is
* Oiacle SQf Plus

File Edit Jearch Options Help
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM plsql1B1_purchase
3 ORDER BV pi-oduct_name;
PRODUCT_NflHE
SflL PURCHflSE_
Chrome Phoobar
Medium Uodget
Mediun Uodget
Small Widget
Small Widget
Snail Widget
BB
LB
14-JUL-83
14-JUL-B3
15-JUL-B3
16-JUL-B3
14-JUL-83
15-JUL-03
17-JUL-03
QUflNTITV
2
75
20
S
1
8
1
7 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM
plsquei product
3 WHERE product name HOT IN (
4
SELECT DISTINCT product name
5
FROM
plsq!1B1 purchase
4
)
7 ORDER BV product
8
'
PRODUCT_NfiM
flnodized FramiFier
Blue Snaphoo
Extra Huge Mega Phoobar *
Red Snaphoo
Square Zinculator
:,.
. '
PRODUCT_PRICE qUflNTITV_DH_HflNO LflST_STOC
49
1.95
9.95
1.95
45
10
1234
10
1
3B-DEC-01
l5-JflN-0i
31-OEC-01
31-OEC-82
SQL>
. 6.25.

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PLSQL10 1_PURCHASE, . ( , PL/SQL,
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216
SELECT *
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
ORDER BY product_name, purchase_date;
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
IN
*
plsqllOi_purchase
(pro'duct_name, purchase_date)
(SELECT product_name, MAX(purchase_date)
FROM
plsql!01_purchase
GROUP BY product_name
Oracle. :

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product_name,
salesperson,
purchase_date
);
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TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
plsql!01_purchase;
plsql!01_product;
plsql!01_person;
plsqll01_old_item;
plsqll01_purchase_archive; '
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_persbn (

person_,code VARCHAR2O) PRIMARY' KEY,
first_name
VARCHAR2(15),
last_name
VARCHAR2(20),
hire_date
DATE
)
;
CREATE INDEX plsql!01_person_name_index
ON plsql!01_person(last_name, first_name);

ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_person_unique UNIQUE (
first_name,
last name,
hire_date

CCA', 'Charlene', 'Atlas', 'Ol-FEB-02') ;
('GA', 'Gary', 'Anderson', '15-FEB-02') ;
('BB', 'Bobby', 'Barkenhagen', '28-FEB-02');
('LB', 'Laren', 'Baxter', 'Ol-MAR-02');
INSERT INTO plsql!01_person VALUES (
'LN', 'Linda1, 'Norton', 'Ol-JUN-03');
CREATE TABLE plsqll01_product (
product_name
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
quantity_on_hand
NUMBER(5,0),
. :
Oracle
laststock_date
223
DATE
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ADD CONSTRAINT positive_quantity CHECK(

quantity_on_hand IS NOT NULL
AND

1
('Small Widget , 99, 1, 45-JAN-03 ' ) ;
('Medium Wodget', 75, 1000, ' 15-JAN-02 ' ) ;
1
('Chrome Phoobar , 50, 100, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
1
('Round Chrome Snaphoo , 25, 10000, null);
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES ('Square Zinculator',
45, 1, TO_DATE (' December 31, 2002, 11:30 P.M.',
'Month dd, YYYY, HH-.MI P.M.')

'Anodized Framifier', 49, 5, NULL);
1
Red Snaphoo ', 1.95, 10, ' 31-DEC-01 ' ) ;
'Blue Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, '30-DEC-01')
CREATE TABLE pisql!01_purchase (
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)

salesperson,
purchase_date
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_purchase ADD CONSTRAINT- reasonable_date CHECK(

AND
TO_CHAR(purchase_date, 'YYYY-MM-DD1) >= '2000-06-30'
224

ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_product FOREIGN KEY
(product_name) REFERENCES plsql!01_product;
ALTER TABLE plsqll01_purchase
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_person FOREIGN KEY
(salesperson) REFERENCES plsql!01_person;
CREATE INDEX plsql!01_purchase_product
ON plsql!01_purchase(product_name);
CREATE INDEX plsql!01_purchase_salesperson
ON plsql!01_purchase(salesperson);
1
('Small Widget', 'CA', '14-JUL-03 , 1) ;
1
1
('Medium Wodget', 'BB , '14-JUL-03 , 75);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'GA', 44-JUL-03', 2) ;
1
('Small Widget , 'GA', 45-JUL-03', 8);
('Medium Wodget', 'LB', 45-JUL-03', 20);
('Round Chrome Snaphoo', 'CA', 46-JUL-03', 5);
'Small Widget', 'CA', 47-JUL-03', 1)
SET
product_price = product_price * .9
FROM plsqllOl purchase
CREATE TABLE plsq!101_old_item (

item_id
CHAR (20),
item_desc
CHAR (25)

('LA-1011, 'Can, Small');
('LA-1, 'Bottle, Small');
Oracle
225

CLA-104', 'Bottle, Large');
1
CNY-101', 'Box, Small );
('NY-', 'Shipping Carton, Small')
CNY-104', 'Shipping Carton, Large')
CREATE TABLE plsqll01_purchase_archive (
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)
INSERT INTO plsq!101_purchase_archive VALUES

('Round Snaphoo', 'BB', '21-JUN-01', 10);
1
('Large Harflinger', 'GA', '22-JUN-01 , 50);
('Medium Wodget', 'LB', '23-JUN-01', 20);
('Small Widget', 'ZZ1, '24-JUN-021, 80);
('Chrome Phoobar1, 'CA', '25-JUN-02', 2);
INSERT-INTO plsql!01_purchase_archive VALUES
('Small Widget1, 'JT', '26-JUN-02', 50);

DML,
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purchase_date
DATE,
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
quantity
NUMBER(4,2),
sales_first_name
VARCHAR2(15),
sales_last_name
VARCHAR2(2D)
)
PLSQL101_PURCHASE_LOG "" : , ,
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Oracle
SELECT SELECT,
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PLSQL101.
. 7.1.
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase_log (
SELECT purc.purchase_date,
prod.product_name,
prod.product_price,
pure.quantity,
pers.first_name,
pers.last_name
FROM
plsql!01_person pers,
AND
SELECT * FROM plsqll01_purchase_log;
Fie
dit
Search
2
3
ft
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Options
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12
BHD
13
pers. person code - pure. salesperson
1
15 ;
^l
SELECT pure. pur chase_date.

prod.product_nane.
prod.product_price,
pure. quantity ,
pers.First_name,
pers. las t_nane
FROM
plsqllfll .product prod.
plsq!101_person
pers.
plsql101_purchase pure
WHERE prod. product name * pure .product_nane
7 rows created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsq!101_purchase_log;
PURCHASED PROOUCT_MAME
1it-JUL-B3
1H-JUL-03
14-JUL-83
15-JUL-83
1S-JUL-03
16-JUL-03
17-JUL-G3
Small Uidget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Snail Widget
PROOUCT_PRICE
99
75
50
99
75
25
99
quflHTITY S*LES_FIRST_NftM S
1
75
2
8
28
5
1
Charlene
Bobby
Gary
Gary
Laren
Charlene
Charlene
7 rows selected.
SQL>
. 7.1.
228
, PLSQL101_PURCHASE_LOG
PLSQL101_PURCHASE.

, .
, .
CREATE TABLE :
CREATE TABLE __ AS
SELECT
i
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SELECT, . , , . 7.2.
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file dil Sech Uptons

SQL> CREATE TABLE plsqll 01_purchase_log2 AS
2
SELECT purc.purcbase_date,
3
prod.product_nane,
U
prod.product_price,
5
pure. quantity,
6
pers.first_nane,
7
pers.last_nane
8
FROM plsqll 01_product prod,
9
plsqll 81 person pers,
11
plsq!101_purchase pure
11
WHERE prod. product name - pure. product nane
12
AND
13
pers.person_code - pure. salesperson
:';'.,
.1
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll 01_purchase_log2;
PURCHASE. PRODUCT_NAME
14-JUL-B3 Snail Widget

14-JUL-D3 Medium Uodget
14-JUL-03 Chrome Phoobar
15-JUL-83 Snail Widget
15-JUL-83 Medium Wodget
16-JUL-B3 Round Chrome Snaphoo
17-JUL-03 Snail Widget
7 rows selected.
SQL>
JJ
PRODUCT_PRICE
99
75
51
99
75
25
99
QUANTITY FIRST_NAME
1 charlene
75 Bobby
2 Gary
8 Gary
20 Laren
S Gharlene
1 Charlene
L
A
A
A
A
A
'
. 7.2.

Oracle
229
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_purchase_log2 AS

SELECT pure.purchase_date,
prod.product_name,
prod.product_price,
pure.quantity,
pers.first_name,
pers.last_name
FROM
plsqll01_person pers,
AND
SELECT * FROM plsqll01_purchase_log2;

. . :
RENAME __ __; ,
, :
RENAME plsql!01_purchase_log2 TO plsql!01_log;
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DESC plsql!01_log
ALTER TABLE plsqll01_log
ADD data_load_date VARCHAR2(8);
DESC plsql!01_log
230
.* Oracle SQL-Plus
File Edk Search Qptions tidp
SQL> DESC plsqUei log
Name
Hlil 13
Null?
Type
DATE
UARCHAR2(25)
NUMBER (it, 2)
NUMBER(it,2)
UARCHAR2(15)
UARCHAR2(2Q)
PURCHASE DATE
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE
qUANTITV
FIRST NAME
LftST_NAME
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqlllH log
2 ADD data_load_date UARCHAR2(8) NULL;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> DESC plsql101 log
Name
PURCHASE DATE
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE
qUANTITV
FIRST NAME
LAST NAME
DATA_LOAD_DATE
Null?
Type
DATE
UARCHftR2(25)
NUMBER(lt,2)
HUMBER(4,2)
UARCHAR2(15)
UflRCHftR2(2B)
UARCHAR2(8)
SQL>
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ALTER TABLE _
MODIFY _ __
PLSQL101_LOG,
, . 7.4:
DESC plsqI101_log
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_log
MODIFY data_load_date DATE;
DESC plsql!01_log
231
Oracle
* Uiacle SQL-Plus
SQL> DESC plsq!101 log
Null?
PURCHASE DATE
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE
QUANTITY
FIRST NAME
LAST NftME
DATA_LOAD_DATE
Type
DATE
UARCHAR2(25)
HBHBER(4.2)
NUMBER(ll,2)
UARCHAR2(15)
UARCHAR2(20)
UARCHAR2(8)
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsql1B1 log
2 MODIFY data_load_date DATE;
'
'
'
Table altered.
SQL>
Name
- -
Null?
PURCHASE DATE
PRODUCT NAME
PRODUCT PRICE
QUANTITY
FIRST NAME
LAST NAME
DATA_LOAD_DATE
Type
DATE
UARCHAR2(25)
NUM8ER(l|,2)
HUMBER(it,2)
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UARCHAR2(20)
DATE
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UPDATE plsql!01_log SET data_load_date = 45-DEC-2003';
DESC plsql!01_log
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_log MODIFY data_load_date NOT NULL;
DESC plsql!01_log
232
file Edit Search Options Help

SQL> UPDATE plsql101_log SET data_load_date -
>
15--23
7 rows updated.
SQL>

Name
Null?
DATE
f>URCHASE_DATE
PRODUCT_NAME
UARCHAR2(2S)
PRODUCTlPRICE
NUMBER(1,2)
NUMBEHC.,2)
QUANTITY
FIRST_HflME
LAST_NflME
UARCHAR2(15)
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DATE
DATfl_LOAD_DATE
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE plsqliei_log HODIFV data_load_date NOT NULL;

Table altered.
SQL>
Name
PURCHASE_DATE
PRODUCT_NAME
PRODUCT_PRICE
QUANTITY
FIRST_NAME
LAST_NAME
DATfl_LOAD_DATE
Null?
Type
DATE
UARCHAR2(2S)
NUMBER(4,2)
NUMHER(U,2)
UARCHAR2(15)
UARCHAR2(2e)
NOT NULL DATE
SQL> |
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CREATE
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OR REPLACE VIEW plsql!01_sales_by_atlas_v AS

*
plsql!01_purchase
salesperson = 'CA'
SELECT * FROM plsqllOl_ sales_ by

j_ atlas_v;
234
Eh * Search Option Help

SQL> SELECT FROM plsql1U1_purchasf> ;
_i
PRODUCTJMHE
SALESPERSON
PURCHASE_
Snail Widget
Hediun Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Widget
Hediun Wodget
Snail Widget
CA
OB
GA
GA
LB
CA
CA
1*-JUL-83
1"1-JUL-03
14-JUL-83
1S-JUL-03
15-JUL-83
16-JUL-03
17-JUL-03
QUANTITV
1
75
2
8
20
5
1
7 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
2
u
5
CREATE
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
;
OR REPLACE VIEW plsqll 01 sales by atlas AS

*
plsqll 01_purchase
salesperson - *CA'
Uien created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT FRON plsqll 01_sales_by_atlas_u;
PRODUCTJMHE
SALESPERSON
PURCHASE_
Snail Widget
Snail Widget
CA
CA
CA
11I-JUL-03
16-JUL-03
17-JUL-03
QUANTITV
1
5
: . 1 ;'i
SOL>
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, :
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW plsql!01_sales_per_person_v AS'
SELECT pers.first_name I I ' ' I I pers.last_name SALESPERSON,
purc.product_name,
purc.purchase_date,
pure.quantity
FROM
plsqllOl^person pers,
WHERE pers.person_code = pure.salesperson (+)
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_sales_per_person_v

ORDER BY salesperson, product_name, purchase_date;
, ORDER BY
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. Oracle 8/
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WHERE ORDER BY, SELECT.
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235

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ORDER BY.
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW plsq!101_overstocked_items AS
SELECT product_na!tie, quantity_on__hand

FROM
plsql!01_product
WHERE ROWNUM <= 3
ORDER BY quant.ity_on_hand
SELECT * FROM plsqll01_overstocked_Items;

Oracle,
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CREATE SEQUENCE _',
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237
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SELECT plsql!01_test_seq.nextval FROM DUAL;
SELECT plsq!101_test_seq.nextval FROM DUAL;
SELECT plsq!101_test_seq.nextval FROM DUAL;
. INSERT, .
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CREATE TABLE plsql!01_test (
record_id
NUMBER (18, 0),
record_text VARCHAR2 (10)
);
INSERT INTO plsql!01_test VALUES (
plsql!01_test_seq.nextval,
'Record A'
INSERT INTO plsql!01_test VALUES (
plsql!01_test_seq.nextval,
'Record B'
) ;
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_test;
238
Fie d Starch Sffaa Help

SQL> CREATE SEQUENCE plsql191_test_seq;
Sequence created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT plsqlin_test_seq.nextual FROM DUAL;
NEXTUAL
SQL> SELECT plsqliei_test_seq.nextual FROM DUAL;

NEXTUAL
2
SQL> SELECT plsql1B1_test_seq.nextual FROM DUAL;
NEXTUAL
3
SQL> |
. 7.7.
Efc Ed Search Options Help

SQL> CREATE TABLE plsq!101_test (
2
record_id
NUM8ER(18.B),
3
record_text UflRCHAR2(1B)
):
Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1_test UALUES (
2
plsq!101_test seq.nextval,
3
'Record A'
* );
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO plsql1B1_test UALUES (
2
plsql1t1_test seq.nextual,
3
'Record B'
* );
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqlle1_test;
RECORD ID RECORD TEX
t Record A
5 Record
SQL>
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. 7.8.

Oracle
239
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Oracle , .
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ALTER SEQUENCE
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ALTER SEQUENCE plsql!01_test_seq
MAXVALUE 10
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
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SELECT
plsqll01_test_seq.nextval
plsq!101_test_seq.nextval
plsqll01_test_seq.nextval
plsql!01_test_seq.nextval
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SQL> ALTER SEQUENCE plsql1S1 test_seq

2 MftXUflLUE 11
8 ;
Sequence altered.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT plsqlH1_test.seq.nextval FROH OUflL;

NEXTUflL
SQL> SELECT plsql1_test_seq.nextual FROH DUflL;

KEXTUAL
7
SQL> SELECT plsql101_test_seq.nextwal FROH DUflL;
HEXTUflL
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SQL> SELECT plsql1B1_test_seq.nextual FROM DUflL;
NEXTUflL
11
SQL> SELECT plsql1Q1 test seq.nextual FROH DUflL;
SELECT plsql1B1_test_seq.nextual FROH DUAL
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORfl-MBM: sequence PLSQL1*1_TEST_SEQ. NEXTUflL exceeds HAXUALUE and cannot be i

SQL> f
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241
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SELECT * FROM prod;
CREATE SYNONYM prod FOR plsql!01_product;
SELECT * FROM prod;
file Edit Search Qptbns 1

SQL> SELECT FROH prod;
SELECT > FROM prod
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or vie* does not exist

SQL>
SQL> SVNONVH prod FOR plsql101_product; .
Synonyn created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * FROH prod;
PRODUCTJttHE
PRODUCT_PRICE QUAHTITY_ON_HftNO LftST_STOC
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Square Zinculator
Anodized Franifier
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
99
75
51
25
1.96
41.5
1.76
1.76
15-JAN-03
15-JAH-02
110 15-JAN-B3
1MH
1234 15-JAH-04
1 31-DEC-02
5
11 31-DEC-B1
II 38-DEC-01
9 rows selected.
SQL>
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. 7.10.
;
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242
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CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM plsqll01_prqduct FOR plsqll01_product;
Oracle
.
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DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM _;
(PROD), :
DROP SYNONYM prod;
:
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM plsql!01_product;
'
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f

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243
Oracle
mmm\
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File
Edit Search
Options Help
USER_REPPRIORITV_GROUP
USER_REPPROP
USER_REPRESuLUTION
USER_REPRESOLUTION_METHOD
USER_REPRESOLUTION STflTISTICS
USER_REPRESOL_STATS_CONTROL
USER_REPSCHEMA
USER_REPSITES
USER_RESOURCE_LIMITS
USER_ROLE_PRIUS
USER_SEGMENTS
USEH_SEQUEHCES
USER_SNflPSHOTS
USER_SNflPSHOT_LOGS
USER_SHftPSHOT_REFRESH_TIMES
USER_SOURCE
USER_SYNONYMS
USER_SVS_PRIUS
USER_TftBLES
USERJTABLESPACES
USER_TAB_COLUNNS
USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
USER_TBB_COHMEHTS
USER_TfiB_HISTBGRflMS
USER_TflB_PRIUS
USEB_rBB_PRIUS_MADE
USER_TflB_PBIUS_RECD
USERJTRIGGERS
USER_TRIGGER_COLS
USER_TS_QUOTflS
USER_TVPES
USER_TVPE_flTTRS
USER_TVPE_METHODS
USER_UPDATABLE_COLUI1NS
USERJJSERS
USERJJIEWS
flUOIT_flCTIONS
COLUMN_PRIUILEGES
DICTIONflRV
DICT_COLUMNS
GLOBAL NAME
INDEXjUSTOGHIW
INDEX_STATS
HLS_DATABflSE_PnRflMETERS
NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS
HLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS
RESOURCE_COST
ROLE_ROLE_PRIUS
ROLE_SYS PRIUS
RDLE_TAB~PRIUS
SESSION_PRIUS
SESS10N_ROLES
TABLE PRIUILEGES
Information about user's priority groups

Propagation information about the current use
Description of all conflict resolutions for u
All conflict resolution methods accessible to
Statistics for conflict resolutions for user"
Information about statistics collection for
N-way replication information about the curre
K-uay replication information about the curre
Display resource limit of the user
Roles granted to current user
Storage allocated for all database segments
Description of the user's own SEQUENCES
Snapshots the user can look at
All snapshot logs owned by the user
Snapshots and their last refresh tines for ea
Source of stored objects accessible to the us
The user's priuate synonyms
System privileges granted to current user
Description of the user's own relational tabl
Description of accessible tablespaces
Columns of user's tables, views and clusters
Columns of user's tables, uiews and clusters
Comments on the tables and uiews owned by the
Histograms on columns of user's tables
Grants on objects for which the user is the
All grants on objects owned by the user
Grants on objects for which the user is the g
Triggers owned by the user
Column usage in user's triggers
Tablespace quotas for the user
Description of the user's own types
Description of attributes of the user's own t
Description of methods of the user's own type
Description of updatable columns
Information about the current user
Description of the user's own uiews
Description table for audit trail action type
Grants on columns for which the user is the g
Description of data dictionary tables and uie
Description of columns in data dictionary tab
global database name
statistics on keys with repeat count
statistics on the b-tree
Permanent NLS parameters of the database
NLS parameters of the instance
NLS parameters of the user session
Cost for each resource
Roles which are granted to roles
System privileges granted to roles
Table privileges granted to roles
Privileges which the user currently has set
Roles which the user currently has enabled.
Grants on objects for which the user is the g
286 rows selected.

SQL>
. 7.11. Oracle
244
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:
SELECT table_name FROM user_tables;
:
SELECT view_name FROM user_views;
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245
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USER_VIEWS.
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1 . PRODUCT p
PRODUCT.ARCHIVE?
A. INSERT INTO product (
SELECT *
FROM product_archive
B. COPY * FROM product TO product_archive;

C. CREATE TABLE product_archive AS
SELECT * FROM product;
D. INSERT INTO product_archive (SELECT * FROM product);
2. ?
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A. RENAME _ __;
B. RENAME _ __;
C. RENAME TABLE _ __;
D. RENAME TABLE _ __\
3.
NEW_COLUMN 1?
A. ALTER TABLE tab 1
ADD new_column VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL;
B. ADD new_column VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL TO tabl;
C. ALTER tabl
D. ADD new_column VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL TO TABLE tabl;
4. ?
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D. CREATE SEQUENCE new_4seq INCREMENT BY -1;
6. ?
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DROP
DROP
DROP
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TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
plsqllOljourchase;
plsql!01_product;
plsqllOljoerson;
plsqll01_old_item;
plsql!01_purchase_archive;

person_code VARCHAR2P) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2 (15) ,
las t_name
VARCHAR2 (20),
hire_date
DATE
CREATE INDEX plsqll01_person_name_index

ON plsql!01_person(last_name, first_name) ;
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_person_unique UNIQUE (
first_name,
PL/SQL
253
last_name,
hiredate

CCA', 'Charlene', 'Atlas', 'Ol-FEB-02');
1
('GA', 'Gary , 'Anderson', 45-FEB-02.') ;
1
1
CBB', 'Bobby', 'Barkenhagen , '28-FEB-02 );
1
('LB', 'Laren', 'Baxter , 'Ol-MAR-02');
INSERT INTO plsql!01_person VALUES {
'LN', 'Linda',~ 'Norton', 'Ol-JUN-03');
product_name
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
quantity_on_hand
NUMBER(5,0),
laststockdate
DATE
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ADD CONSTRAINT positive_quantity 'CHECK(

quantity_on_hand IS NOT NULL
AND

;'/;
('Small Widget', 99, 1, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
( 'Medium Wodget' , 75, 1000, ' 15-JAN-02 ' ) ;
('Chrome Phoobar1, 50, 100, ' 15-JAN-03' ) ;
('Round Chrome Snaphoo1, 25, 10000, null);
(Extra Huge Mega Phoobar +', 9.95, 1234, ' 15-JAN-04 ' ) ;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES ('Square Zinculator1,
45, 1, TO_DATE (' December 31, 2002, 11:30 P.M.',
INSERT INT6 plsql!01_product VALUES (
Anodized Framifier1, 49, 5, NULL) ;
1
Red Snaphoo ', 1.95, 10, ' 31-DEC-01 ' ) ;
'Blue Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, '30-DEC-01')
254

product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)

salesperson,
purchase_date
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_purchase ADD CONSTRAINT reasonable_date CHECK I

