Grade 12

Formula Sheet
Unit: Atoms and Nuclei
1. Rutherford's particle scattering
(a) N() cosec4 (/2)
(b) Impact parameter, b=

Ze2 cot/2
4 0 E

1
2
, (where E= mu =KE of the particle)
2

2. Distance of closest approach:

r 0=

1
2 Ze2
2
, (where E= mu =KE of the particle)
2
4 0 E

3. Bohr's atomic model

(a) L=mvr=

nh
2

(b) hv=Ei =E f =

hc

(c) Radius of nth orbit :

2

rn

h
n2 r = n
, n
2
Z 4 m ke2
Z

(d) Velocity of electron in nth orbit :

v n=

2
Z c
Z
= c (where = 2 Ke = 1 = fine structures constant)
n 137 n
ch
137

4. Total energy of electron:

(a) Potential energy, U = (kZe2/r)
1
2
2
(b)Kinetic energy, K= mv =kZe /2 r
2

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(c) Total energy, E = K + U = (kZe2/2r) = (U/2) = K
(d) K = (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
2

(e) E n =

13.6 Z
Z 2 m k e
2.18 x 10
eV= 2
=
2
2
n
n
h
n2

18

(f) Series formula (wave number v=1/

2
2 4
1
1
2 1
=RZ 2 2 were R= 2 m k3 e =1.097 10 7 m 1

n1 n 2
ch
(g) Series formula for H atom

1
1
=R 1 2 , n=2,3, 4,........

n
1
1 1
(ii) Balmer series : =R 2 2 , n=3, 4, 5, ........

2 n
1
1 1
(iii) Paschen series : =R 2 2 , n=4, 5, 6,........

3 n
1
1 1
(iv) Bracket series : =R 2 2 , n=5, 6, 7, ........

4 n
1
1 1
(v) P fund series : =R 2 2 , n =6,7, 8, ........

5 n
(i) Lyman series :

5. Number of emission lines from excited state:

n = n(n 1)/2
6. Time period of revolution:
Tn (n3/Z2)
7. Frequency of revolution:
vn (Z2/n3)
8. Current due to orbital motion:
In (Z2/n3)
9. Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron

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Bn (Z3/n5)
10. Magnetic moment:
(a) Mn = (eL/2m) = (nhe/4m);
(b) M1 = (eh/4m) = B = Bohr Magneton = 9.27 1024 Am2
11. Magnitude of angular momentum :
L = [ ( + 1) ] (h/2)
12. Angle of angular momentum vector from z axis
(a) cos = [ml { ( + 1)}]
(b) the least angle is for m = i.e. cos min = [/{ ( + 1)} ]
13. Magnitude of spin angular momentum
3
S= [s s1] h /2= h /2
2

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X RAYS
1. Continuous X rays:
(a) vmax = (eV/h)
(b) min = (hc/eV) = (12400/V)
2. Characterictic X rays :
(a) K < L < M
(b) VK > VL > VM
3. Frequency of K line:
v K =

3 cR
Z 12=2.471015 Z 12
4

4. Wavelength of K line:
(K) = [4/3R(Z1)2] = [1216/(Z 1)2]
5. Energy of K X-ray photon:
E(K) = 10.2 (Z1)2 eV
6. Mosley's law:
(a) v = a (Zb)2, were a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 105 Hz
(b) For K line, b = 1;
(c) v Z
7. Bragg's law:
2d sin = n
8. Absorption formula:
I = I0 ex
9. Half value thickness:
x1/2 = (0.693/)

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MATTER WAVES
1. For photons:
(a) E = hv = (hc/);
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/);
(c) m = (E/c2) = (hv/c2) = h/c
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2 )
2. Matter waves:
h
h
h
h
1
=
=
E= mv 2=qV
(a) de Broglie wavelength, = =
p mv 2 mE 2 m q V
2
12.27
A
(i) For electron e =
V

(ii) For proton p =

0.286
A
V

(iii) For alpha particle =

0.101
A
V

(b) For particle at temperature T: =

h
3
E= kT
2
3 m KT

(c) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is: e =

(d) Condition for obtaining stable orbit 2 rn = n

12.27
A
V

(e) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength and frequency v is:
E
h
mc 2
h c2
v p =v =
=

= i.e. v pc
h mv
h
mv v
(f) Group velocity, vg = (d/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e.,
vg = v

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RADIOACTIVITY
1. Decay law:
(a) (dN/dt) = N;
(b) N = N0 et
(c) (N/N0) = (1/2)t/T
2. Half life and decay constant:
(a) =

dN/dt
;
N

(b) T = loge2 or T = (0.693/) or = (0.693/T)

3. Mean life:
(a) = (1/) or = (1/);
(b) T = 0.693 or = 1.443 T
4. Activity:
(a) R=dN/dt;
(b) R = N;
(c) R = R0et;
(d) (R/R0) = (1/2)t/T;
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps;
(f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 1010 dps;
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1 Rd = 106 Rd = 106 dps
5. Decay of active mass:
(a) m = m0e t ;
(b) (m/m0) = (1/2)t/T ;

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(c) N=

6.023 1023 m
A

6. Radioactive equilibrium:
NAA = NBB
7. Decay constant for two channels:
(a) = 1 + 2 ;
(b) T=

T1 T 2
T1 T2

8. Gamma Intensity absorption:

(a) I = I0ex ;
(b) Half value thickness, x1/2 = (0.693/)

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NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Atomic mass unit:
(a) 1 amu = 1.66 1027 kg;
(b) 1 amu 1u 931.5 MeV
2. Properties of nucleus:
(a) Radius: R = R0A1/3 where R0 =1.2 fermi

4
3 4
3
(b) