Reservoir and Production Conformance in Dev Wells - QUITO - FINAL

Reservoir & Borehole Diagnostics/Conformance
for EOR in Development Wells

Reservoir & Borehole Diagnostics/Conformance
for EOR in Development Wells
Maged Fam
Region Manager
Formation & Reservoir Solutions
Latin America
Dr. Luis Quintero
Global Advisor
Production Management
Houston, TX
2013 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 2
Topics
Global Oil Resources & Reserves
What is EOR
What is Conformance
Reservoir, Production, Well Integrity Diagnostics
Reservoir Diagnostics using Pulsed Neutron Technology
E and C/O Interpretation and Case Histories
Chi Modeling
SM
Silicon & Oxygen Activations
Production Diagnosis / Surveillance
PLT and Ultra-Sonic Technology and Applications
Well Integrity and Zonal Isolation Diagnostics
Perforation Techniques Considerations
EOR in Heavy Oil
Conclusion
4
Original Oil in Place
0
100
200
300
400
Conventional
<100 cP
Heavy Oil
100-10000 cP
Extra Heavy Oil
10,000 cP
D. Wightman (1997)
Total Oil In Place 14.0 Trillion bbl.
< 100 cp 4.5 Trillion bbl.
100 10,000 cp 3.5 Trillion bbl.
> 10,000 cp 6.0 Trillion bbl.
Total Produced 1.1 T. bbl.
90 % < 100 cp
10 % > 100 cp
1 Trillion = 1,000,000,000,000
Worlds Oil in Place
30%
Conventional
Oil
15 %
Heavy Oil
30%
Oil Sand Bitumen
30%
Extra Heavy Oil
Source: Wikipedia
Worlds Oil Reserves
Reserve = Volume of Hydrocarbon
Economically Recoverable
Resource = Volume of Hydrocarbon
in Place
OPEC Proven Crude Oil Reserves, end of 2011 (Billion Barrels, OPEC Share)
Venezuela 297.6 24.8% Iraq 141.4 11.8% Libya 48.0 4.0% Algeria 12.2 1.0%
Saudi Arabia 265.4 22.1% Kuwait 101.5 8.5% Nigeria 37.2 3.1% Angola 10.5 0.9%
Iran, I.R. 154.6 12.9% UAE 97.8 8.2% Qatar 25.4 2.1% Ecuador 8.2 0.7%
Source OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2012
OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves 2011
1 Billion = 1,000,000,000
Reserve Estimates
N
o
= oil in place, stb
N
g
= Gas in Place, scf
A = drainage area, acres
B
o
= Oil formation volume factor (rbbl/stb)
B
g
= Gas formation volume factor (rcf/scf)
h = individual zone thickness, ft
= porosity, fraction
Sw = water saturation, fraction
F
r
= Recovery Factor
Oil In Place
Reserves
r
F N R - =
( )
o
w
o
B
S 1 h A 7758
N
|
=
( )
g
w
g
B
S 1 h A 43560
N
|
=
Gas In Place
Enhanced Oil Recovery EOR is a generic term for techniques used to
increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from a reservoir.
Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary
recovery (as opposed to primary and secondary recovery).
EOR
Common EOR methods:
Gas Injection
natural gas
Nitrogen
CO
2
Thermal Methods
Steam Injection
Fire Flood
SAGD
Chemical
Polymer Flooding
Microbial Injection
Liquid CO2 Flooding
EOR
Additional 1% F
r
= 2 3 years of additional Reserves
EOR is about increasing the recovery Factor F
r
Enhanced Oil Recovery Project at Weyburn, Canada

0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0 10 20 30 40
Primary vs. Enhanced Oil Recovery Example
Oil Production
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

-
1
0
0
0
b
b
l
s
/
d
a
y

o
f

O
i
l
Primary
Recovery
EOR
Injection
Years
Primary vs. Enhanced Oil Recovery
) (
2 1
P P
L
A
K Q

=
Where:
Q = rate of flow, cm
3
/sec
A = cross sectional area, cm
2
L = Length, cm
P1 = initial pressure, psi
P2 = producing pressure, psi
m = Fluid viscosity, cP
Hydrocarbon Production Rates
High Permeability
Low Permeability
w
r
R
ln
k h
PI

o =
Productivity Index
= numerical coefficient depending , among other thing, on units
h = reservoir thickness
A = drainage area
k = reservoir permeability
= reservoir fluid viscosity
R = well drainage radius
= porosity
r
w
= well bore radius
Oil Recovery/Production Mechanisms
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Natural Flow
Artificial Lift
Water Flood
Pressure
Maintenance
Thermal Gas Injection
Other
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

O
i
l

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y

E
O
R

Chemical
Steam
Hot Water
Combustion
CO
2
Hydrocarbon
Nitrogen
Surfactant
Polymer
Alkaline
Microbial
Acoustic Waves
Electromagnetic
Mechanical
Conformance
Execution
Selection of
Proper Solution
Problem
Diagnosis
Evaluation
of Results
Initial
Evaluation
Reservoir
Characterization
Is a Process for Optimizing / Enhancing Production
Management Control &/or Alteration of Undesired Fluids &/or Deposits
e.g.: Water, Gas. Sand, Asphaltenes
Coiled Tubing
Wireline & Perforating Stimulation & Treatment
Experts & Specialists
Completion & Isolation
EOR - Integration of Services & Solutions
Technologies & Services for Optimizing EOR
Reservoir & Production Diagnostics
- RMT-Elite / GR - QuikLook
- PLT / CAT / Gas Holdup
- Spectral Flow Log - T-FAS
- Dynalink - EZ Gauge
Spectral Flow
RMT-Elite
Dynalink
PLT CAT
T-FAS
Well Integrity Diagnostics:
- Swell Packer
- CAST-V
- RCBL
- Expandable Packers - HPI
Swell Packer
CAST-V
RCBL
HPI
Experts & Specialists:
- NEXUS
- EDM
- DMS
- SpecDecomp
- Emeraude
- PLATO
EDM
Perforating Techniques:
- Conventional
- SurgePro
- StimGun
- StimTube
NEXUS
SpecDecomp
DMS
SurgePro
StimGun
StimTube
Reservoir Stimulation
- GasPerm1000
- CW-Frac
- Expedite
- SandWedge
- My-T-Oil V
- Optikleen-WF
- SurgiFrac
- CobraMax
GasPerm1000
CobraMax
SurgiFrac
OptiKleen-WF
My-T-Oil V
Expedite
SandWedge
CW-Frac
Water Control:
- WaterWeb
- H
2
Zero
- PermSeal
- BackStop
- Thermatek
- MocOne
- QuikLook
WaterWeb
PermSeal
BackStop
Thermatek
MocOne
QuikLook
H
2
Zero
Chemical Treatment & Cleaning:
- PulsonixTF
- DuraKleen
- Guidon AGS
- CoilGard
- LO-Gard
- CoilSweep
- Hydra-Blast
- DeepWave
- StimWatch
PulsonixTF
DuraKleen
623
340
22
750
0
200
400
600
800
Initial Perm (md) Final Perm (md)
Water Oil
Guidon AGS
CoilGard
LO-Gard
CoilSweep
Hydra-Blast
DeepWave
StimWatch
Sand Control:
- PropStop
- SandTrap
- Expedite
- SandWedge
Special Services:
- Coiled Tubing
- Coiled Tubing Enhebrado
- Well Tractor
Expedite
SandWedge
PropStop
SandTrap
Coiled Tubing
Enhebrado
Well Tractor
Producer
Injector
Reservoir Diagnosis:
Coning (water or gas)
Channeling thru high K channels
Water injection profile
Relative permeability profile
Unplanned fracture extension
Production Diagnosis/Surveillance
Plugged perforations
Fluid % production contribution
Undesired fluid entry downhole
Production rates evaluation downhole
Well Integrity Diagnosis:
Casing damage
Channels behind casing
Seal rupture / breakdown
Completion near water zone
W
a
t
e
r

C
u
t

%
W
a
t
e
r

C
u
t

%
11
22
33
44
Time Time
Reservoir, Wellbore Integrity & Production
Diagnostics
Reservoir & Production Diagnosis:
RMT- Elite
TMD-L
Spectral Flow Log
PLT / CAT / Gas Holdup
Dynalink
QuikLook
T-FAS
EZ Gauge
Completion & Borehole Diagnosis:
CAST-V
CBL & RCBL
MIT & MTT
Reservoir, Production & well Integrity
Diagnosis Tools
Top of Salt
Reservoir Diagnosis
Water, Oil & Gas
Saturations /
Remaining
Saturations
Reservoir Monitoring and Water/Oil Saturation Estimation in Completed Wells
Carbon Oxygen C/O & SIGMA
Reservoir Monitoring and
Water Saturation Estimation in
Completed CH Wellbores
Carbon Oxygen C/O & SIGMA
Reservoir Monitor Tool Elite (RMT-E)
Main Technologies used for CH
Reservoir Monitoring
Pulsed Neutron Capture (E) -- PNC
Oil Saturation
High Salinity Formation Water
Gas Saturation
High Salinity Formation Water
Low Salinity Formation water
Pulsed Neutron Spectral (C/O) -- PNS
Oil Saturation & Gas identification
Variable, Unknown Salinity and/or
Fresh Formation Water
Sigma E is the capture cross
section, for thermal neutron
absorption, of a volume of matter.
E = 4550 / TAU
E = capture cross section (capture units)
TAU = neutron decay time (usec)
Neutron capture: is a kind of nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus collides
with one or more neutrons and they merge to form a heavier nucleus.
Pulsed Neutron Capture
Definitions
Capture Cross Section: The macroscopic cross section for the absorption of
thermal neutrons of a volume of matter, measured in capture units (c.u.). Sigma is
also used as an adjective to refer to a log of this quantity. Sigma is the principal
output of the pulsed neutron capture log, which is mainly used to determine water
saturation behind casing.
Neutron interaction with a matter can be either scattering or absorption reactions.
Scattering can result in a change in the energy and direction of motion of a neutron but
cannot directly cause the disappearance of a free neutron. Absorption leads to the
disappearance of a free neutron as a result of a nuclear reaction with formation of new
nuclear and another particle or particles such as protons, alpha particles and gamma
photons
G
R
/
C
C
L

T
e
l
e
m
e
t
r
y

1

1
1
/
1
6
2 1/8
RMT
(BGO)
Reaction Sequence of High Energy Neutrons
Capture
Inelastic
Inelastic
Elastic
Inelastic Measurement
Fast & High Energy Interaction
Si, Ca, C and O Spectrum are
measured. Windows algorithm
for C/O and Ca/Si ratios
Capture Measurement (Thermal)
V. slow & Low Energy Interaction H,
Si, Ca, Cl & Fe Spectrum are
measured. Yields are used in basic
mineralogy. Sigma & ratios of counts
porosity
Thermal
Inelastic / Elastic Elastic
Elastic / Absorption
High Energy Fast
Intermediate Epithermal
Thermal
Inelastic Gamma Ray
Capture Gamma Rays
Neutron Decay Steps
This imagecannot currently be displayed.
This imagecannot currently be displayed.
Neutron Decay in Time
N
10 Sec.
Elastic Gamma Ray
Neutron energy classifications and GR producing reactions
for pulsed neutron well logging...
Class Energy range Time Predominant Reactions
Source
14 MeV to
10 MeV
0
inelastic (C,O,Ca,Si,Fe)
activation (O, Si, Fe)
High Energy
10 MeV to
100 keV
<1 sec
inelastic (C,O,Ca,Si,Fe)
activation (Si, Fe)
Fast
100 kev to
100 ev
<2 sec
inelastic (Fe)
activation (Fe)
Epithermal
100 ev to
.1 ev
<20 sec
inelastic (Fe)
capture (Fe)
activation (Fe, Al)
Thermal ~0.025 ev <1 msec
capture (H,Si,Ca,S,Fe,Ti,K,Cl)
activation (Al, Fe)
RMT-E Timing Diagram
C/O & Ca/Si
Elemental Yields (Si, Ca, K, Fe, S, Ti, H, Cl)
SIGMA formation
Water Movement from Oxygen Activation
Design Principles
Bismuth Germinate (BGO) Detectors
Isolated Detector Section
Combinable with PLT (Production Logging Tools)
Optimized Simultaneous Measurements
C/O & for saturations estimation, fluid type /
contacts detection
Elemental Contributions: Si, Ca, K, Fe, S, Ti, H, Cl,
C, O for lithology analysis
from capture and inelastic count rate ratios
Oxygen Activation for detecting water movement
BGO
BGO
PN Generator
Dewar
Heat Sink
housing
Thru Tubing (2 7/8 I.D. 2.375) logging 2 1/8 tool O.D.
Temp. limit 325 F & Press. Limit 15,000 psi
Combinable with PL tools for Production analysis
Detection of Water Movement
Station or continuous measurements
Inside & Outside Casing
Water movement velocity measurement
Two operation Modes:
Inelastic mode C/O, IRIN (
D
), RCAP (
N
) Elemental yields,
E, OA
Capture Mode E RIN (
D
), RNF (
N
), Elemental Yields, OA
Max Logging Speed:
3 ft/min Inelastic mode (3 passes or 1 Pass 1 ft/min)
15 ft/min capture mode
Cement
Formation
Borehole
Borehole
Fluid
RMT-E
Casing
Detectors Used by Service Companies
Detector DIAMETER LENGTH DENSITY Energy Resolution*
BGO 1.4 6 7.13 gm/cc 9.3 %
GSO 1.1 4 6.71 gm/cc 8 %
NaI 1.11 6 3.67 gm/cc 6.5 %
BGO : Bismuth Germanate : Bi
4
Ge
3
O
12
cubic crystals
GSO : Gadolinium Oxyorthosilicate :
NaI : Sodium Iodide : NaI
* : at 662 keV for a 1 cm
3
Crystal
Pulsed Neutron Applications
Capture Applications
Reservoir Monitoring in high
Formation Water Salinity
Water Saturation Sw
Reservoir Fluids Contacts in
completed (CH) wellbores
Capture Porosity similar to
Neutron Porosity
Spectroscopy Log for
Lithology
O Activation Applications
Oxygen Activation Log for
Water Flow Detection
Silicon Activation Log for
Gravel Pack Evaluation,
Lithology and differentiation
between Limestone vs.
Sandstone
Inelastic C/O Applications
Reservoir Monitoring in Fresh or
unknown Formation Water
Salinity
Oil Saturation So
Reservoir Fluid Contacts in
completed (CH) wellbores
Inelastic Porosity similar to
Density Porosity
Spectroscopy Log for Lithology
Typical E Values
Lithology / Fluid
Type
E
@20C,c.u.
Tipical E values
used
Sandstone 7 to 14 10
Limestone 7 to 15 12
Dolomite 8 to 12 9
Shale 20 to 50
Vary by Formation
Oil 16 to 22 20

Gas

2 to 15
] (Temperature,
Pressure & Sp.
Gravity)
Fresh Water 22.20 20
Salt Water (100 Kppm)
59 59
Salt Water (240 Kppm)
119 119

c.u. : Capture Units
MINERAL
E
Quartz SiO2 4.3
Calcite CaCO3 7.3
Dolomite CaCO3.MgCO3 4.8
Feldspars
Albite NaALSi3O8 7.6
Anorthite CaALSi2O8 7.4
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 15.0
Evaporites
Anhydrite CaSO4 13.0
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O 19.0
Halite NaCl 770
Sylvite KCl 580
Carnallite KCl.MgCl2.6H2O 370
Borax Na2B4O7.10H2O 9000
Kermite Na2B4O7.4H2O 10500
Coal
Lignite 30 +/-5
Bituminous coal 35 +/-|
Anthracite 22 +/-5
MINERAL
E
Iron-Bearing Minerals
Iron Fe 220
Geothite FeO(OH) 89.0
Hematite Fe2O3 104
Magnetite Fe3O4 107
Limonite FeO(OH).3H2O 80.0
Pyrite FeS2 90.0
Siderite FeCO3 52.0
Iron-Potassium Bearing
Minerals
Glauconite (green sands) 25 +/-5
Chlorite 25 +/-15
Mica (Biotite) 35 +/-1
Illite Shale 37 +/-5
Others
Pyrolusite MnO2 440
Manganite MnO(OH) 400
Cinnabar HgS 7800
Typical E Values of Different Elements
E in c.u.
(capture Units)
GAMMA RAY
Capture Ratio
Clean
Sandstone
SIGMA E - c.u.
Shale
Shale
60
0
Typical Log Responses
Inelastic Ratio
Fresh Water
(22.2)
Salt Water (56)
90 Kppm
Oil
(16-22)
GAS (< 15)
(PU) x Sal. (Kppm) = YY
YY < 500 No
1000 > YY > 500 Possible
YY > 1000 Good Results
Ex.:
20 pu x 20 kppm = 400 No
25 pu X 50 kppm = 1250
Good Results
When to run E Log ..?
Hydrocarbon Shaly Rock Model
Porosity
Rock
Matrix
Total Volume = 1
1=V
ma
+ u
e
+V
Sh
V
ma
=1-u
e
- V
Sh
Rock Matrix Volume
V
w
= S
W
*u
e
Water Volume
H.C. Volume
Shale
V
Sh
Shale Volume
V
hc
= (1-S
W
)*u
e
V
ma
= 1 - u
e
- V
Sh
V
Sh
V
w
= u
e
* S
w
V
hc
= u
e
* ( 1 - S
w
)
E
Log
= E
ma
* v
ma
+ E
Sh
* v
Sh
+ E
w
* v
w
+ E
hc
* v
hc
E
Log
E
ma
E
Sh
E
w
E
hc
Hydrocarbon Shaly Rock Model
SigmaSat
H
H
H
H H
H H
C C C
H
H
H H
H H
C C C
H H
H H
H C C
C
8
H
18
(Octane )
H
2
O (Water)
Low C/O
High C/O
What exactly do we measure ?
The Carbon and Oxygen content associated with fluids and Matrix
Fluids: Carbon in Oil & Oxygen in Water
The C/O represent the relative ratios of Water and Oil
Carbon Oxygen Ratio C/O Logs
O
H
H
borehole porosity matrix
borehole porosity matrix
+ +
C + C + C
A = C/
A: constant reflects the relative
flux-averaged inelastic
neutron cross section for
Carbon & Oxygen
RMT-E Timing Diagram
C/O & Ca/Si
Elemental Yields (Si, Ca, K, Fe, S, Ti, H, Cl)
SIGMA formation
Water Movement from Oxygen Activation
RMT-E Raw Spectra
40
30
20
10
0
x
1
0
-
3
8 6 4 2
Si
Ca
C
O
X5
Energy (MeV)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

C
o
u
n
t
s

35 pu FW S.S
36 pu Oil S.S.
26 pu FW L.S.
C/O Spectra
C O
RMT-E C/O and Ca/Si Fan Charts
for 7 csg/10 bh
Corrected C/O
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.560
0.580
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
R
"
c
o
Corrected Ca/Si
1.300
1.350
1.400
1.450
1.500
1.550
1.600
1.650
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
R
"
c
a
s
i
4.5/6 Oil
4.5/6 SW
4.5/6 FW
7/10 FW
7/10 SW
7/10 Oil
9.6/10 fw
9.6/10 sw
9.6/10 oil
Limestone
Sandstone
ACO
-0.020
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
A
C
O
4.5/6 Oil
4.5/6 SW
4.5/6 FW
7/10 FW
7/10 SW
7/10 Oil
9.6/10 fw
9.6/10 sw
9.6/10 oil
RMT-E Raw data
Individual Log Passes
Check Repeatability
Verify that different passes
are on depth
Basic Quality Control
RMT-E
Corrected
Log data
Log Stacking
Environmental Corrections
Curves Normalization
C/OOil Saturation Equation
) .178 (C/O
)C/O - (1
o
S
hc
0 +
37 . 0
=
) .178 (C/O
)C/O - (1
o
S
hc
0 +
37 . 0
=
k 0.185 - 0.02 0.2R - R C/O
Ca/Si C/O
+ + = k 0.185 - 0.02 0.2R - R C/O
Ca/Si C/O
+ + =
Lithology
Independent Oil
Saturation So
ACO
-0.020
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
A
C
O
4.5/6 Oil
4.5/6 SW
4.5/6 FW
7/10 FW
7/10 SW
7/10 Oil
9.6/10 fw
9.6/10 sw
9.6/10 oil
RMT-E
Visual
Interpretation
Gas
Indicator
Count Rates Ratio
Gas
Indicator
Count Rates Ratio
Oil
Indicator
C/O
Oil
Indicator
C/O
Water
Flow
Behind Pipe
O Activation
Water
Flow
Behind Pipe
O Activation
RMT-E
Final Interpretation
Porosity
Gas Saturation
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
Water Flow
Lithology indicators
Gas in Casing Gas in Casing
Gas in the
Tubing/ Casing
Annulus
Gas in the
Tubing/ Casing
Annulus
Oil in Casing Oil in Casing
Oil in the
Tubing/ Casing
Annulus
Oil in the
Tubing/ Casing
Annulus
RMT-E Final Interpretation
Black curves are the
actual triple-combo
logged data
Colored curves created
by CHI Modeling
Chi Modeling
SM
Dat a I nput
St ep
Inelastic near/far ratio - RIN
Intrinsic Sigma - SGIN
Gamma Ray - GR
Capture near/far ratio - RTMD
Near detector count rate - NTMD
Far detector count rate - FTMD
Near sigma borehole - SGBN
NN
Pr oc essi ng
St ep
Data Output
Step
NPHI
RHOB
R
t
Chi Modeling
SM
Required Information:
Open hole Data for Training the NN model
Borehole Completion History
Production / Injection History
Caliper data (if any)
Cement Evaluation Data
All Perforations past and present
Chi Modeling
SM
PN Logs
Training well or wells
Train
CHI
Modeling
Network
OH Logs
Workflow
Step - 1
Chi Modeling
SM
Application Well 1, 2, etc.
CHI
Modeling
Network
Output
OH Logs
PN Logs
Apply
Trained
Chi Modeling
SM
Workflow
Step 2 & 3
Logged Triple Combo Log
121/4 Hole
Logged NPHI vs. Chi Modeling NPHI
Logged
NPHI
Modeled
NPHI
121/4 Hole
121/4 Hole
Logged Rhob Log
Chi Modeling Rhob Curve
Chi Modeling Rhob / NPHI Curves vs. Logged
Modeled Curves
Logged Curves
Predict Triple Combo responses from Cased Hole PN logs
Alternative method when Triple Combo data cannot be
obtained in Open Hole.
The NN training and processing needs to be applied within
the same stratigraphic intervals for best results
The processing can typically be extrapolated for use as far
as 30 miles or more provided detailed QC and reservoir
continuity
Chi Modeling
SM
Summary
Gamma Ray
Detector Above
High Energy
(14-MeV)
Neutron Generator
Si
16
(1.74 MeV)
Silicon Activation
n
Gamma Ray
Detector Below
Activated Silicon
has a 2.24 min.
Half-life
Upper Detector
Lower Detector
Silicon Activation - Example
0
0
1
2
3
4
N
O
R
M
A
L
I
Z
E
D

C
O
U
N
T
S
5
100 200 20 120 220 60
CHANNEL
160 40 140 240 260 80 180
OBI OAI
NEAR OAI
FAR OAI
Energy Levels of Gamma Rays
measured by a detector
256 Channel Recording of the
Gamma Ray Energies from 0 to
8 MeV
Activated Oxygen in Water has
a 6.13 MeV gamma ray
Spectral shape allows
determination of flow location
Inside or Outside Pipe
determination using Compton Ratio
measurement
CRAT = OAI/OBI
Oxygen Activation
Gamma Ray
Detector
High Energy
(14-MeV)
Neutron Generator
O
16
N
16
O
16
(6.13 MeV)
Beta
Decay
7.13-sec
Half-Life
Oxygen
Activation
n
To Measure Water Flow movement
Oxygen Activation
.05 Oxygen Activation 2.55
8.5 Ratio Inelastic/capture -1.5
8 Ratio Near/Far 3
0 E
o
10
-.1 Calcium Yield .6
.05 Silicon Yield .8
260 Sigma Borehole 60
-10 Gamma Ray 110
55K Inelastic Count Rate 0
23K Far Count Rate 0
65K Near Count Rate 0
60 Sigma Formation - Corrected 0
Water Flow
X800
X700
X600
Oxygen Activation - Example
Base log for future monitoring of ASw
Formation fluids contacts detection
Identification of Hydrocarbon zones
Development and expansion of Gas zones
Differentiate between Gas and Oil
Production Analysis
Detection of water movement
Definition of fluids contacts inside the wellbore
Flow monitoring
Exploring old wells
Combining old resistivity logs with RMT-E porosity
Abandoned wells logging for bypassed Hydrocarbon zones detection
Summary:
Open Hole Logs replacement in case of borehole problems
Standalone analysis after invasion dispersion
Combining OH LWD Resistivity logs with CH RMT porosity
Lithology Determination
Sandstone vs. Limestone
Silicon Activation for gravel pack evaluation
Oxygen Activation
Water flow inside and outside casing
Stationary reading for water flow velocity calculation
Porosity Determination
From RTMD y RIN
Tight versus identification of gas
Chi Modeling
SM
Generation of Triple-Combo data using RMT data and Neural Net
Repairing Open Hole logs
Summary:
C/O
C/O
C/O
C/O
Best Solution for Estimating
Fluids Saturations in
Completed Wells
Production
Logging Tools
PLT
Production
Diagnostics
&
Surveillance
Production Logging
Environment:
From:
1. Wikimedia Commons
2. M. Bedry & J. Shaw; SPE 154760 - Using a new Intelligent Well Technology Completions Strategy to Increase Thermal EOR RecoveriesSAGD Field Trial
1 2
Toe Injection String
Heel Injection String
Production Logging
Environment:
1 2
Production Logging Tools
Production Logging (DIAGNOSTIC AND SURVEILLANCE)
PL encompasses logging techniques to measure
dynamic wellbore-reservoir parameters. PL includes a
flow measuring device.
PL can be done during the entire well life cycle:
primary, secondary, EOR. It is also used routinely in
injection wells.
Tools may be run on non-conducting slickline or coiled tubing
Production Logging Tools
Tools may be run on non-conducting slickline or coiled tubing
Production Logging (DIAGNOSTIC AND SURVEILLANCE)
PL encompasses logging techniques to measure
dynamic wellbore-reservoir parameters. PL includes a
flow measuring device.
PL can be done during the entire well life cycle:
primary, secondary, EOR. It is also used routinely in
injection wells.
Injector
Production
Observation/
Production
Sweep Efficiency Monitoring
Injector
Production
Observation/
Production
Idealized water flood front
homogenous reservoir
Complex flood path with
potential early water break
through complex reservoir
structures, fractures,
permeability relationships
and fluid interactions
Production Logging
Conformance:
Sweep efficiency in both secondary and EOR "floods" is enhanced by
conformance technology.
Production logging can identify any variation in injection and production
flows in the perforated zones.
Conformance technology is applied to seal or reduce the formation
permeability in the perforations and/or the near-wellbore region with the
highest flow rates to allow more of the injected fluid to divert into lower-
permeability intervals in the injection zone.
Sweep efficiency can be substantially improved
by flow diversion.
Production Logging
Main Objectives:
Monitor Reservoir Production Performance
Evaluate Treatment / Stimulation Effectiveness
Diagnose Completion Problems
Undesired Fluid (Water / Gas) Entry
Tubular Leaks
Zonal Production Contribution
Production Logging
Main Objectives:
Monitor Reservoir Production Performance
Evaluate Treatment / Stimulation Effectiveness
Diagnose Completion Problems
Undesired Fluid (Water / Gas) Entry
Tubular Leaks
Zonal Production Contribution
From:
3. SPE: 122199 Application of an Advanced Dynamic-Underbalance Perforating System for Improved Oil Production in Development Wells
PL Typical Logging String
PL TOOLS - SPINNERS
PL - Interpretation
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
U/Umax
r
/
r
l
Flujo
Laminar
Flujo
Turbulento
Turbulent
Flow
Laminar
Flow
Velocity Correction
Corrected linear velocity equation:
takes into account tool position, flow profile, and spinner response
Vcf Vap Vf =
r/ri
U
/
U
m
a
x
Planning a Production Logging Program
Is Well Flowing in a Steady State?
Wait Until Stabilization Occurs
Change Choke Size
Multiple Spinner Passes to Determine Correct VA
30, 60, 90, 120 Up and Down
Stationary Measurements to Confirm Holdup / Temperature and
Pressure Readings
Shut-in Passes for Buildup Pressure Readings
Determination of Thief Zones
In-Situ Calibration of Spinners/ Holdup Devices
Yg Yg Yw Yw
Yo Yo
Yg Yg Yw Yw
Yo Yo
PL - Interpretation
Holdup
The holdup of a phase is the volume fraction occupied by that phase at
downhole conditions.
By definition:
1 = + +
g o w
Y Y Y
Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes
PL - Interpretation
Why Do We Need All These Tools?
Minimum Needed for 90 % of Production Logging Jobs
Spinner (Flowmeter)
Temperature
Pressure
1- Holdup Device for Single / Two Phase Flow
2 -Holdup Devices for Three Phase Flow at Downhole Conditions
Special Tools for Improved Results
RMT-E
TMD3D
GHT
Full-Bore Spinner
Diverter Spinner
Production Logging Analysis Programs
Fluid Velocity
Fullbore and In-line Spinner (Continuous)
Diverter Spinner and/or Radioactive Tracer (Stationary)
Single, Two and Three Phase Flow Analysis
Comprehensive Continuous Analysis of Production Data
Holdups
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Correlations
Several Slip Velocity Options
Flow Rates at Both Downhole and Surface Conditions
Zonal Averaging and Incremental Production
Complete Wellbore Diagrams
Basic Production Logs Raw Data
Temperature Logs Can Identify Fluid
Flow and Entry Into the Casing
Spinner Logs Can Detect Fluid Entry
and Exit Points Inside Casing
Holdup Devices Can Also Indicate
Fluid Entry
X500
X600
A
B
C
D
GAMMA RAY
186 188
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
3000 3200
FLUID DENSITY
0.2 1.2
CS8
-150 150
CS7
CS6
CS5
-150 150
CS4
CS3
CS2
CS1
SR8
-10 10
SR7
SR6
SR5
SR4
SR3
SR2
SR1
PERF
PIPE
CMNT
FORM
PERF
PIPE
CMNT
FORM
0 150
-150 150
-150 150
-150 150
-150 150
-150 150
-150 150
-10 10
-10 10
-10 10
-10 10
-10 10
-10 10
-10 10
PL Interpretation
Flowmeter Electronics
PL Interpretation
Flowmeter Electronics
PL Interpretation
Ideal Spinner Response No Flow
Spin Rates Spin Rates
rev/sec rev/sec
Cable Speed Cable Speed
feet/minute feet/minute
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Va = -1.49
Slope = .0381
Quality = .99955
rev/sec rev/sec
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Va = -1.49
Slope = .0381
Quality = .99955
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Va = -1.49
Slope = .0381
Quality = .99955
Va = -1.49
Slope = .0381
Quality = .99955
Spin Rate
Rev/Sec
Cable Speed
Ft / Minute
PL Interpretation
Actual Spinner Response No Flow
PL Interpretation
rev/sec rev/sec
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Vth (-) = -8.70
Slope (-) = .0419
Quality (-) = .99998
Vth (+) = 4.59
Slope (+) = .0407
Quality (+) = .99975
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Vth (-) = -8.70
Slope (-) = .0419
Quality (-) = .99998
Vth (-) = -8.70
Slope (-) = .0419
Quality (-) = .99998
Vth (+) = 4.59
Slope (+) = .0407
Quality (+) = .99975
Vth (+) = 4.59
Slope (+) = .0407
Quality (+) = .99975
Spin Rate
Rev/Sec
Cable Speed
Ft / Minute
PL - Interpretation
Velocity Correction

ap
DV
N =
Re
PL - Interpretation
Single phase flow rate determination
Vap
Reynolds Number VCF = 0.83 V
f
= VCF x Vap
VCF
Q
A V Q
f
=
VCF=VCF
PL - Interpretation
QC data
Select passes
Calibrate spinner
Enter PVT
Select reference inputs
Select appropriate correlation
Select zones
PL - Interpretation
Note: Graphs shown for illustrative purposes only, and not from the same well
QC data
Select passes
Calibrate spinner
Enter PVT
Select reference inputs
Select appropriate correlation
Select zones
PL - Interpretation
Note: Graphs shown for illustrative purposes only, and not from the same well
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
Dept h
ft
Z Q
B/ D -11000 1000
1392 B/D
5121 B/D
QZI
B/ D -5500 500
6514 B/D
1392 B/D
QZT
B/ D -7000 500
21.4%
78.6%
QZTR
-0.2 1.2
CHALLENGES Horizontal well
Effectiveness and fracture performance
Well Trajectory influence on holdup and phase velocity
Generally less pre-production per well evaluation compare to traditional reservoir
To quantify stage performance in complex flow regime requires circumferential arrays
sensors coverage without disturbing flow regime
Conveyance Challenges
Why Array Sensors / Tools?
From:
4. Sondex UltraWire
TM
Production Logging User Guide Version 1.0
Converting Holdup Calculation into Imaging
oil bubbles passing
through the trough
continuous stream
of oil at the top
gas has entered
the well
oil phase
exclusively flowing
over the peak
Flowmeters, Holdup , Temperature
/Pressure Are Required to Provide
Full Analysis
Various Types of Spinners Are
Available to Quantify Fluid Flow
Rates
Pulsed Neutron Logs Can Also
Provide Quantitative Water Flow
Rates
Radioactive Fluid Density
Hydro
GR/CCL
Fullbore Flowmeter
Basket Flowmeter
or Both
Gas Holdup Tool
Pressure
TMDL ,RMT-E or WFL
Temperature
Inclinometer
Vertical Production Logging Tool Combination
Horizontal Production Logging Tool Combination
Gamma Ray
Collar Locator
Telemetry
Density
Continuous
Flow meter
Hydro
SAT
CAT
GHT
Full-bore Flow meter
Inline Flow meter
Temperature
Pressure
Flex Joint
RAT
Tools are rated for 15000 PSI and 350 F
On E Line / Slick Line / Coil tubing
PL ARRAY TOOLS
CAT
RAT
SAT
Capacitance Array Tool
Resistivity Array Tool
Spinner Array Tool
Typical Horizontal well PL Tool String
Total Length: 48.74 ft
Total Weight: 209.10 lbs
Max. O.D.: 2.13
PL - Interpretation
PL - Interpretation
PL - Interpretation
Converting Holdup Calculation into Imaging
oil bubbles passing
through the trough
continuous stream
of oil at the top
gas has entered
the well
oil phase
exclusively flowing
over the peak
PLAY
PERF
PIPE
CMNT
FORM
X500
X600
OIL
WATER
% HOLDUP
100 0
1320
1380
STB / DAY
0 7500
OIL
WATER
OIL
WATER
OIL
WATER
PERF
PIPE
CMNT
FORM
STB / DAY
0 7500
STB / DAY
0 4000
1150
1190
1310
280
A
B
C
D
Production Logging Analysis Production Logging Analysis
Continuous Analysis of Production
Logging Data
Complete Wellbore Diagrams
Calculate Flow Rates at both
Downhole and Surface Conditions
Zonal Averaging and Incremental
Production/Injection
Single, Two and Three Phase
Flow estimates
Production Logging
Zonal Contribution:
Armada
FST and Production Logging

Combination Tool
Gamma Ray
Collar Locator
Telemetry
Density
Continuous
Flow Meter
Hydro
SAT
CAT GHT
Fullbore Flow Meter
Inline Flow Meter Temperature
Pressure
Flex Joint
RAT
Tools are rated for 15,000 psi and 350F
Armada
FST
Loss of reservoir
fluids due to reduction
in pressure as core is
recovered.
Loss of the most
important part of
reservoir system ..
The Hydrocarbons
CONVENTI ONAL CORE RECOVERY
Loss of hydrocarbon from
reservoir to surface
conditions continues with
time.
Objective : Develop a time and cost effective system that capture
reservoir rock and fluid volumes for detailed analysis.
CONVENTI ONAL CORE RECOVERY
Wi r el i ne Rot ar y Cor eVaul t Syst em
Halliburton HRSCT-B Rotary Wireline Core Instrument, Drill Bit Section
Finished Tube Returns From First Job
Transport Cap
Compensation
Spring
Transfer Manifold
Exclude Contamination of Borehole Drilling Fluid
Drilling Mud CoreVault Recovery
HRSCT-P Safety System
Overpack Transport Safety Systems
Wi r el i ne Rot ar y Cor eVaul t Tr anspor t
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0 10 20 30 40
Primary vs. Enhanced Oil Recovery Example
Oil Production
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

-
1
0
0
0
b
b
l
s
/
d
a
y

o
f

O
i
l
Primary
Recovery
EOR
Injection
Years
Primary vs. Enhanced Oil Recovery
Khalda Offset Concession
Wireline Formation Tester Analysis
Qasr-1X and Qasr-2
Lower Safa Formation
Pressure versus Depth
-13200
-13100
-13000
-12900
-12800
-12700
-12600
-12500
-12400
-12300
-12200
-12100
5650 5700 5750 5800 5850 5900 5950 6000 6050 6100
Pressure (psia)
S
u
b
s
e
a

D
e
p
t
h

(
f
e
e
t
)
Qasr-1x
Qasr-2
B Johnson
Sources:
Schlumberger MDT, Halliburton SFT
December 22, 2003
Water Gradient
0.456 psi/ft
1.05 gm/cc
Gas Gradient
0.119 psi/ft
0.28 gm/cc
Qasr -2x
GasColumn
692 ft
Two service companies used for
formation pressure testing. These
companies use different testing tools,
gauges and depth control procedures.
Qasr-1X pressures recorded by
Schlumberger MDT tool.
Qasr-2X pressures recorded by
Halliburton SFT tool.
-12885 SS
13562 MD
-12925 SS
13580 MD
Qasr -1x
GasColumn
680 ft
estimates an increased
OOIP estimate exceeding 200
million barrels
2
8
8

C

~
5
5
0

F
.1er Foro del Activo Integral Samaria Luna:: Retos y Desafos en la Evaluacin de Pozos con Inyeccin de Vapor en el Proyecto Samaria-Negeno
188C
299C
15-Jun-2010
Fluyendo
Verde
12-May-2010
Remojo
Morado
Presion
Original
Estimada
RDT
12-Dic-2011
Remojo
30-Nov-2011
Inyeccion
Rojo
.1er Foro del Activo Integral Samaria Luna:: Retos y Desafos en la Evaluacin de Pozos con Inyeccin de Vapor en el Proyecto Samaria-Negeno
Cement Evaluation
&
Casing Inspection
Completion &
Borehole Integrity
Diagnostics
Casing Inspection & Cement Evaluation Logs
Objectives:
Find Holes, Splits, or Deformities in Pipe / Casing
Evaluation of Zonal Isolation and Detection of channels &/or micro-
annulus within the Cement
Both Internal and Total Pipe Measurements Available depending
on tool type
Log Types
Mechanical Calipers Pipe Inspection
Acoustic Cement Evaluation
Ultrasonic Both Pipe Inspection & Cement Evaluation
Electromagnetic Phase Shift Pipe Inspection
Flux Leakage / Eddy Current Pipe Inspection
CAST-F/M - Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool
Cement Evaluation and Casing Inspection
CBL/VDL - Cement Bond Log /
Variable Density Log
Cement Evaluation
MIT - Multi Finger Imaging Tool
Casing Inspection
MTT - Magnetic Thickness Tool
Casing Inspection
T
Casing Inspection & Cement Evaluation Tools
M
u
d
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
R5
R3
T
Cement Evaluation
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
Cement Bond Log CBL
Variable Density Log VDL
One Acoustic Transmitter (20 khz) + Receivers at 3
& 5 ft spacing
Transmit an Omni-directional acoustic signal for
detecting the absorbed acoustic energy level of the
Casing, Cement and Formation
The received Signal is Omni-directional
Measurements:
Travel Time (TT): Time taken for the signal to travel
from the Transmitter to the receiver through the
Casing, Cement and Formation
Acoustic Signal Amplitude: The acoustic energy level
(amplitude) received by the first arrival
Variable Density (VD): The form of the acoustic
signal received by the 2nd receiver
Tool has to be run Centralized
High density borehole fluid may
attenuate the Acoustic signal
Is important to calibrate the tool
response in Free Pipe
Available Tool Sizes:
1 11/16 std y radial
2 3/4 radial
3 std
3 5/8 std
CBL/VDL Operational Considerations
Formation
Mud
Casing
Travel Time of various Materials
Material Travel Transit Time (sec/ft)
Sandstone 55.5
Limestone 47.6
Dolomite 43.5
Salt 67.0
Anhydrite 50.0
Water (Fresh) 200.0
Water (100,000 ppm NaCl) 189.0
Water (200,000 ppm NaCl) 182.0
Oil 222.0
Air 919.0
Casing (steel) 57.0
Water Base Mud 167.0
Cement 90.0-160.0
Acoustic Signal Mode of Travel
Mud/Fluids
Composite
Formation
Cement
Casing
57 sec/ft
100 sec/ft
40-140 sec/ft
189-208 sec/ft
M
u
d
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
R5
R3
T
1/23/2014
Variable Density Log (VDL)
5 Receiver
Transmitter
D
e
p
t
h