AND
1
TO_CHAR(purchase_date, ' YYYY-MM-DD ) >- '2000-06-30'

ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_f k_product FOREIGN KEY
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_f k_person FOREIGN KEY
CREATE INDEX plsql!01_purchase_product
ON plsql!01_purchase (product_name) ;
ON plsql!01_purchase (salesperson) ;
('Small Widget', 'CA1, 44-JUL-03', 1);
INSERT INTO plsqllOljpurchase VALUES ('Medium Wodget ' , 'BB1, '14-JUL-03', 75);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'GA', 44-JUL-031, 2);
('Small Widget1, 'GA', ' 15-JUL-03 ' , 8) ;
( 'Medium Wodget' , 'LB', '15-JUL-03', 20);
('Round Chrome Snaphoo ' , 'CA', 46-JUL-03', 5) ;
'Small Widget1, 'CA', '17-JUL-031, 1)
UPDATE plsqll.01_product
SET
PL/SQL
255

CREATE TABLE plsq!101_old_item (

item_id
CHAR(20),
item_desc
CHAR(25)

CLA- 101', 'Can, Small1);
('LA- 102', 'Can, Large');
( 'LA-103', 'Bottle, Small');
CLA- 104', 'Bottle, Large');
CNY- 101', Box, Small');
( 'NY-102', 'Box, Large');
CNY- 103', 'Shipping Carton, Small1);
('NY- 104', 'Shipping Carton, Large');
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_purchase_archive (
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)

('Large Harflinger', 'GA1, '22-JUN-011, 50);
('Small Widget', 'ZZ1, '24-JUN-02', 80);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'CA', '25-JUN-02', 2);
('Small Widget 1 , 'JT', '26-JUN-02', 50);
PL/SQL
PL/SQL , .
256
(packages) PL/SQL .
,
, PL/SQL
(triggers), , .
(stored procedures) PL/SQL
, . PL/SQL
.
PL/SQL ,
, SQL,
SQL- . Oracle. , PL/SQL
SQL, . PL/SQL
SQL
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257
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: . (procedure specification)
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rtm_ytd_reports
. .
258
\'
..,-... increase_prices (percent_increase NUMBER)
.
PERCENT_INCREASE. , : NUMBER.
\ '
increase_salary_find_tax
(increase_percent
sal
tax
)
IN
IN
NUMBER := 7,
OUT NUMBER,
OUT NUMBER
. IN
,
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, . IN OUT
, ,
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INCREASE_PERCENT
(default value), 7, := 7 .
, ,
7% ,
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(procedure body) PL/SQL-. , PL/SQL, , .

PL/SQL PL/SQL: . , ,
SQL-.
, . :
calcjpercent (value_l NUMBER,
value_2 NUMBER) return NUMBER
,
VALUE_1 VALUE_2. SQL- :
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3000, CALC PERCENT(300, 3000));
PL/SQL
259
PL/SQL, , ,
(triggering event). , , INSERT, UPDATE DELETE; DDL; ;
; .
PL/SQL :
. Oracle
.
.

.
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SQL-
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,

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PL/SQL
(basic block) PL/SQL.
PL/SQL, , . , , .
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section), (declaration section),
(execution section) (exception section).
(anonumous block) PL/SQL ,
, , . SQL*Plus , PL/SQL. , ,
. ,
.
.
-, ,
, . ,
SQL*Plus , :
set serveroutput on
**
260

. 8.1.
DECLARE
Num_a NUMBER := 6;
Num_b NUMBER;
BEGIN
Numjb := 0;
Num_a := Num_a / Num_b ;
Num_b := 7;
dbms_output .put_line ( ' Value of Num_b ' || Num_b) ;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE
THEN
dbms_output.put_line ( 'Trying to divide by zero');
dbms_output.put_line ( ' Value of Num_a ' I I Num_a) ;
dbms_output.put_line ( ' Value of Num_b ' || Num_b) ;
END;

,
. , , -
A Oracle SQL-Plus
file Edit Search ptions |

SQL> set serueroutput on
SQL> DECLflRE
2
nun_a NUMBER := 6;
3 nun b NUMBER;
4 BEGIN
5 nun b
6
nun_a / num_b;
7 nun_b - 7;
8 dbns_output.put_line( ' Ualue of nun_b ' || num_b) ;
9 EXCEPTION
10
WHEN 2ERO_DIUIDE
11
THEN
12
dbms_output.put_line('
_
_
Trying to diuide by zero1);
13
dbns_output.put_line(' Ualue of nun_a
nun_a);
14
dbms_output.put_line( ' Ualue of nun_b
nun_b);
15 END;
16
Trying to divide by zero

Ualue of nun_a
Ualue of nun_b 0
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> |
. 8.1. PL/SQL
PL/SQL
261
, .
, . .
,
, .
DECLARE. , ,
DECLARE:
just_a_label
DECLARE
. ,
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_).

.
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BEGIN. , , ,
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PL/SQL , , , , .
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Num_a Num_b, Num_a , 6.
, ,
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SQL*Plus Num_a
PL/SQL. Num_a Num_b .
PL/SQL,
Num_a Num_b .
, , ,
, , . , , (scope).
Num_a Num_b , .
.

BEGIN EXCEPTION, -
262
, END,
.
PL/SQL-, . .
BEGIN
PL/'SQL-
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PL/SQL- ,
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WHEN _
THEN
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PL/SQL
263
, 9. DBMS_OUTPUT PUT_LINE
Oracle; SQL*Plus.
, , , , . ,
7 Num_b . , Num_b .
, , (exception handling).
, , ,
, PL/SQL , , (raising exception).
PL/SQL, .
PL/SQL ZERO_DIVIDE.
, PL/SQL.
PL/SQL-
, PL/SQL- . . :
CREATE PROCEDURE my_f irst_proc IS
greetings VARCHAR2 (20) ;
BEGIN
greetings := 'Hello World';
dbms_output .put_line (greetings) ;
END my_f irst_proc;
/
:
CREATE PROCEDURE _ IS _
,
, , .
PROCEDURE FUNCTION:
CREATE FUNCTION _ IS _
(/) PL/SQL,
. , CREATE OR REPLACE CREATE. .
.
CREATE OR REPLACE _ IS _
, SQL*Plus:
.;'
'
..
set serveroutput on
EXECUTE my_first_proc;
264
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON .
EXECUTE . , . . 8.2.
BEGIN
my_first_proc;
END;

, .
. . .
*. Oracle SQL'Plus
SQL> CREATE PROCEDURE my_first_proc
2 IS
3
greetings UflRCHflR2(20);
4 BEGIN
5
greetings := 'Hello World 1 ;
6
dbms_output.put_line(greetings);
7 END ny_f irst_proc;
8 /
Procedure created.
SQL> EXECUTE ny_first_proc;
Hello World
SQL> BEGIN
2
ny_first_proc;
3 END;
>t /
Hello World
SQL>
JU
. 8.2. PL/SQL- "Hello World"
mmmi
J
PL/SQL
265

.

, .
-
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_();
_;
: ,
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, .
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__2=> __2,
(named notation)
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266
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PL/SQL

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NUMBER, CHAR VARCHAR2.
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PL/SQL
PL/SQL :
_ _ [[NOTNULL] := __\;
_ _ [[NOT NULL] DEFAULT
__];
_ PL/SQL. PL/SQL :
30
( ).
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.
PL/SQL SQL,
. ,
BEGIN,
PL/SQL.
_ SQL PL/SQL. .
NOT NULL , .
, .
PL/SQL
______^__
267
, . .
SQL NUMBER, VARCHAR2 DATE. PL/SQL , SQL.
PL/SQL, Oracle.
. >;
PL/SQL
;
_ _ CONSTANT := ;
,
. . , ,
PL/SQL , . , PL/SQL .
. -,
, PL/SQL.
. :
_ := ;
-, PL/SQL-
, IN OUT OUT. . ,
. . 8.3.
CREATE PROCEDURE hike_priees (oldjprice NUMBER,
percent_hike NUMBER := 5,
new_price OUT NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
new_price := old_price + old_price * percent_hike / 100;
END hike_prices;
/
DECLARE
price_to_hike NUMBER(6,2) := 20;
hiked_price NUMBER(6,2) := 0;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Price before hike ' I I price_to_hike);
dbms_output.put_line('hiked_price before hike ' I I ..
hiked_price);
hike_prices (old_price => price_to_hike,
268
new_price => hiked_price) ;
dbms_output.put_line ( 'price_to_hike after hike ' |
price_to_hike) ;
dhms_output .put_line ( 'hiked_price after hike ' [|
hiked_price) ;
END;
. ,
. 8.4.
DECLARE
product_quant
NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT
quantity_on_hand
INTO
product_quant
FROM
plsq!101_product
WHERE
product_name = 'Small Widget';
dbms_output .put_line ('Small Widget ' I I product_quant) ;
END;
*OfacleSQlilPlufile Ed Jeaich * IMP

SQL> set serueroutpyt on
SQL> CREATE PROCEDURE hike_prices (old_price NUHBER,
percentjiike NUMBER :- 5,
new_pcice OUT NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
new_price
END hike prices;
old_price * old_price percent__hike / 100;
Procedure created.
SQL> DECLARE
2
3
BEGIN
9
1
11 END;
12
price to hike NUH8ER(6,2) := 20;

hikedjrice HUMBER(6,2) := U;
dbras_output.put_line("Price before hike || price_to_hike);
dbms~output.put_line('hiked_price before hike ' 11 hiked_price);
hike_prices (old_price > price_to_hike,
neu_price => hiked_price);
dtins_output.put_line( 'price_to_hike after hike ' || price_to_hike);
dbns_output.put_line{'hiked_price after hike ' hiked_price);
Price before hike 28

hiked_price before hike D
price_to hike after hike 20
hiked_price after hike 21
SQL>
. 8.3. PL/SQL

269
PL/SQL
* Oiacle SQL'Plus
Efe & Sech Qptions
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> DECLARE
2
product quant NUMBER;
3 BEGIN
4
SELECT quantity_on_hand
5
INTO
product quant
6
FROM
plsqUOl product
7
WHERE
product name - 'Small Widget';
8
9
dons output. put line ('Snail Widget
10 END;
11 /
Small Widget
1
^
^
!| product_quant);

SQL>
. 8.4. PL/SQL
SQL
product_quant , Small
Widget.

PL/SQL-npo. , ,
, .. , .
, Small Widget ,
, Medium Wodget. , , .
.
-
.
PL/SQL
, . ,
, 5%, , 10%. , .
(conditional processing) . .
270
,
. , ,
.
,
. (iterative operation).
PL/SQL .

