Basic dyes are cationic dyes applied on silk and acrylic fibres.

Reactive dyes, form covalent bonds with fibres by chemical reaction and can be applied on cotton, wool and silk but predominantly on cotton only.

Water Insoluble dyes Dyes which are not soluble in water readily, are called water insoluble dyes. However, these dyes are converted into soluble ones by the addition of suitable chemicals before they are applied on the fibres. Vat and sulphur dyes are reduced using reducing chemicals and then applied on cotton fibres. Disperse dyes are not made into soluble one but made into fine dispersion and then applied on polyester, acrylic and nylon fibres.

Ingrain Dyes
Ingrain dyes are not readily available for instant application but the actual dyes are produced inside the fibre itself during dyeing, by applying two or more raw materials in to the fibre. !oic dyes are formed inside the fibre by the application of naphthol and fast base successively inside the fibre and similarly mineral khaki, phthalogen blue and aniline black are some of the dyes which are formed inside the fibre only.

DYEING -AN INTRODUCTION

Dyeing can be carried out on the te"tile material which may be in a physical form like loose fibre, tow, tops, yarn, woven fabric, knitted fabric or in garment form. But usually te"tiles are dyed in yarn and fabric form for most of the commercial purposes. Dyeing can be done either as a batch process or as a continuous process. #$ During batch dyeing, a batch comprising of a certain length or weight of te"tile is dyed using a compact single dyeing machine such as %igger, winch, soft flow, %et, beam, cabinet yarn dyeing machine, cheese dyeing machine etc. &his dyeing is continued for a predetermined length of time usually, a few hours. In continuous dyeing, there will be a se'uence of machinery chambers where(in the well prepared te"tile material is impregnated with the dye solution in the first section, then passed into the fi"ation chamber, or any other chemical bath used for fi"ation, then the material is washed off and finally dried to complete the process. Here the production is continuous in terms of meters per minute. &he output speed is e'ual to the input speed. )ontinuous dyeing is ideal and economical when a large amount of te"tile must be dyed to the same shade.

DYEING OF COTTON WITH AZOIC DYES Properties o A!oi" Dyes

!oic dyes are not single, readymade dyestuffs. called +fast bases+. !oic dyes are produced *insitu+ , inside-, on a te"tile substrate. &hey are mechanical mi"tures of an a!oic coupling component called +naphthols+, and an a!oic dia!o component

!oic dyes are produced on a substrate in two stages. the market. #2

pplication of napthol first, which is followed by the application of fast base. .apthols are derivatives of

B/. acid , 01(o"y naphthoic acid -. &here are several napthols in