T (sec)
Good Bond
Poor Bond
4 Basic Cementing conditions
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
Free Pipe
Good
Casing-to-Cement
Bond
Partial
Cementation with
Channels
Good Cement
Bond
CBL/VDL Interpretation
GAMMA RAY
0 150
TRAVEL TIME
200 300
AMPLITUDE
0 100
AMPLIFIED AMPLITUDE
0 10
CBL WAVEFORM
-20 20
CCL
Y50
Y75
Free Pipe
No Cement
Good Cement-to Casing and Cement-to-Formation Bond
Partial Cementing
Cement Evaluation & Casing Inspection
CAST-F/M Rotating Acoustic measurements
Image Mode
Amplitude
Travel Time
Travel Time Corrected for Eccentering
Cased Hole Mode
Acoustic Impedance
Casing Thickness
Cement Evaluation
Two CAST Tool versions
CAST-F (FastCast 7c cable)
3 5/8 OD
Multi-conductor cable and high speed telemetry
Faster logging speed over legacy ultrasonic tools
Application 5 to 22 casing/riser
Programmable for 100% Azimuthal coverage
CAST-M (mono conductor CAST)
2 OD tool with 3 1/8 transducer head
Slim hole evaluate 4 to 9 5/8 casing
Programmable for 100% Azimuthal coverage
1c cable traditional cased hole units & rig less operations
Down hole processing and tool memory
Transmit down hole computed data up the 1c e-line
Waveform data stored in downhole memory
Fast memory download when tool is retrieved
CAST Operational Considerations
Liquid Filled Borehole
Mud Weight
Internal Scale
Tool Centralization
CAST-F Measurement Modes
Pressure Compensation &
Fluid Cell Section
Scanner Head Section
Cased Hole Mode:
100 Azimuthal Shots
100 % Coverage @ 2, 4 or 12 Samples/ft
Image Mode: (OH or CH)
200 Azimuthal Shots
100 % Coverage @ 60 Samples/ft
CAST-F/M Measurements
Borehole fluid travel time
Continuous measurement on all logging passes
Inclination & Relative Bearing
Orientation of data to high side of casing
Casing radius
Two way time of flight and fluid travel time
Casing thickness
Frequency of reflected signal
Acoustic Impedance
Cement Sheath Evaluation
Advanced Cement Evaluation Software
ACE
Uses statistical variation to help determine if the material
behind the casing is either fluid or solid
Cement has a high variation
Liquids and Gases have a low variation
In other words
Wiggles Good Cement
Straight lines Bad (or no) Cement
ACE process can also be applied on competitor's data
CAST-F/M
Acoustic Impedance
Values
0
1
2
3
4
5
Free Gas
Water
Drilling
Mud
Cement
Red
Blue
Tan
Light
Brown
Dark
Brown
Black
Green
V = Z V = Z
+
=
Foam
Cement
Acoustic
Material Impedance
Water 1.50
Gas 0.10
Steel (Casing) 46.00
Mud 12 ppg 2.16
Mud 15 ppg 2.70
Mud 17 ppg 3.06
Foam Cement G 9 ppg (250 psi ) 2.19
Foam Cement G 9 ppg (1000 psi) 2.69
Cement 13 ppg (500 psi) 3.37
Cement 16.5 ppg (500) 4.38
Cement 16.5 ppg (2000 psi) 5.62
Acoustic
Material Impedance
Water 1.50
Gas 0.10
Steel (Casing) 46.00
Mud 12 ppg 2.16
Mud 15 ppg 2.70
Mud 17 ppg 3.06
Foam Cement G 9 ppg (250 psi ) 2.19
Foam Cement G 9 ppg (1000 psi) 2.69
Cement 16.5 ppg (500) 4.38
Cement 16.5 ppg (2000 psi) 5.62
Z: Acoustic Impedance
: Material Density
V: Acoustic Velocity
Typical Presentation of Cement Evaluation Log
Cement-to-Casing
Map
VDL
CBL
Amplitude
CCL
Average
Impedance
Amplified
CBL
Amplitude
Travel
Time
GR
CAST-F Example Showing
Channel behind pipe
starting @ 3227 till the top
CBL
WAVEFORM
WMSG
-20 20
GAMMA
0 100
ECENTRICITY
0 1.0
TRAVEL TIME
260 160
IMPEDANCE
IMAGE
AMPLIFIED
AMPLITUDE
0 10
AMPLITUDE
0 70
ZP
0 6.15
AVERAGE Z
10 0
MINIMUM Z
10 0
MAXIMUM Z
10 0
Foam Cement Example
(8 lb / gal)
XX00
XX50
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
AVG Z
10 0
IMPEDANCE
0 6.15
VARIANCE
0 0.6
SEGMENTED IMPEDANCE CURVES 0-5 SCALE
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
XX00
XX50
High Activity
= Cement
Low Activity
= Fluids/Gas
Variance is
a measure of
Activity
Foam Cement Example
(8 lb / gal)
ACE Segmented
Curves
ACE
CBL Collar
Responses
ACE applies the
variance method to
the CBL waveform.
Examination of the
chevron collar
response is the key.
GAMMA
0 150
ECEN
0 1
AMPLIFIED
AMPLITUDE
0 10
AMPLITUDE
0 70
WMSG
CBL WAVEFORM
-20 20
WMSGD
CBL DERIVITIVE OR
VARIANCE
0 10
WMSGT
CBL TOTAL
0 20
Free Pipe
Free Pipe to Bonded Pipe
Microannulus
CAST
ACE
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
AVG Z
10 0
AMPLITUDE
0 100
AMPLIFIED
AMPLITUDE
0 10
FCBI
1 0
FCEMBI
1 0
WMSG
-20 20
IMPEDANCE
0 6.15
WMSGT
0 20
VARIANCE
0 0.6
CEMENT
0 1
XX00
XX50
Both the Impedance
and Variance to
Evaluate Cement
bonding
Free pipe
Cement bond to both
pipe and formation
CAST-F/M Casing Inspection Software
Correction for Tool Eccentricity
Segments and Images
Three-Dimensional Images
Joint and Depth Listings
Top, Bottom and Length of Joints
Minimum, Maximum and Average
Internal Radius and Thickness
Excel Spreadsheets and Summations
Allow monitoring of Damage over time
Complete Report includes Summations and Images
Marine Riser
Inspection
19.25 ID
22 OD
X100
X050
OVALI TY OVALITY
0 0.2 0 0. 2
ECCENTRICITY ECCENTRI CI TY
0 1.0 0 1. 0
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
6000 6600 6000 6600
TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIME
1545 1585 1545 1585
ECCENTRICITY ECCENTRICI TY
CORRECTED CORRECTED
1545 1585 1545 1585
X100
X050
X100
X050
OVALI TY OVALITY
0 0.2 0 0. 2
0 1.0 0 1. 0
OVALI TY OVALITY
0 0.2 0 0. 2
0 1.0 0 1. 0
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
6000 6600 6000 6600
1545 1585 1545 1585
ECCENTRICITY ECCENTRICI TY
CORRECTED CORRECTED
1545 1585 1545 1585
CAST shows the
welded seam from
the manufacturing
process
Packer Damage
CAST-F
Raw Data
7 26 lb. Casing
CAST-F 3-D
Image
Packer Damage
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
3000 5000 3000 5000
ECCENTRICITY ECCENTRICITY
CORRECTED CORRECTED
425 500 425 500
(B)
(C)
(D)
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
3000 5000 3000 5000
CORRECTED CORRECTED
425 500 425 500
(B)
(C)
(D)
CAST-F & ACE
Processing
Detects Separated
Casing
CBL WAVEFORM CBL WAVEFORM
1 250 1 250
- -20 20 20 20
TOTAL CBL WAVEFORM TOTAL CBL WAVEFORM
1 250 1 250
0 20 0 20
IMPEDANCE MAP IMPEDANCE MAP
1 100 1 100
0 6.15 0 6.15
GAMMA RAY GAMMA RAY
0 200 0 200
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE
10 0 10 0
0 1.0 0 1.0
AMP AMPLITUDE AMP AMPLITUDE
0 10 0 10
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
0 60 0 60
CAST BOND CAST BOND
1 0 1 0
Y700
Y750
Y650
CBL WAVEFORM CBL WAVEFORM
1 250 1 250
- -20 20 20 20
TOTAL CBL WAVEFORM TOTAL CBL WAVEFORM
1 250 1 250
0 20 0 20
IMPEDANCE MAP IMPEDANCE MAP
1 100 1 100
0 6.15 0 6.15
GAMMA RAY GAMMA RAY
0 200 0 200
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE
10 0 10 0
0 1.0 0 1.0
AMP AMPLITUDE AMP AMPLITUDE
0 10 0 10
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
0 60 0 60
CAST BOND CAST BOND
1 0 1 0
Y700
Y750
Y650
Y700
Y750
Y650
DEVIATION DEVIATION
0 25 0 25
GAMMA RAY GAMMA RAY
0 200 0 200
OVALITY OVALITY
0 0.5 0 0.5
0 1.0 0 1.0
PIPE
SHAPE OUTSIDE
PIPE
INSIDE
AVERAGE RAD AVERAGE RAD
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
MINIMUM RAD MINIMUM RAD
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
MAXIMUM RAD MAXIMUM RAD
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
AVERAGE THK AVERAGE THK
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
MINIMUM THK MINIMUM THK
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
MAXIMUM THK MAXIMUM THK
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
PIPE THICKNESS PIPE THICKNESS
1 100 1 100
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
PIPE RADIUS PIPE RADIUS
1 100 1 100
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
Y700
Y750
Y650
DEVIATION DEVIATION
0 25 0 25
GAMMA RAY GAMMA RAY
0 200 0 200
OVALITY OVALITY
0 0.5 0 0.5
0 1.0 0 1.0
PIPE
SHAPE OUTSIDE
PIPE
INSIDE
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
1 100 1 100
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
1 100 1 100
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
DEVIATION DEVIATION
0 25 0 25
GAMMA RAY GAMMA RAY
0 200 0 200
OVALITY OVALITY
0 0.5 0 0.5
0 1.0 0 1.0
PIPE
SHAPE OUTSIDE
PIPE
INSIDE
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
1 100 1 100
0.217 0.417 0.217 0.417
1 100 1 100
2.933 3.433 2.933 3.433
Y700
Y750
Y650
Y700
Y750
Y650
CAST-F & ACE
Processing
Detects Separated
Casing
Casing Evaluation Logs
Ultra-Sonic Rotating
Transducer for 360
o
Coverage
Internal Radius and
Thickness Profiles
CASING
4.6 5.2 0.15 0.45
INTERNAL
DIAMETER
CASING
THICKNESS
THICKNESS
CURVES
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
DIAMETER
CURVES
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
4.5 5.5 0.2 0.4 CASING
PROFILE
WELLBORE
OUTSIDE
DEPTH
ECCENTRICITY
OVALITY
DEVIATION
0 0.5
0
0.5
0 10.0
X200
X250
X300
X350
CAST-F Inspection Log
7 Liner
There is a single (large) hole
with thin wall areas adjacent to
the hole
CAST-F & ACE
Processing
CASE
Cased-Hole Mode
Determination of
casing problems with
both internal radius and
thickness measurements
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
70 135
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
OVAL
0 .2
AVRADN
-.25 .25
MAXRADN
-.25 .25
MINRADN
-.25 .25
AVTHIKN
-.25 .25
MAXTHIKN
-.25 .25
MINTHIKN
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
RADIUS
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
THICKNESS
-.25 .25
X500
X550
Major Casing
Damage
Cased-Hole Mode 3-D Images
Casing Damage
3-D View
CAST-M
Wellsite 4 Casing Inspection Data
Damage from
Milling Packer
Collar leak
C
Casing Swelling from
Capsule Perforating Guns
CAST-F
Cased Hole Mode
X200
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
800 1300
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
OVAL
0 .2
AVRADN
-.25 .25
MAXRADN
-.25 .25
MINRADN
-.25 .25
AVTHIKN
-.25 .25
MAXTHIKN
-.25 .25
MINTHIKN
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
RADIUS
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
THICKNESS
-.25 .25
Determination of
casing problems with both
internal radius and
thickness measurements
Standard
Casing
Liner Top
Standard
Casing
X200
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
1000 1200
GR
0 100
ECCENTRICITY
0 1.0
OVALITY
0 .2
CORRECTED
TRAVEL TIME
53 63
AVE. RADIUS
4 6
MIN. RADIUS
4 6
MAX. RADIUS
4 6
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
300 1050
CORRECTED
TRAVEL TIME
84 89
RESCALE SHOWING
LINER OVERLAP
CAST-F
Image Mode
High Resolution Casing Inspection
CAST-F
Image Mode
CAST-F
Cement Evaluation
TT
260 160
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
OVAL
0 .2
MFTT
220 170
AMPLITUDE
0 100
AMPLIFIED
AMPLITUDE
0 10
WMSG
-2500 2500
IMPEDANCE
0 6.15
AVERAGE
IMPEDANCE
10 0
X200
Good
Bond
Liner Top
High
Eccentricity
Notice the strange
log response on the
impedance map
CASE
Determination of
casing problems
with both
internal radius
and thickness
measurements
X200
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
800 1300
GR
0 100
ECCE
0 1
OVAL
0 .2
AVRADN
-.25 .25
MAXRADN
-.25 .25
MINRADN
-.25 .25
AVTHIKN
-.25 .25
MAXTHIKN
-.25 .25
MINTHIKN
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
RADIUS
-.25 .25
NORMALIZED
PIPE
THICKNESS
-.25 .25
Standard
Casing
Liner Top
Standard
Casing
Image Mode
X200
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
1000 1200
GR
0 100
ECCENTRICITY
0 1.0
OVALITY
0 .2
CORRECTED
TRAVEL TIME
53 63
AVE. RADIUS
4 6
MIN. RADIUS
4 6
MAX. RADIUS
4 6
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
300 1050
CORRECTED
TRAVEL TIME
84 89
Rescale Showing
Liner Overlap
High Resolution
Casing Inspection
Pull Out Casing Vs. FASTCAST 3D
Image
CASTF- Log
Image Mode
2D Image
Example of Parted
Casing
CASTF- Log
Image Mode
3D Image
Example of Broken
Casing
F-CASTV - CastCase Procesing
Fractured Casing
Applying Pressure
CASTF- Log
Image Mode
3D Image
Perforated Interval
CASTF- Log
Image Mode
3D Image
Perforated Interval
MIT Multi-Finger Imaging Tool
GE/Sondex Technology
Multi Finger Mechanical Caliper
Tool OD Number of Arms
1 11/16 24
2.75 40
3.9 60
Internal Inclinometer for orientation
of data with respect to high side
Accuracy 0.03
Deployment
E-line or Slick Line (memory)
Limitations
ID measurement only
True ID measurement can be
affected by scale
Simple Mechanical Measurement
Different Size Tools with Varying
Number of Arms to Fit Tubulars
Inside Casing or Tubing Defects
Only
Example MIT Log Split Casing
Problem: Failed pressure test on 4.5 OD casing
proposal: ran 40-finger MIT to inspect for damage
field logs detected damage, but unclear to extent and
dimensions
solution: MIT data post-processed; 3D visualization
depicted split casing
MIT 40
caliper log
damage seen on
pulled casing
3D visualization
from MIT data
MTT Magnetic Thickness Tool
GE/Sondex Technology
Electro-magnetic measurement of casing wall thickness
phase shift (velocity)
attenuation (amplitude)
1 11/16 OD
2 7/8 Tubing through 7 casing
12 Radial Sensors on bow springs
100% Coverage in 5 csg or smaller
Sensitivity/Defect Resolution
3/8 diameter defect - 50% wall thickness, 35% metal loss
3/4 diameter defect - 20% wall thickness, 20% metal loss
Internal Inclinometer for orientation of data with respect
to high side
Combinable with MIT Multi Finger Imaging Tool
Deployment
E-line or Slick Line (memory)
MTT Magnetic Thickness Tool
Limitations
Wall Thickness measurement
+/- 15% in undamaged pipe
Caliper measurements required to
determine if metal loss is internal or
external
Measures wall thickness,
therefore can see both
internal & external corrosion
Detects pitting and gradual
metal loss
Run in combination with MIT
for detailed pipe analysis
MTT Magnetic
Thickness Tool
Perforation Techniques
Considerations
Perforation Sequence
Perforating Charge
Prior To Detonation
Initial Jet Formation
Penetrating Steel
Perforation
Sequence Complete
Considerations
Environment:
History of Perforation Techniques
Mechanical Tools
Bullet Guns - 1930s
Shaped Charges - 1940s
Through-Tubing Guns - 1950s
Tubing Conveyed Perforating - 1970s
Extreme Overbalance Perforating - 1990s
Hydraulic Perforators Late 60s & Mid 90s
EOBP with Propellant Jacket - late 1990s to present
Considerations
Reservoir Rock
Perforation Tunnel
Perforation Depth
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
Which Perforation Technique ?
Overbalanced
Balanced
Underbalanced
Extremely overbalanced
Focused energy
Hydraulic
The technique that provides higher wellbore to formation contact with
the least amount of damage to the created perforations
Perforation System Geometry
(Idealized after Bell, et al, 1995)
Damaged
Zone
Diameter
Casing
Cement
Sheath
Perforation Spacing
(Dependent on Shot
Density)
Perforation Length
(Cement to End of
Perforation)
Entrance Hole
Diameter in
Casing
Damaged Zone Diameter
Perforation Diameter
u = Phase Angle
Perforating Main Challenges
Damaged Permeability Zone
Crushed Debris
Reservoir Rock
Perforation Depth
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
Challenges
Partial Blocking of Perforation Tunnel
Damaged Permeability Crushed Zone
Reduction in Effective Depth of Penetration
High Pressure Differential drop at Sand
Surface
Reduction in Productivity Index
Frequent Workover jobs using Coiled-Tubing
Post-perforation Clean-up Operation
Mini-Frac, Acid,etc.
Ideal Perforating
No Crushed Debris
No Damaged Permeability Zone
Deeper Effective Depth of Penetration
Original Productivity Index
Reservoir Rock
Clean Tunnel
Perforation Depth
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
e
m
e
n
t
Typical Near Wellbore Damage Profile
Charge &
Rock Debris
Pulverized Zone
Grain Fracturing Zone
Compacted Zone, k
c
Undamaged
Permeability, k
Damaged
Permeability from
Production, Injection,
or Drilling, k
d
Open Perforation Tunnel
r
d
C
e
m
e
n
t
C
e
m
e
n
t
C
a
s
i
n
g
C
a
s
i
n
g
S = S
d
+ S
c
+ S
p
+ S
a
S = Total skin damage
S
d
= Formation damage from drilling,
cementing, completion fluid, clay
swelling, and fines migration (changes
with S
p
)
S
c
= Partial completion skin
S
p
= Perforation geometry skin (perforator
type & crushed zone damage)
S
a
= Shape factor skin
S = S
d
+ S
c
+ S
p
+ S
a
S = Total skin damage
S
d
= Formation damage from drilling,
cementing, completion fluid, clay
swelling, and fines migration (changes
with S
p
)
S
c
= Partial completion skin
S
p
= Perforation geometry skin (perforator
type & crushed zone damage)
S
a
= Shape factor skin
Production Performance at Different Skin Values
Time, Months
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