(program flow), (flow of execution).
IF
IF :
IF _1 THEN
_1;
[ELSIF _2^
_2',]
[ELSE
_\]
END IF;
_1...
PL/SQL-. , . , .
,
. 8.5.
.
- .
( ).
CREATE FUNCTION compute_discounts (order_amt NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
small_order_amt NUMBER := 400;
large_order_amt NUMBER := 1000;
small_disct NUMBER := 1;
large_disct NUMBER := 5;
BEGIN
IF (order_amt < large_order_arat
AND
order_amt >= small_order_amt)
THEN
RETURN (order_amt * small_disct / 100) ;
ELSIF (order_amt >= large_order_amt)
THEN
RETURN (order_amt * large_disct / 100);
ELSE
N
RETURN(0);
END IF;
END compute_discounts;
PL/SQL
271
Oiacle SQL-Plus
File Edit Seated Options Help
SQL> CREATE FUNCTION compute_discounts (order_ant NUMBER)
2 RETURN NUMBER
|x
-l]
IS
4
5
6
small_order_amt NUMBER := 400;

large_order_amt NUMBER :- 1000;
sroall_disct NUMBER := 1;
large_disct NUMBER :- 5;
7
8
BEGIN
9
H
11
12
13
1*
15
16
17
18
19
IF (order_amt < large_order_amt
AND
order_amt >= small_order_amt)
THEN
RETURN (order_amt small_disct / 1BO);
ELSIF (order_amt >- large_order_amt)
THEN
RETURN (order_amt large_disct / 180);
ELSE
RETURN(O);
END IF;
20
END compute_discounts;
21
Function created.
SQL> DECLARE
2
3
4
5
BEGIN
7
8
9
dbms_output.put_line
dbns output.put_line
10
11
12
.13
END;
/
Order
20
tiny NUMBER := 20;

med NUMBER := 600;
big NUMBER := 4550;
wrong NUMBER := -35;
AND
(' Order
(tiny ||
(med |j '
(big j| '
(wrong ||
AND
Discount ');
'|| compute discounts(tiny)) ;
|| compute_discounts (med));
I I compute discounts (big));
' || conpute_discounts (wrong));
Discount
ao 6
4550
227.5
-35
SQL>
. 8.5. IF
I % 400 1000,
5% 1000.
( ) . , , .
, .
, ,
, , .
, order_amt ( ), ,
. ,
10 . 725
272
, . set serveroutput on. ,: . 8.5.

I DECLARE
tiny NUMBER := 20;
med NUMBER := 600;
big NUMBER := 4550;
wrong NUMBER := -35;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line (' Order AND Discount ');
dbms_output.put_line (tiny || ' ' I f compute_discounts(tiny));

dbms_output.put_line (med || ' ' I I compute_discounts (med));
dbms output.put_line (big I I ' ' || compute_discounts (big));
dbms_output.put_line (wrong || ' ' I I
compute_discounts (wrong));
END;
/
PL/SQL . PL/SQL.
.
LOOP
LOOP :
_
LOOP
;
EXIT _ [WHEN _}\
',
END LOOP;
WHEN
, _ (.. ). ,
. "", EXIT , , END LOOP.
WHEN , LOOP EXIT . , WHEN, . ,
.

. 8.6. .
, set serveroutput, .
273
PL/SQL
File dit Search Qptions
Help

SQL> DECLflRE
2
just_a_nun NUMBER := 1;
3
BEGIN
*
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 END;
12 /
1
2
3
ll
5
6
7
8
9
10
just a loop
LOOP
dbns_output .put_line( just_a_nun) ;
EXIT just a loop
WHEN (just_a_num >= 10);
just a nun := just a nun + 1;

END LOOP; "
: ' - ""
' ;
'"
'-' :'
'
'
:'''..
. ,
' ' '
'
- '
'
'
' '
' '".-.

SQL>
JJ
. . . . . . , ' . . ....
: ^
. 8.6.
DECLARE
just_a_num NUMBER := 1;;
BEGIN
just_a_loop
LOOP
dbmsôutput ,put_line (just_a_num) ;
EXIT just_a_loop
WHEN (just_a_num >= 10);
just_a_num := just_a_num + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
^__/ 1.
10 .
274
WHILE
WHILE. , , . WHILE
:
WHILE _
LOOP
;
END LOOP;
WHILE,
. 8.7:
* Oracle SQL'Plus
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> DECLARE
BEGIN
i
5
6
7
8
9 END;
10 /
just_a_num NUMBER := 1;
WHILE (just_a_num <= 18)

LOOP
dbns_output.put_line(just_a_num);
END LOOP;
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10

SQL>
. 8.7. WHILE
PL/SQL
DECLARE
275
-
just_a_num NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
WHILE (just_a_num <= 10) LOOP
dbms_output .put_li'ne (just_a_num) ;
END LOOP;
END;
/
WHILE .
"", .
FOR
FOR -, (loop index).

, , ,
. ,
. FOR :
FOR IN [REVERSE] ^ .. :,
LOOP
;
END LOOP;
FOR, ,
. . 8.8.
BEGIN
FOR just_a_num IN 1..10
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(just_a_num);
END LOOP;
END;
/
, ( ), FOR REVERSE.
10 1.
PL/SQL,
PL/SQL SQL. "" "
". PL/SQL,
SQL- SELECT. ,
SQL-. . OPEN,
FETCH.
CLOSE.
, , . , , , .
276
.+. Oracle SQL'PlL

File dil Search Qptions Help
SQL> BEGIN
2
FOR just_a_nun IN 1..10
3
LOOP
1
5
6
7
1 '
2
dbms_output.put line(just_a_num);
END LOOP;
END;
/
3
k
S
6
7
9
18

SQL>
-iJJ
. 8.8. FOR
COMMIT ROLLBACK
.
SQL-, PL/SQL, ,
(implicit), . , (explicit) , .. , .
, . , , .
PL/SQL :
CURSOR _ [([_1 [, _2...])]
[RETURN ]
IS
_select
[FOR UPDATE
[OF ___1
[, ___2...]
PL/SQL
277
, ,
(IN). OUT
IN OUT , . ^.
WHERE SELECT.
,
SELECT. PL/SQL
. __ , ,
, . , SELECT
, , ,
,
. FOR UPDATE ,
SELECT .
, .
, . 8.1.
8.1.
_%180
, .
_ , TRUE
_%\/
,
SELECT
_%
, . ,
TRUE
_%
FOUND.
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PL/SQL
PL/SQL ,
- , ,
.
PL/SQL . , .
_._, . , ;
, .
(table-based) ,
.
, SELECT * FROM
_
, ,
_.
278
(cursor-based)
,
SELECT.
(programmer-defined)
.
OPEN, FETCH CLOSE
,
:
OPEN ;
. : " * , -
. .
. . . . . . . . , ,
. . .
FETCH _ INTO ___',

CLOSE _;
,
SELECT . FETCH
PL/SQL, , PL/SQL,
.
, FOUND NOTFOUND, . ,
. FOUND NOTFOUND
FETCH.

. , . , ;
. , FOR. PL/SQL , .
FOR
FOR :
:
' : -
'
FOR _ IN _ LOOP
',
END LOOP;
_.
_
PL/SQL, . , .
.
, in valid cursor ( ). ,
, . , ,
, .
PL/SQL
279
WHERE CURRENT OF
,
WHERE CURRENT OF _
, , WHERE UPDATE DELETE. ,
PLSQL101_PRODUCT 3%. . 8.9.
1 * Oracle SQL-Plus . - * * <

Fe dit Seach flpUons Help
Small Widget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Square Zinculator
flnodized Franifier
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
1
/
9 rows selected.
99
75
SO
ZS
8.96
40.5
W.1
1.76
1 .76
SQL> DECLflRE
2
CURSOR product cur IS
3
SELECT FROM plsqUOl product
>t
FOR UPDflTE OF product price;
5 BEGIN
6
FOR product rec IN product cur
7
LOOP
8
UPDflTE plsqll Byproduct
9
SET product price - (product rec. product price
10
,
WHERE CURRENT OF product cur;
11
END LOOP;
12 END;
13 /
i :,
0.97)
'.

SQL> SELECT product name, product price
2 FROM
plsq!1B1 product;
PROOUCT_NflNE
Snail Midget
Medium Uodget
Chrome Phoobar
Square Zinculator
Anodized Framif ier ,
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
1
- '- 9 rows selected.
PRODUCT_PRICE
96.03
72.75
48.5
24.25
8.69
39.29
42.78
1.71
1 .71
' , *'
<
'.
. 8.9. FOR WHERE CURRENT OF
280
SELECT product_hame, product_price

FROM
plsq!101_product;
DECLARE
CURSOR product_cur IS
FOR UPDATE OF product_price;
BEGIN
FOR product_rec IN product_cur
LOOP
SET product_price = (product_rec.product_price * 0.97)
WHERE CURRENT OF product_cur;
END LOOP;
END;
/
- '
,
SELECT product_name, product_price
FROM plsqllOljproduct;

,
, (nested loops).
.
-- ,
.
-- : . ,
-- .
/* : PLSQL101_PRODUCT
PLSQL101_PURCHASE PRODUCT_NAME.
. ,
.
*/
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE do_commissions IS
commission_rate
NUMBER := 2
total_sale
NUMBER := 0
current_person
CHAR(3) := ' '
next_person
CHAR(3)
quantity_sold
NUMBER := 0
item_price
NUMBER := 0
CURSOR sales_cur IS
-SELECT tabl.salesperson, ..... .
,
tabl.quantity,
tab2.product_price
FROM
plsqll01_purchase tabl,
plsql!01_product tab2
WHERE tabl.product_name ="tab2.product_name;
ORDER BY salesperson;
BEGIN
OPEN sales_cur;
LOOP
FETCH sales cur INTO
PL/SQL
WHILE
281
next_person, quantity_sold, item_price;
(next_person = current_person
AND
sales_cur%FOUND)
LOOP
total_sale :=
total_sale + (quantity_sold * item_price);
FETCH sales_cur INTO
next_person, quantity_sold, item_price;
END LOOP;
IF (sales_cur%FOUND)
THEN
IF (current_person != next_person)
THEN
IF (current_person != ' ' )
THEN
(current_person ||
1
' II
total_sale ||
.... ' ' I I

total sale * cbmmission_rate'
/ 100);
END IF;
total_sale := quantity_sold * item_price;
current_person := next_person;
END IF;
ELSE IF (current_person != ' ')
THEN
dbms_output.put_line(current_person ||
1
' II
total_sale I I
1
' II
total_sale * commission_rate
/ 100);
END IF;
END IF;
EXIT WHEN sales_cur%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
CLOSE sales_cur;
END do_commissions;
/
, SELECT. PLSQL101_PURCHASE,
PLSQL101_PRODUCT. . , ,
, .

WHILE. ( ),
,
282
IF. , FETCH
- . , current person
next_person . , , ..
. , current_person
, IF .
totaljsale
. next_person current_person.
FETCH ,
.
next_person , current_person, ,
.
WHILE , , ,
. , .
, .
current_person . IF
.
commission_rate.
,
. 8.10. PLSQL101_PURCHASE,
DO_COMMISSIONS ,
, .
SELECT tabl.salesperson,
tabl.quantity,
tab2.product_price
FROM
plsql!01_purchase tabl,
WHERE tabl.product_name = tab2.product_name
ORDER BY salesperson;
EXECUTE do_commissions;

. , PL/SQL.
.
1
'
'
'
"
'
, wot . , .
PL/SQL
283
Oracle SQL'Plus
61
62
63
64
65
END IF;
END IF;
EXIT WHEN sales cur%NOTFOUND;

END LOOP;
66
CLOSE sales_cur;
67 END do_commissions;
68
Procedure created.
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SflL
BB
GA
GA
LB
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
ORDER BV
tabl.salesperson,
tabl. quantity,
tab2.product_price
plsq!181_purchase tabl,
plsq!181_product tab2
tab1.product_nane = tab2.product_naroe
salesperson;
QUflNTITV PRODUCT_PRICE
75
1
5
1
8
2
28
72.75
96.83
24.25
96.83
96.03
48.5
72.75
7 rows selected.
SQL> EXECUTE do_commissions;
BB 5456.25 189.125
CA 313.31 6.2662
GA 865.24 17.3848
LB 1455 29.1
SQL>
A-l
^^__^___
. 8.10.
, ,
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, PL/SQL (enclosing basic block), .. ,
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284
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PL/SQL. ,
PL/SQL Oracle. 8.2 .
PL/SQL
. SQLCODE, . , ORA,
, .
, . ,
SQLERRM.
SQLCODE, SQLERRM. : .

SQLCODE SQLERRM. . 8.11.
DECLARE
Num_a NUMBER := 6;
Num_b NUMBER;
BEGIN
Num_b := 0;
Num_a := Num_a / Num_b;
Num b := 7;
dbms_output.put_line(' Value of Num_b
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DECLARE
err_num .NUMBER
err_msg VARCHAR2(512)
BEGtN
dbms_output.put_line('ORA Error
dbms_.output.put_line('ORA Error
dbms_output.put_line(' Value of
dbms_output.put_line(' Value of
END;
END;
' I I Num_b);
:= SQLCODE;
:= SQLERRM;
Number ' || err_nuia ) ;
message ' || err_msg) ;
Num_a ' || Num_a);
Num_b ' || Num_b);
PL/SQL
285
8.2.
CURSOR.ALREADYOPEN
DUPVAL.ONJNDEX
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INVAUD.CURSOR
* ' ' . '
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FETCH
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SELECT INTO, SELECT (

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PROGRAM_ERROR
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Oracle
STORAGE.ERROR
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TOO_MANY_ROWS
SELECT INTO PL/SQL
VAUUE_ERROR
PL/SQL
,
ZERO.DMDE
OTHERS
, ,
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286
Oracle SQL-Plus
ie Edit Search Options Help
SQL> DECLARE
2
nun a NUMBER :=' 6;
3
num b NUMBER;
4 BEGIN
5
num_d :- 0;
6
7
8
9
nun a :* nun a / num b;

_ : 7;
dbns output. put line(' Ualue of num b
EXCEPTION
11
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
18
19
,28
21 END;
22 /
WHEN ZERO D I U I D E
THEN
DECLARE
BEGIN
END;
|| nun b);
err nun NUMBER ;= SQLCODE;

err msg UflRCHHR2(512) := SQLERRM;
dbns output. put_line('ORn Error
dbms_output.put_line( 'ORft Error
dbms output .put line( ' Ualue of
dbms output. put line(' Ualue of
Number ' | | err_nun ) ;

message ' I I err_sg);
num__a ' || num_a);
nun b ' 1 1 num_b) ;
ORA Error Number -1476

Error message ORA-Q1b76: diuisor is equal to zero
Ualue of nun_a 6
Ualue of num_b 0
SQL>
. 8.11. SQLCODE SQLERRM
,
PL/SQL ,
.

PL/SQL.
.
. 8.12.
set serveroutput on
DECLARE
quantity!'NUMBER := -2;
quantity2 NUMBER := 3;
total NUMBER := 0;
quantity_must_positive EXCEPTION;
FUNCTION find_cost (quant NUMBER) .RETURN NUMBER IS
i BEGIN
IF (quant > 0)
THEN
"ELSE
END IF;
RETURN (quant * 2 0 ) ;
'
RAISE quantity_must_pqsitive;
PL/SQL
287
END find_cost;
BEGIN
total := find_cost(quantity2);
total := total + find_cost(quantityl);
EXCEPTION
WHEN quantity_must_positive
THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Total until now: ' || total);
dbms_output.put_line('Tried to use negative quantity ');
END;
/
. ,
. find_cost , . ,
, , .

, . * Oracle SQL-Plus
Fife Edil Search Options Help
SQL> DECLARE
2
quantityl NUMBER - -2;
3
quantity NUMBER - 3;
4
total NUMBER :=
5
quantity_must_positiue EXCEPTION;
6
FUNCTION find_cost (quant NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
7
BEGIN
8
IF (quant > 0)
9
THEN
10
RETURN(quant * 20);
11
ELSE
12
RAISE quantity nust_positiue;
13
END IF;
END find_cost;
14
15 BEGIN
16
total := Find_cost (quantity2);
total := total + find_cost(quantitj|1);
17
18 EXCEPTION
19
WHEN quantity_must_positiue
20
THEN
21
dbns_output.put_line('Total until now: ' || total);
22
dbms_output.put_line('Tried to use negatiue quantity ');
23 END;
24
Total until now: 6B

Tried to use negative quantity
SQL>
. 8.12. ,
288
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PL/SQL
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289
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DECLARE
scope_num NUMBER' := 3;
... BEGIN
DECLARE
BEGIN
scope_num NUMBER : = 6;
Num_a NUMBER := outer_block.scope_num;
dbms_output.put_line(seope_num);
dbms_output.put_line(Num_a);
END;
dbms_output.put_line(scope_nura);
END;
A. 6 3 3
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PL/SQL
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291
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5. .
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PL/SQL
294
PL/SQL.
PL/SQL- , .
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Oracle . , ,
Oracle Microsoft Access Excel.
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8, 9. ,
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, 8,
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SQL-.
-- 9.
========================
PERSON =================================
DROP TABLE plsql!01_person;

person_code VARCHAR2(3) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name
VARCHAR2(15),
last_name
VARCHAR2(20),
hire_date
DATE
CREATE INDEX plsq!101_person_name_index

ON plsqll01_person(last_name, first_name);
ADD CONSTRAINT plsqll01_persorv_unique UNIQUE (
first_name,
last_name,
hire_date

CCA', 'Charlene', 'Atlas', 'Ol-FEB-02') ;
INSERT INTO plsqll01_person VALUES
1
CGA , 'Gary', 'Andersen', 45-FEB-02' ) ;
('BB', 'Bobby1, 'Barkenhagen', '28-FEB-02')
PL/SQL
('LB', 'Laren', 'Baxter', ' Ol-MAR-02 ') ;
INSERT INTO plsqH01_person VALUES (
1
'LN', 'Linda , 'Norton', 'Ol-JUN-03');
================= PRODUCT ========================
product_name
product_price
NUMBER(4,2),
quantity_on_hand
NUMBER(5,0),
last_stock_date
DATE
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_product ADD (

CONSTRAINT positive_quantity CHECK(
;quantity_on_hand IS NOT NULL
.'
AND
' quantity_on_hand >= 0

('Small Widget', 99, 1, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
( 'Medium Wodget', 75, 1000, ' 15-JAN-02 ' ) ;
('Chrome Phoobar', 50, 100, ' 15-JAN-03 ' ) ;
INSERT INTO plsq!101_product VALUES
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES ('Square Zinculator1,
45, 1, TOJ3ATE (' December 31, 2002, 11:30 P.M.',
'Anodized Framifier', 49, 5, NULL) ;
'Red Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, ' 31-DEC-01 ' ) ;
'Blue Snaphoo', 1.95, 10, '30-DEC-01')
=================== PURCHASE ========
product_name
VARCHAR2(25),
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER(4,2)
295
296

salesperson,
purchase_date
ALTER TABLE plsql!01_purchase ADD (

AND
TO_CHAR(purchase_date, 'YYYY-MM-DD') >= '2000-06-30'
ALTER TABLE plsq!101_purchase

ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_product FOREIGN KEY
ADD CONSTRAINT plsql!01_purchase_fk_pers'on FOREIGN KEY
CREATE INDEX plsqll01_purchase_product
ON plsql!01_purchase(product_name);
on plsql!01_purchase(salesperson);
('Small Widget', 'CA', 44-JUL-03', 1);
('Medium Wodgef, 'BB', 44-JUL-031, 75);
('Chrome Phoobar1, 'GA1, '14-JUL-031, 2);
('Small Widget', 'GA', 45-JUL-03', 8);
('Medium Wodgef, 'LB', 45-JUL-03', 20);
('Round Chrome Snaphoo', 'CA', 46-JUL-03', 5);
('Small Widget', 'CA', 47-JUL-03', 1)
SET
PL/SQL
297
-- =========================== OLD_ITEM
DROP TABLE plsql!01_old_item;
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_old_item (
item_id
CHAR(20),
item_desc CHAR(25)

CLA-1011, 'Can, Small');
CLA-103', 'Bottle, Small');
ONY-101, 'Box, Small');
('NY-1021, 'Box, Large1);
('NY-104', 'Shipping Carton, Large1);
========================== PURCHASE_ARCHIVE
DROP TABLE plsq!101_purchase_archive;
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_purchase_archive (
product_name
VARCHAR2 (25) ,
salesperson
VARCHAR2(3),
purchase_date
DATE,
quantity
NUMBER (4, 2)
======================
NSERT INTO plsq!101_purchase_archive VALUES

('Large Harflinger ' ,' 'GA', '22-JUN-01', 50)
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase_archive. VALUES
('Small Widget', 'ZZ', '24-JUN-02', 80);
('Chrome Phoobar', 'CA', '25-JUN-02', 2);
('Small Widget', 'JT', '26-JUN-02', 50);
==================
DECLARE
( for update)
===
298
9
CURSOR product_cur IS
SELECT * FROM plsqll01_product
FOR UPDATE OF product_price;
BEGIN
FOR product_rec IN product_cur
LOOP
SET product_price = (product_rec.product_price.* 0.97)
WHERE CURRENT OF product_cur;

END LOOP;
END;
/'.

,
, , .
,
. , , ,
. ,
(conventions), .
, , ,
. ,
COMPUTE_DISCOUNTH3 8, , .
,
, ,
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PL/SQL
299
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300

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301
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PL/SQL . . , 8 , product_rec.
, , .
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. :
TYPE __ IS RECORD
(__1 __1,
__2 __2,
:
_ __
.
SQL- SQL* Plus. . . 9.1.
/* (performance)

. Status
.
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
performance_type IS RECORD
(person_code
plsq!101_person.person_code%TYPE,
person_name
plsq!101_person . last_name%TYPE,
current_sales
NUMBER (8, 2),
perform_percent
NUMBER (8,1),
status
varchar2(30)
one_perform performance_type;
CURSOR person_cur IS
SELECT *
FROM
plsql!01_person;
/*
.
a_person.
, current_sales
. (,
) , perform_percent
.
*/
PROCEDURE current_performance
(a_person plsql!01_person%ROWTYPE,
a_perform OUT performance_type)
302
is
CURSOR history_cur (person varchar2) IS

SELECT AVG(tab2.product_price * tabl.quantity)
avg_order
FROM
plsql!01_purchase_archive tabl,
plsql!01_product tab2'
GROUP BY tabl.salesperson
HAVING tabl.salesperson = person;
hist_rec history_cur%ROWTYPE;
current_avg_sales NUMBER(8,2) := 0;
BEGIN
a_perform.person_code := a_person.person_code;
a_perform.person_name := a_person.last_name;
a_perform.status := NULL;
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(tb!2.product_price * tbll.quantity),
AVG
tb!2.product_price * tbll.quantity)
INTO
a_perform.current_sales,
current_avg_sales
FROM
plsql!01_purchase tbll,
plsql!01_product tb!2
WHERE tbll.product_name = tb!2.product_name
GROUP BY tbll.salesperson
HAVING tbll.salesperson = a_person.person_code;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
THEN
a_perform.status := 'Current purchases exception';
a_perform.current_sales := 0;
END;
OPEN history_cur (a_person.person_code);
FETCH history_cur INTO hist_rec;
IF (history_cur%NOTFOUND)
THEN
a_perform.perform_percent := 0;
IF (a_perform.status IS NULL)
THEN
a_perform.status := 'Erroneous or no history';
END IF;
ELSE
a_perform.perform_percent :=
100 * (current_avg_sales.hist_rec.avg_order)/
hist_rec.avg_order;
a_perform.status := 'All fine';
END IF;
CLOSE history_cur;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO DATA FOUND
PL/SQL
, -.t'a&meaKwwmteM-Wtt&f^:-
.
.
THEN
303
-^1^-11^:--1011;.. >
,:^.
a_perform.status := 'Exceptions found';:
END current_performance;
BEGIN
FOR person_rec IN person_cur
LOOP
current_performance(person_rec,.,one_perform);
dbms_output.put_line(one_perform.person_code I !
1 1
II
one_perform.person_name
I
I
I
' II ,
one_perform.current_sales I I
I
II
one_perform.perform_percent |
''II
one_perform.status);
END LOOP;
END;
/
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
*
*
*
*
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM
plsql!01_person;
plsqll01_purchase;
plsql!01_purchase_archive;
plsqll01_product;
, . PERFORMANCEJTYPE. %TYPE
, PLSQL101_PERSON, ,
, ! ONE_PERFORM, ,
PLSQL101_PERSON.
CURRENT_PERFORMANCE .
, PLSQL101_PERSON, , PERSON_CUR. ,
PERSON_CUR.
; ;
, A_PERFORM, OUT, ,
.
HISTORY_CUR,
PLSQL101_PRODUCT
PLSQL101_PURCHASE_ARCHIVE,
. () ,
HISTORY_CUR. ,
. HIST_RBC
HISTORY_CUR.
CURRENT_AVG_SALES
.
, A_PERFORM.
NULL.
11 . 725
304
1
- ni.-irlr- 1 4'liK
File dil
Gft
BB
LB
LN
Search
Options
Help
ntlas 313.31 7.7 11 fine