M
b
b
l
16
12
8
4
0
0 12 24 36 48
S = 0.0
S = 5
S = 10
S = 15
S = 20
S = 25
Qp Sensitivity to Skin value! Qp Sensitivity to Skin value!
Factors Influencing Perforation Efficiency
Well Productivity
Formation Compressive Strength
Perforation length
Gun phasing
No. of SPF
Perforation diameter
Crushed zone damage
Wellbore damage
Anisotropy
Dipping formation or slanted wellbore in an anisotropic
reservoir
Porosity
%
Sandstone
Compressive
Strength
PSI
Carbonates
Compressive
Strength
PSI
5 29,915 15,083
10 18,353 9,175
15 11,933 6,698
20 6,985 4,911
25 3,182 3,074
30 1,323 1,561
Porosity vs. Formation Compressive Strength
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

M
p
s
i
Porosity, %
Compressive Strength vs. Porosity
Sandstone
Carbonates
Effect of Perforation Length, Phasing, and Shot
Density on Productivity Ratio
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

R
a
t
i
o
Perforation Length, inches
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 3 6 9 12 15
Open Hole
90 Phasing
0 Phasing
SPF
16
8
4
SPF
16
8
4
12-in. Wellbore Diameter
0.4-in. Perf. Diameter
No Crushed Zone
No Damaged Zone
No Turbulence
(After Tariq, 1987)
Perforating Methods
Wireline Casing
Guns
Tubing Conveyed
Perforating
Through Tubing
Perforating
Main Objectives:
Diagnose Reservoir Production Performance at Sandface
Diagnose Well Suitability Optimize Well Conditions
Determine Zonal Injection/Production Contribution
Implement EOR Process (at Sandface)
Monitor Reservoir Response
Choke= 1/2"
15153-15210
15222-15253
15260-15276
15324-15349
PL 27-11-2002
0 20 40 60 80
Qo = 2014 POBD
Pwf = 5697 psi
Importance of PL/Perf in EOR
Choke= 1/2"
Theoretical Flow
Profile %
0 20 40 60 80
15153-15210
15222-15253
15260-15276
15324-15349
PL 27-11-2002
0 20 40 60 80
PL 01-09-2005
0 20 40 60 80
PL 12-10-2007
0 20 40 60 80
PL 24-02-2008
0 20 40 60 80
Qo = 2014 POBD
Pwf = 5697 psi
Qo = 1791 POBD
Pwf = 5330 psi Qo = 1098 POBD
Pwf = 4380 psi
Qo = 1746 POBD
Pwf = 5322 psi
Diagnose Well Suitability Optimize Well Conditions
Determine Zonal Injection/Production Contribution
Before After
PL 27-11-2002 PL 01-09-2005 PL 12-10-2007
PL 24-02-2008
- Dramatic Improvement in P.I. from 0.35 to 0.91 bbl/psi
Predicted (16 Feb. 2008)
Case Study
- Significant Reduction of Skin Damage
- Increase in P
wf
from 4380 to 5322 psi
- 59 % Daily Production Increase (648 BOPD)
- Dramatic Improvement in P.I. from 0.35 to
0.91 bbl/psi

Inflow/Outflow Curvesfor FUL-91ENERO2008PROPUESTA
SensitivityTo: Flow restrictionI.D. (Choke)
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
a
)

a
t

C
a
s
i
n
g
,

M
D

1
5
1
8
1
.
5
0
0

f
t
2800 2100 1400 700 0
Total ProductionRate(STB/day)
9
9
9
9 9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Inflow: All values
Outflow: 1-1/4"
Outflow: 1"
Outflow: 7/8"
Outflow: 3/4"
Outflow: 5/8"
Outflow: 1/2"
Outflow: 7/16"
Outflow: 3/8"
Outflow: 5/16"
Outflow: 1/4"
9
K = 14.5 mD
Matched Skin = 25
Qo = 1100 POBD
Pwf = 5050 psi
Inflow/Outflow Curves, Well: F-A Proposal Feb., 2008
Sensitivity to: Flow Restriction I.D. (Choke)
D
o
w
n
h
o
l
e

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

p
s
i

Total Production Rate - BOPD
Gun
Systems
EOR in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
223
50
20
45
40
30
10
0
API
0,780
0,802
0,825
0,876
0,934
1,000
1,076
Density
g/cm
Condensate
Light Oil
Heavy Oil
Tar & Bitumen
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

O
i
l

H
e
a
v
y

a
n
d

E
x
t
r
a

H
a
v
y

O
i
l
API: American Petroleum Institute
API is a measurement derived from Oil Density at Surface Conditions !
~11.3API
API = (141.5/SG at 60 F) - 131.5
Oil API vs. Viscosity
Extra Heavy Oil < 100 cp Light - Intermediate
100 - 1000 cp Heavy
1000 10,000 cp Extra Heavy
>10,000 cp Bitumen
224
Viscosity of some Common Substances
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1,000.0
10,000.0
100,000.0
1,000,000.0
Milk
Water
Vegetable Oil
Mayonnaise
Motor Oil
Honey
Ketchup
Peanut Butter
centipoise
Source: Oilfield Review
Athabasca Oil Sand
Conventional Oil
Light & Intermediate
FI 1/
225
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
API Gravity
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
)

a
t

r
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r

T
Bitumen
Extra Heavy
Heavy
Source: OGJ EOR Survey (April 2004)
Canada
US
Venezuela/Colombia
China
India/Indonesia
US
Canada
Light & Intermediate
PI 1/
Oil API vs. Viscosity
Where ..?
227
Definition of Reservoir Characteristics
Reservoir
Production Tubing
K
v
K
h
PI K
228
Arcilla
Maximizing Drainage area improve production, but there are considerations!!!
K
1
h
1
1
K
2
h
2
2
K
v
K
h
h
1
h
2
PI Kh/
Depth & Pressure
Differentiation between various Reservoir

Characteristics
Temperature Effect on Heavy Oil
Considering Productivity Index
PI Kh /
K : Core, Logs, Well Test
h : Logs, Core, Seismic
: Fluid Sample, May be Logs
Temperature Effect on Heavy Oil
Considering Productivity Index
PI Kh /
PI 3000 x 20m / 100,000 0.6 PI 6000 x 20m / 2000 60
PI 6000 x 20m / 1000 120
For Every 7C increase in Temperature the Viscosity drops to about half of its value
PI 3000 x 20m / 50,000 1.2
K= 3000 md K= 6000 md
Thermal
Production Methods
Combustion
CIS
THAI
Top Down
Vapor
CSS
Flooding
HCS
SAGD
Water Flooding
CO
2
, IGI
Chemical Injection
VAPEX
None Thermal Primary
Cold Production
MLT
CHOPS
Hybrid Methods
Sequential
Heavy Oil Production EOR Methods
CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation)
HCS (Horizontal Cyclic Steam Stimulation)
CIS (Combustion In Situ)
IGI (Inert Gas Injection)
SAGD (Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage)
CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand)
PPT (Pressure Pulsing Technology)
VAPEX (Vapor-Assisted Petroleum Extraction)
THAI(Toe-to-Heel Air Injection)
MLT (MultiLateral)
Hybrid Combining more than one method
Heavy Oil Production EOR Methods
Nomenclature
In 1985, almost the only commercial technology
available for Heavy Oil Production in high Porosity
Sandstones CSS Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Isaacs, 1998
Cyclic
Steam
Stimulation
Horizontal
Wells
Vertical
Wells
Thermal
X X
None Thermal
Heavy Oil Production Technology
1985
X
Starting 2008, Commercial Technologies apply in all the
categories
Cyclic
Steam
Stimulation
SAGD*
HCS*
THAI?
Cold Flow*
+PPT
VAPEX?
IGI*?
CHOPS*,
PPT
* Completed
Commercialization
Heavy Oil Production Technology
2008
Horizontal
Wells
Vertical
Wells
Thermal None Thermal
Thermal Methods
Thermal techniques aim to reduce oil viscosity in
order to increase its mobility, through the
application of heat.
Steam Flooding
Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Horizontal Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
In-situ combustion Fire flooding
Heavy Oil EOR Methods
Steam Flooding
Long soak periods
may be desirable
in order to fully
utilize the injected
heat energy
Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage - SAGD
Pair of horizontal wells are drilled into the oil reservoir,
One well a few 4 - 6 meters above the other
High pressure steam is continuously injected into the upper well
Steam and gases rise because of their low density compared to oil below
Heated oil moves downward into the lower well, where it is pumped out
Steam is first circulated in both wells
Heated heated heavy oil flows to the
lower well
The freed space becomes filled with
steam forming a steam chamber
The steam chamber expands upwards
from the injection well
Oil is heated and flows down along the
steam chamber boundary via gravity
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage - SAGD
Combustion In-Situ (Fire Flooding)
Ignition occurs inside the formation by continued injection of air
A fire front is advanced through the reservoir
Oil mobility is increased by reducing its viscosity caused by the combustion gases heat
Toe-to-Heel Air Injection - THAI
Non-Thermal Methods
Non-thermal recovery techniques could be considered for:
moderately viscous oil 50-200 cp,
thin formation less than 30 ft,
low permeability less than 1 md
depths greater than 3000 ft.
Non-thermal methods aim to reduce the viscosity of oil,
increase the viscosity of the displacing fluid, or reduce the
interfacial tension.
1. Polymer flooding 2. Surfactant flooding
3. CO
2
or Inert Gas Injection 4. Water flooding
5. Emulsion flooding
Hydrocarbon Recovery Process
Injecting specific fluid into the reservoir to help recover the unmovable heavy oil
Polymer flooding
Surfactant flooding
CO
2
Injection
IGI
Water flooding
Emulsion flooding
Heavy Oil Non-Thermal Recovery Methods
Miscible Recovery
These recovery methods include both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon miscible flooding.
Involve the injection of gas (Co2, N, IG,etc.) that either are or become miscible with the
heavy oil under reservoir conditions. This reaction lowers the oil viscosity, making it more easy
to produce, either by water drive or injected gas pressure
Chemical Recovery
These recovery may include surfactant, polymer and/or alkaline flooding. After a reservoir is
conditioned by water pre-flush, specific chemicals are injected to reduce interfacial tension
(help release oil), and/or improve mobility (reduce channeling). This action is followed by
injecting a driving fluid (water) to move the chemicals and resulting oil bank to the production
well
SAGD
PPT
VAPEX
Year
~6-8
2-3
?
Status
$
economic
$$
new
various field
Tests
Mejor Application
Limited to thick zones
> 45-60
CHOPS ~20
$$$
commercial
Zone thickness in the range of
9 a 60, without Moveable Water
In combination w/ other methods
(Cold Production, CHOPS)
Method
For Oils > 100 cP, or with
SAGD
IGI
>15 $$$ High k
v
and Lower
CSI/HCS
3-5 $
Lower k than SAGD, > 40
Status of the Methods of Heavy Oil
Production
Reservoir & Production Diagnosis:
RMT- Elite
Reservoir Evaluation behind Casing
Spectral Flow Log
Water flow movement inside/outside pipe
PLT / CAT / Gas Holdup
Production type & Rate evaluation
Completion & Borehole Diagnosis:
CAST-V
Cement Evaluation & Casing Inspection
CBL & RCBL
Cement Evaluation
MIT & MTT
Casing and Pipe inspection
Summary
Top of Salt
Perforation Techniques & Methods:
Overbalanced, Balanced, Underbalanced,
Extremely overbalanced, Focused energy,
Hydraulic
Wireline Casing Guns, Through Tubing
Perforating, Tubing Conveyed Perforating
EOR in Heavy Oil Reservoirs:
Thermal
CSS, Flooding, HCS, SAGD
CIS, THAI
Non-Thermal
Polymer Water Flooding
CO
2
Flooding, IGI
Chemical Injection
Summary
Top of Salt
Before implementing any EOR method, It is critical to understand:
Changes in Reservoir Behavior throughout the Fields Lifecycle
Detailed Evaluation of Remaining Hydrocarbons
Updated Reservoir Fluid Contacts
Complete Production Surveillance History
Conformance and Control of Undesired Fluids
Completion and Wellbore Alterations and if Repairs are Required
Both the Injection and the Producing Wells are Subject to Proper
Integrity Checks
Considerations

Reservoir and Production Conformance in Dev Wells - QUITO - FINAL

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Reservoir and Production Conformance in Dev Wells - QUITO - FINAL

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Reservoir & Borehole Diagnostics/Conformance

for EOR in Development Wells

Enhanced Oil Recovery Project at Weyburn, Canada

FST and Production Logging

Differentiation between various Reservoir

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