Anderson 865.24 a Erroneous or no history
Barkenhagen 5456.25 Erroneous or no history
Baxter 1U55 0 fill fine
Norton 0 0 Current purchases exception
-d

SQL> SELECT * FROM plsql101_person;
;..'
PER FIHSTJffiME
LftST_NftME
HIRE_DflTE
Charlene
GA Gary
BB Bobby
LB Laren
LN Linda
Atlas
Anderson
Barkenhagen
Baxter
Norton
01-FEB-02
15-FEB-D2
28-FEB-02
01-HAR-02
01-JUN-03
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll B1_pur chase ;

PRODUCT_NAHE
SAL PURCHASE.
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Snail Midget
.. ;.
i
'
7 rows selected.
CA
BB
GA
GA
LB
CA
CA
;...
QUANTITY
14-JUL-B3
14-JUL-B3
11-JUL-B3
15-JUL-B3
15-JUL-83
16-JUL-B3
17-JUI-B3
,
1
75
2
8
28
5
1
. i '.-.-
' '
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll 81_purchase_archiue;

PRODUCT_NAME
SAL PURCHASE.
Round Snaphoo
Large Harflinger
Medium Wodget
Snail Widget
Chrome Phoobar
Snail Widget
BB
GA
LB
ZZ
CA
JT
21-JUN-B1
22-JUN-S1
23-JUN-B1
24-JUN-B2
2S-JUN-B2
26-JUN-B2
QUANTITY
18
5B
28
88
2
58
6 rows selected.
"/':
I !"
'
'
'.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll 81_product;

PRODUCT_NAHE
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Square Zinculator
Anodized Framifier
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
96. B3
72.75
48.5
24.25
8.69
39.29
42.78
1.71
1.71
1 15-JAN-B3
1B8B 15-JAN-B2
188 1S-JAN-83
108BB
1234 1S-JAN-B4
1 31-DEC-B2
5
18 31 -DEC- 81
18 38-DEC-81
'.'
!
(
9 rows selected.
,'.
SQL>
JU
. 9.1. , ,
PL/SQL
305
, . '
, A_PERSON. ,
, . ,
. ,
.
HISTORY_CUR .
, , . AVG_ORDER.
, . , .
,
. PLSQL101_PRODUCT
(Large Harflinger Round Snaphoo).
"erroneous or no history", "no history". ,
A_PERFORM.PERFORM_PERCENT.
HISTORY_CUR .
NO_DATA_FOUND, .
PERSON_CUR, .
SELECT ,
, , ,
.
.
. , . . , .
- , .,.,..;
DML PL/SQL,
,
. . , ^
SELECT, INTO. , PL/SQL.
CURRENT_AVG_SALES A_PERFORM.CURRENT_SALES. SELECT ,
. ,
" TOO_MANY_ROWS. PL/SQL -
9
, "SQL". ,
SQL-. , SQL%FOUND , SELECT - .
SELECT SQL%FOUND
.
,
. , INSERT PL/SQL.
. 9.2.
-11
I Oracle SQL'Plus
File
Edit
Search
Options
i
j
Help
SQL> DECLflRE
2
3
t
5
6
quant NUMBER := 20;

BEGIN
INSERT INTO plsq!1B1 purchase
VALUES (-Medium Wodget 1 ,
'LN1,
18-flUG-021,
i.
8
quant);
9
IF (SQUNOTFOUND)
10
THEN
11
dbms output. put line(' Insert error?*');
12
END IF;
13 END;
1* /

SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqll B1_purchase ;
PRODUCT
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
Small Widget
Medium Wodget
SftL PURCHftSE_
QUftNTITV
14-JUL-03
BB 14-JUL-03
14-JUL-03
Gfl 15-JUL-03
LB 15-JUL-B3
16-JUL-03
17-JUL-03
LN 18-ftUG-B2
1
75
2
8
20
S
1
20
\
j
.
8 rows selected.
SQL> |
' ! - *
jJJ
" ! - '
'"' "
. . . . .
. . . , . . ,
. 9.2. PL/SQL
PL/SQL
307
DECLARE
quant NUMBER := 20;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO plsqll01_purchase
VALUES ('Medium Wodget', :
'LN' ,
48-AUG-02',
quant);
IF (SQL%NOTFOUND)
THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Insert error?!');
END I,F;
END;
;,
PL/SQL.
, , . , SQL PL/SQL
.
PLSQL101_PRODUCT,
SQL-. . 9.3.
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product
VALUES ('Large H a r f l i n g e r 1 ,
21,
100,
'29-AUG-01') ;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_product
VALUES ('Round Snaphoo',
12,
144,
'21-JUL-011);
. "
u
'"-. '
:-;
'-
.,-.;.
PL/SQL. . . 9.4.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_prod (
prod_rec plsqll01_product%ROWTYPE
) IS
BEGIN
SET
last_stock_date = prod_rec.last_stock_date,.
quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand
+
prod_rec.quantity_on_hand
WHERE product_name = prod_rec..product_naine;
END' upda-te_p-rod;
/
DECLARE
':, '. . : , ; :
,
,
a plsql!01_product%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
. .
9
;ra..prod\jct_name' := ''Small Widget'
v
'a'.produet_pri6e := '87;
a . quantity_on_hand := 31; ,
a.last_Stock_date := TO_DATE,( i'23
update_prod (a) ;
END;
, . DML- SQL
PL/SQL . , , .
A Oracle SQL'Plus
Be Edit Search Qptions Help
SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81 product
2 VALUES ('Large Harflinger1.;..-,
3
21,
4
100,
5
29-AUG-01 1 );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO plsq!101_product ,
2 UflLUES CRound Snaphoo 1 ,
3
12,
144,
. '21-JUL-OI1)!
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsql181_product;
PHODUCTJWME
Snail Widget
Hediun Wodget ._ , :
Chrome Phoobar :
Round Chrome. Snaphoo
Extra Huge Nega Phoobar
Square Zinculator
Anodized FramiFier
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
Large HarFlinger
Round Snaphoo
PRODUCT_PRICE QUANTITV_ONJWND LAST^STOC
96.03
72.75
.48 .5
24.25
8.69
39.29
42.78
1.71
1.71
21
12
1 15-JAN-03
1000 15-JAN-02
100 15-JAN-03
10000
1234 1S-JAN-04
1 31-DEC-02
5
10 31-DEC-01
10 3Q-DEC-01
100 29-AUG-01
144 21-JUL-01
1l""rp'iis selected.
SQL>
. 9.3. PLSQL101_PRODUGT
309
PL/SQL
Jf * Oiacle SQL-Plus
file Edit Search Qpliohs Help
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update prod
2
3
4
5
6
7
. . 8.
9
10
11
I 12
prod rec plsql101 product%ROWTVPE

) IS
BEGIN
UPDATE plsq!181_product
SET
last_stock_date prod_rec.last_stock date,
quantity_on_hand - quantity_on_hand
. ' '
' +
prod_rec.quantity on_ham|
WHERE product_name - prod_rec.product_name;
END update prod;
.
.
;
-
i Procedure created.
SQL> DECLARE
2
3
a plsq!181 product%ROWTVPE;
^ '
BEGIN
'
'
4
a.product_name :- 'Small Widget';
5
a .product_price := 87;
6
a. quantity on hand := 31;
7
a.last_stoch_date : TO_DATE('23-NOU-01');
8
update prod(a);
9 END;
10 /
- '
'
''
" t
:'
I
-
SQL> SELECT FROM plsq!101_product;

PRODUCT_NAME
Snail Widget
Medium Wodget
Chrome Phoobar
Square Zinculator
Anodized Framifier
Red Snaphoo
Blue Snaphoo
Large Harflinger
! Round Snaphoo
', .
/'
96.03
72.75
48.5
24.25
8.69
39.29
42.78
1.71
1.71
21
12
32
1000
100
18000
1234
1
23-NOU-01
15- JAN- 82
15-JAN-03
15-JAN-04
31 -DEC- 02
5
10
10
100
144
31-DEC-01
30-DEC-01
29-AUG-01
21-JUL-01
11 rows selected.
SQL>
<U
' '
iG
. 9.4. PL/SQL

.
-, , SQL-. . . 9.5.
>
9
_
-t Oracle SQL-Plus
'SqL> Set serveroutput oii
S(JL>
i
SflL> BEGIN
f
;; ,
.2.;
DELETE FROM plsqliei_product
'3
WHERE
product_name = 'junk';
4
IF (SQUHOTFOUND)
5
THEN
6
dbns_output.put_line('No such product');
7
END IF;
S END;
c..-fi / ;v<-<H:r;::::
Ho such product
HBO
.1
J
;.::,(;.
PL/SQL
procedure
successfully completed.
r
;
]
:
:
K5 Hv ii21 ' . * ': . - ' ' ^ - - - ^ : ' -. . ' ' ' :r: .' :";..','. -''''' .'.'
SQL> |
.:
- .
JLLJ
. 9.5. PL/SQL-
set s e r ve r ou{.pijt . on .
, , <..
BEGIN
DELETE FROM plsqll01_product .
WHERE product_name = 'junk';
IF (SQL%NOTFOUND)
THEN
dbms_output.put_line ( 'No such product');
END IF;
END;

, ,
, . , , ( )
SELECT, , .
, HISTORY_CURB
,
. ,
, , .
PL/SQL
311

, , . . ,
. .

, , SQL-.
, 5000 ,
SYSDATE. 5000. . . 9.6.

: ,
..

, . , ,
. 9. 6 ,
SYSDATE.
DROP TABLE plsq!101_timetab CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
CREATE TABLE plsqll01_timetab (
cl
NUMBER NOT NULL,
c2
VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
c3
DATE NULL
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test_time IS

maxloops NUMBER := 5000;
loopcount NUMBER (6,0) := 0;
starttime CHAR(5);
endtime CHAR (5) ;
/*
, ,
.
*/
runtime NUMBER;
processrate NUMBER (20, 10) ;
BEGIN
starttime := TO_CHAR( SYSDATE, 'SSSSS');
LOOP
loopcount := loopcount +1;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_timetab (Cl, C2, C3)
VALUES (loopcount, 'TEST ENTRY', SYSDATE);
COMMIT;
IF loopcount >= maxloops THEN
312
9
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
endtime := TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'SSSSS');
runtime := TO_NUMBER(endtime) - TO_NUMBER(starttime);
dbms_output.put_line(runtime || ' seconds');
processrate := maxloops / runtime;
INSERT INTO plsqll01_timetab (Cl, C2, C3) VALUES
(loopcount+1,
TO_CHAR(processrate, '9999999999') | I
'records per second',
SYSDATE
);
END test_time;
/ :
EXECUTE test_time;
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_timetab
WHERE cl > 5000;
, . . . 9.7.
TRUNCATE TABLE plsql!01_timetab;
COMMIT;
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
FOR trial_count IN 1..10
LOOP
test_time;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END;
/
SELECT *
FROM
plsqll01_timetab
WHERE cl > 5000ORDER BY c3;
TIMING

, TIMING. , , . . 9.8.
7470. , TIMING
START TIMING STOP 7.47 .
TIMING START;
EXECUTE test_time;
COMMIT;
TIMING STOP;
PL/SQL
3*3
4" Otacle SOL'Plus

file Edit eaich Qptions
Table created.
KWI3
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test_tirae IS

2
naxloops NUMBER :- 5000;
3
loopcount NUMBER(6,e) := ;
it
starttime CHAR(5) ;
5
endtine CHflR(5) ;
6
/* Note that since the start and end tines are defined in terms
of the number of seconds since midnight, this routine will not
work if the run time crosses ouer midnight.
I9
runtime NUMBER;
H
processrate NUMBER (2 8, 18) ;
11
12 BEGIN
1
13
starttine :- TO CHAR(SVSDATE, 'SSSSS ) ;
14
LOOP
15
loopcount :- loopcount +1 ;
16
INSERT INTO plsqUOl timetab (C1, C2,C3)
17
UALUES (loopcount, 'TEST ENTRY 1 . SYSDATE);
COMMIT;
18
IF loopcount >= naxloops THEN
19
EXIT;'
2*
21
.': '. END IF; . f,,r.n: , .*.,. ! ,M,
-;/r. >.-,-;
22
END LOOP;
23
COMMIT;
21
endtine := TO_CHflR(SYSDATE, 'SSSSS1 ) ;
25
runtime :- TO_NUMBER(endtine)-TO_NUMBEH(starttime);
26
dbms_output.put_line( runtime || ' seconds' );
27
processrate := naxloops / runtime;
28
INSERT INTO plsql101_timetab (C1, CZ, C3) UALUES
29
(loopcount+1 ,
TO_CHAR(processrate, ' 9999999999 ' ) 1 1 ' records per second1,

31
SVSDATE
32
);
33 END test time;
34
Procedure created.
SQL> EXECUTE test_time;
6 seconds
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqliei_timetab
2 WHERE C1 > 5BOO;
1 2
5
C3
i '
833 records per second 22-OCT-OO
SQL>
. 9.6. PL/SQL-
314
-.*
esc
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
File di( Seatch Options Help
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE plsql181_tinetab;
" ' " i!
'Table truncated.
. : - . .
-V ,
'
.-
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
;,..'->-.:
- ' " - ' ' .
SQL> SET SERUEROUTPUT ON

SQL> BEGIN
.'
2
FOR trial count IN 1..18
3
LOOP
4
test time;
5
COMMIT;
6
END LOOP;
7 END;
8 /
7 seconds
8 seconds
7 seconds'
7 seconds
7 seconds
6 seconds
7 seconds
8 seconds
7 seconds
8 seconds
--
."
.v - .. .
' ' ' ' '.
'
-.
.;
'-.;".-

SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3
4
'-',''.
*
plsql181 timetab
'
WHERE
C1 > 5080
ORDER BV c3;
.-'.''
. '
' .
_; -
: - . , ' ! " ' "

, "
'i
;;. '
: ' .
-_,
.
C3
714 records
625 records
714 records
714 records
714 records
833 records
714 records
625 records
714 records
625 records
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
18 rows selected.
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
22-OCT-OO
22-OCT-OO
22-OCT-08
22-OCT-88
22-OCT-OO
22-OCT-80
22-OCT-08
22-OCT-OO
22-OCT-80
22-OCT-08
' , " ' < ;' , " -
SQL>
-dJ
..
C1 C2
5081
5001
5801
5881
5881
5001
5081
5801
5881
5881
' :
s
.
.. .',-,*. ' ;
>
'
/'
-.'.''
: V
. 9.7. ,
: 4
'
: , ' ' 'A
PL/SQL
315
* Oiacle SQL-Plus
ite * Search , Options Help
SQL> TIMING STftRT;
SQL> EXECUTE test_tine;
7 seconds

SQL> COMMIT;
Commit
complete.
SQL> TIMING STOP;

real: 7470
SQL>
. 9.8. INSERT TIMING
PL/SQL
? ,
. , ,
. "" , ,
. PL/SQL ,
(packages) , , .
, .
.
, , - .
? . ,
. , . .
, ,
.
:
CREATE PACKAGE _ IS
[ __]
.^, .[]
[ __]
END [_]',
316
:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY ^ IS
[ ]
[ ] ,
[ __ ]
BEGIN
[ ]
[EXCEPTION]
[ ]
END [^];
,.
, ,
. , ,
.
, , ,
, , . (
CREATE OR REPLACE) , , .
, , (package variables).
. - , Oracle , ,
.
; , , , .
.
, , - ,
.
, ..
_._.
dbms_output.put_line dbms_output,
Oracle. _ .
, . . SQL-, ,
. . 9.9 SQL*Plus.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE plsqll01_pack IS ''''
DATE_LOADED DATE; . -
/* (performance)

. Status
.
PL/SQL
317
\
*/
TYPE pkg_perform_type IS RECORD

(person_code
plsql!01_person.person_code%TYPE,
per son_name
char ( 12 ) ,
current_sales
NUMBER(8,2),
perform_percent NUMBER(8,1),
status
char (30)
);
CURSOR PKG_PER_CUR RETURN plsql!01_person%ROWTYPE;
/* .
.
( ) .
*/
FUNCTION pkg_comp_discounts (order_amt NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER*
/*
.
a_person.
, current_sales .
(,
), perform percent .!!
*/
PROCEDURE pkg_compute_perform
(a_person plsqll01_person%ROWTYPE,
.,,-,.,
a_perform OUT pkg_perform_type) ;
.,.,
END plsql!01_pack;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE
small_order_amt
large_order_amt
small_disct
large_disct N
BODY plsql!01_pack IS
NUMBER (8, 2) := 400;
NUMBER (8, 2) := 1000;
NUMBER (4, 2) := 1;
UMBER (4, 2) := 5;
CURSOR PKG_PER_CUR
RETURN plsql!01_person%ROWTYPE
IS
SELECT *
FROM
plsqllOljperson;
-/':..,..,
,-
FUNCTION pkg_comp_discounts (order_amt NUMBER)

RETURN1 NUMBER IS
BEGIN
IF (order_amt < large_order_amt
AND"
order_amt >- small_order_amt)

THEN
RETURN (order_amt * small_disct / 100) ;
ELSIF (order_amt >= large_order_amt)
THEN
RETURN (order_amt * large_disct / 10Q) ;
ELSE
RETURN (0);
318
9
END IF;
END pkg_comp_discounts;
PROCEDURE pkg_compute_perform
(a_person plsql!01_person%ROWTYPE,
a_perform OUT pkg_perform_type)
IS
hist_ord_avg NUMBER(8,2) := 0;
current_avg_sales NUMBER(8,2) := 0;
BEGIN
a_perform.person_code : a_person.person_code;
a_perform.person_name := a_person.last_name;
a_perform.status := NULL;
..--
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(tb!2.product_price * tbll.quantity),
AVG(tbl2.product_price * tbll.quantity)
INTO
a_perform.current_sales,
current_avg_sales
FROM
plsql!01_purchase tbll,
plsql!01_product tb!2
WHERE tbll,product_name = tb!2.product_name
GROUP BY tbll.salesperson
HAVING tbll.salesperson = a_person.person_code;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
THEN
a_perform.status :=
'Current purchases exception';
a_perform.current_sales := 0;
END;
BEGIN
SELECT AVG(tab2.product_price * tabl.quantity)
avg_order
INTO
hist ord_avg
FROM
plsqllOl purchase_archive tabl,
GROUP BY tabl.salesperson
HAVING tabl.salesperson = a_person.person_code;
a_perform.perform_percent :
100 * (current_avg_sales-hist_ord_avg) / hist_ord_avg;
a_perform.status := 'All fine';
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
THEN
a_perform.perform percent := 0;
IF (a_perform.status IS NULL)
THEN
PL/SQL
319
a_perform.status :=
'Erroneous or no history1.;
END IF;
END;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
THEN
a_perform.status := 'Exceptions found1;'
END pkg_compute_perform;
BEGIN
/* */
DATE_LOADED := SYSDATE;
END plsql!01_pack;
DECLARE
one_perform plsql!01_pack.pkg_perform_type;
cursale char(8);
disct char(8);
perf char(8);
,
BEGIN
dbms output.put line('Code' ||
' ' II
'Last Name 1 I I
'.'II
'Total Sales' ||
1 1
I I
'Discounts' ||
' ' I I
'Performance%' ||
I
'" I I
'Errors?');
FOR person_rec IN plsql!01_pack.PKG_PER_CUR
LOOP
plsq!101_pack.pkg_compute_perform(person_rec,
one_perform);
cursale := TO_CHAR(one_perform.current_sales);
disct := TO_CHAR(plsqll01_pack.pkg_comp_discounts
(one_perform.current_sales));
perf := TO_CHAR(one_perform.perform_percent);
dbms_output.put_line(one_perform.person_code ||
' ' I I
one_perform.person_name ||
I I
.11
cursale ||
1
' II
disct ,| |
perf
I
one perform.status);
END LOOP;
12 . 725
320
dbms_output.put_line('Pkg load date seconds ' ||

1
TO_CHAR(plsqll01_pack.DATE_LOADED, SSSSS ));
dbms_output.put_line('System date seconds ' ||
TO CHAR(SYSDATE, ' SSSSS'));
END;
/
mma
* Oracle SOL'Plus
:
:
:
FJe Ed Search ^ptioni **>
'
:;' , * V.' 'x'^-'d
FOR person_rec IN plsql101_pack.pkg per_cur
19
20
LOOP
21
plsq!101_pack.pkg_conpute_perf orn(person_rec, one_perform) ;
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3D
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
cursale :- TO_CHAR(one_perforn.current_sales);
disct
:- TO_CHAR(plsql101_pack.pkg_conp_discounts
(one_perforn.cui*rent_sales));
perf
:- TO_CHftR(one_pet-forn.perforn_percent);
dbns_output.put_line(one_perforn.person_code | |
1
' II
one_perf oi-n.pei-son_nane 1 1
' ' II
cursale 1 1
disct
perf
END LOOP;
one_perforn. status) ;
dbns_output.put line('Pkg load date seconds ' ||
42
TO_CHftR ( plsqii Ol_pack .date.loaded , ' SSSSS ' ) > ;
43
44
dbns_output.put_line{' System date seconds ' ||
45
TO_CHflR(SVSDftTE, 'SSSSS'));
46
47 END;
48
Code Last Name Total Sales Discounts

Atlas
313.31
0
Gfl Anderson
865.24
8.6524
BB Barkenhagen
5456.25 272.8125
LB Baxter
1455
72.75
LN Norton
1455
72.75
Pkg load date seconds 39571
System date seconds 39571
Performance^ Errors?
7.7
All fine
-58.8
All fine
4446.9
All fine
All fine
Erroneous or no history

SQL>
-iLJ
. 9.9.
PL/SQL
321
, PKG_PER_CUR
. CHAR "" : .
,
. DATE_LOADED . , .
, - .
8.
, .
, ,
, (triggering event).
, :
DML
DDL
,
,
PL/SQL :
. Oracle
.
.

.
:
, ,
PL/SQL.
.
.
.
,

.
. ,

, . ,
,
12*
322
9

, , .

. ,
, .
-.
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
"Small Widget" .
, , , . , ,
.
, , . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, . , , ,
20- .
.
20- , .
, ,
(table triggers). .
:
CREATE OR REPLACE __
_
ON _
[WHEN _]
[FOR EACH ROW]
PL/SQL
323
[DECLARE
]
BEGIN
[EXCEPTION
WHEN _
THEN...]
END _',
, ,
.

_ , :
(BEFORE) (AFTER) (
). BEFORE, - , . .
, , BEFORE- (BEFORE trigger).
AFTER,
, .
.
. AFTER- (AFTER trigger).
_ INSERT, UPDATE'
DELETE.
^ , .
FOR EACH ROW , . (row triggers).
FOR EACH ROW , . (statement trigger),
.
DECLARE END _
PL/SQL.
OR. :
DELETE OR INSERT _
UPDATE :
UPDATE _1, _2,...
UPDATE PL/SQL
"new" "old", . , :._ , . "old" "new"
.
324

,
. . . 9.10.
. NULL.
ADD ORDER_NUMBER NUMBER(10);
.
CREATE TABLE plsql!01_audit
(ORDER_NUMBER "
NUMBER(10),
person_code
VARCHAR2(3),
user_name
CHAR(30),
user_machine
CHAR(20),
change_in_quant
NUMBER(5),
transaction_time
DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (person_code) REFERENCES plsql!01_person);

CREATE SEQUENCE order_num_seq;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_trigger
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON plsql!01_purchase
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
no_name_change EXCEPTION;
quant_change NUMBER(5) := 0;
BEGIN
/* He product_name .
.
*/
IF (UPDATING
AND
(:NEW.product_name <> :OLD.product_name))
THEN
RAISE no_name_change;
END IF;
/* ,
, .
*/
IF (((UPDATING)
AND
(:OLD.ORDER_NUMBER IS NULL))
OR
((INSERTING)
AND
(:NEW.ORDER_NUMBER IS NULL)))
THEN
SELECT order_num_seq.NEXTVAL
INTO
:NEW.ORDER_NUMBER
FROM
dual;
END IF;
PL/SQL
325
/* ,
,
.
.
*/
IF (UPDATING)
THEN
quant_change := : NEW. quantity-: OLD. quantity;
ELSE
quant_change := : NEW. quantity;
END IF;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_audit
VALUES
( : NEW . ORDER_NUMBER,
: NEW . salesperson,
USER,
USERENV ( ' TERMINAL ' ) ,
quant_change,
SYSDATE) ;
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_name_change
THEN
dbms_output . put_line
('Change of product name not allowed');
dbms_output . put_line
('Aborting and resetting to old values');
:NEW.product_name
:= :OLD.product_name;
:NEW. salesperson
:= :OLD. salesperson;
:NEW.ORDER_NUMBER := : OLD.ORDER_NUMBER;
: NEW. quantity
:= : OLD. quantity;
END audit_trigger;
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_audit;
INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase
VALUES ('Round Snaphoo', 'LN', ' 15-NOV-02 ' , 2, NULL) ;
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_purchase WHERE salesperson = 'LN';
UPDATE plsql!01_purchase SET salesperson = 'LB'
WHERE salesperson = 'CA' AND quantity = 1;
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_j>urchase WHERE salesperson =.'CA';
SELECT * FROM plsqll01~audit;
UPDATE plsql!01_purchase SET quantity = 20
WHERE salesperson = 'BB';
SELECT * FROM plsql!01_purchase WHERE salesperson = 'BB';
UPDATE plsql!01_purchase SET product_name = 'Round Snaphoo'
WHERE salesperson = 'BB';
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_purchase WHERE salesperson = 'BB';
SELECT * FROM plsq!101_audi.t;
326
fc. < Seech fiptiorn

SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqllB1_purchase WHERE salesperson - 'LN';
PRODUCTJMHE
SAL PURCHASE.
Medium Wodget
Round Snaphoo
LN
LN
QUANTITV ORDER_NUMBER
18-AUG-82
15-NOU-G2
28
2
12
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqll01 a u d i t ;

ORDER_NUMBCR PER USER_NAHE
12 LN
USER MHCHINE
PLSQL181
CHANGE IN QUHNT TRANSACTI
ALPHANERD
2 22-OCT-B8
SQL> UPDATE plsqll81 purchase SET salesperson -

2
WHERE salesperson * 'CO' AND quantity - 1;
2 rows updated.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_purchase WHERE salesperson - ' C A ' ;
PRODUCTJMHE
SAL PURCHASE.
CR
QUAHTITV ORDER_NUIER
16-JUL-03
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_audit;

ORDERJWHBER PER USER_NAHE
12 LN
13 LB
1* LB
USER_MACHINE
PLSQL1B1
PLSQL101
PLSQL181
CHANGE_IN_QUANT TRANSACTI
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
ALPHAHERD
2 22-OCT-B8
8 22--8
8 22-OCT-8B
SQL> UPDATE plsqllB1_purchase SET quantity - 28 UHERE salesperson - 'BB';

1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_purchase WHERE salesperson - ' B B ' ;

PRODUCT JHHME
SAL PURCHASE.
Medium Wodget
BB
1U-JUL-03
QUANTITY ORDERJWMBER
28
15
SQL> SELECT * FROM plsqllB1_audit;

DRDER_NUHBER PER USER_NAHE
12
13
14
15
USER_HACHINE
LN PLSQL1B1
LB PLSQL1B1
LB PLSQL1B1
BB PLSQL1B1
CHAHGE_IN_QUANT TRANSACTI
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
2
8
8
-55
22-OCT-BB
22-OCT-B8
22-OCT-D8
22-OCT-88
SQL> UPDATE plsq!181 purchase SET product_nane - 'Round Snaphoo'

2
WHERE salesperson - 'BB';
Change OF product name not allowed
Aborting and resetting to old values
1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_purchase UHERE salesperson - '88';
PRODUCT_NAHE
SAL PURCHASE.
Hediun Wodget
BB
Ht-JUL-03
QUANTITV ORDER_HUMBER
2B
15
SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_audit;

ORDER_HUH8ER PER USER_NANE
12
13
14
15
LN
LB
LB
BB
PLSQL1B1
PLSQL181
PLSQL1B1
PLSQL1B1
USER_MACHINE
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
ALPHANERD
CHAHGE_IN_QUANT TRANSACTI
2
8
8
-55
SQL>
. 9.10. ,

22--
22-OCT-BB
22-OCT-BB
22-OCT-88
PL/SQL
327
, .
ORDER_NUMBER. , .
USER,
USERENV, TERMINAL1. , ,
. product_name
,
, .
.
UPDATING INSERTING , .

PLSQL101_PURCHASEn .
, .

, , . CREATE
OR REPLACE TRIGGER.
, :
DROP TRIGGER _;
, :
ALTER TRIGGER _ DISABLE;
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1. Microsoft ODBC Administrator. Start,
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. 9.12.
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UserDSN | S^tomDSN | FileDSN | Drivers | Tracing j .Connection ** | About |

Jser Data Sources:
Name
| Drivei
EJJSSJ2SI
Microsoft dBase Driver (".dbf)
DeluxeCD
Microsoft Access Olivet (*.mdb)
Excel Files
.
Microsoft Excel Drivei |".xls)
FoxPioFtes
Microsoft FoxPro Driver (".dbf)
MS Access 7.0 Database Microsoft Access Oliver (".mdbl
MS Access 37 Database Microsoft Access Driver (".mdbj
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Microsoft Paradox Driver (N.db)
Text Files
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Visual FoxPro Tables
Microofl Visual FoxPro Oliver
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OK.
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Apply
. 9.12. Microsoft ODBC Data Source Administrator
Help
330
2. ,
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ODBC-.
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PLSQL101.
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. 9.15.
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Name
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Microsoft FoxPro Driver f.dbf]
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Microsoft Paradox Driver (".do)
Microsoft Text Driver (".txt; ".csv)
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SQL Server
. 9.13.
331
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^1<1
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Help
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Connect..
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______________
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Next Row Set,
RowSet 1100.
13. Oracle ODBC Test,
Disconnect, File | Exit.
Select Data Source
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Data Source Name
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ODBC Select Data Source (
. 9.16).
334
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Select Unique Record Identifier
0elds in table 'PLSQL101_PLSQL101_AUDIT':
ORDER NUMBER
PE~RSON_Coi5e~
USER_NAME
USER_MACHINE
CHANGE_IN_QUANT
TRANSACTION TIME
OK
Cancel
To ensure data integrity and to update records, you

must choose a field or Fields that uniquely identify each
record. Select up to ten fields.
. 9.18.
,
PL/SQL
335
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10. Access, .
, PLSQL101_PURCHASE
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Oracle Excel
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2. Data | Get External Data | Create New Query.
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.
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KSQ1101_PL5Q1101_AUDITJ
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I SALESPERSON | PURCHASE_DATE | QUANTITY | ORDER
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GA
GA
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CA
CA
LN
7/14/2003
7/14/2003
7/14/2003
7/15/2003
7/15/2003
7/16/2003
7/17/2003
8/18/2002
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Choose Data Source
OK
Databases I Queries |
MS Access 97 Database'
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6! PLSQL101 .PRODUCT
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PRODUCT NAME
>
PISQL1
01
.PURCHASE
PLSQL101 PURCHASE ARCHIVE -J
ffl PLSQL101_PURCHASE_ARCHIVE
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SALESPERSON
PURCHASE DATE
QUANTITY
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7.
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7/14/20030:00
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www.lory-press.ru
Oracle Press
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Kristofer Alen Oracle PL, SQL

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Oracle PL/SQL 101

'.- , ' > ' . :

101: Oracle PL/SQL

Oracle PL/SQL 101

101: Oracle PL/SQL

' "-:' '." -:' 1 ':/'.]

. - . ; ' ' ' - ;.

**,'* ,-"'' .'

' " . ' . "

- . . " - ' . ,..; .

' " ' ' . " ,

Scott Campbell 63000

'(555)51 7-8901 :mking@>m ii

"< > ' ^1/' '/

Be Ed Sech Options *':SQL> CREATE TflBLE plsqUDI test_1 (

SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll81_test_1 UALUES ('Christopher1, 'Allen1);

SQL> DROP TABLE plsqll01_test_1;

. 2.4. DROP TABLE

SQL> DROP TABLE plsq!101_test_1;

INSERT INTO plsqll01_test_2 VALUES ('George1, 'M');

SQL> INSERT INTO plsq!101_test_2 UALUES ('George 1 , 'M');

':'' " ' , "

SQL> INSERT INTO plsqliei_test_2 UALUES ('Jane1. 'F');

SQL> SELECT FROM plsqllB1_test_2;

. 2.6. CHAR VARCHAR2

SELECT * FROM plsql!01_product;

NUMBER : 999999999999999999999999999 999 999 999 990 000

INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES

PRODUCT PRICE PURCHASE

NULL NOT NULL

Ete Ed Search Options 1

UftRCHflR2(25) NOT NULL,

. 2.11. : SQL*Plus SELECT, .

;*. Oracle SQL-Plus

, , null-, , NOT NULL,

SQL> INSERT INTO plsqll01 purchase UALUES

. 2.12. null- NOT NULL

INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES

! Search Qptiora Help

('Fifth Product1s Name', 25, '05-MftV-03');

PRODUCT PRICE PURCHASE

.1'*;.., SELECT product_name FROM plsql!01_purchase;

fte < Search Options Help : ;

SQL> SELECT purchase_date, product_price, product_nane

PURCHASE. PRODUCT_PRICE PRODUCTJfflME

CREATE TABLE plsql!01_purchase (

INSERT INTO plsql!01_purchase VALUES

PRODUCT PRICE+SflLES TUX

SQL> SELECT product naroe, 180 - product_price FROM plsql1B1_purchase;

SQL> SELECT productjnane, sales_tax / product_price FROM plsql181_purchase;

SftLES /PRODUCT PRICE

PRODUCT _NftME | | 'UASSOLDBV | | SALESPERSON

was sold by ftB

'. '7 '

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'.::''.- ; ..- : '.- ' : ' * . . - - .

INSERT INTO plsql!01_product VALUES

' ' " ' . , , : f- - - !

PRODUCT_PRICE QUflNTITV_OH_HAND LflST_STOC

& Oracle SQL-Plus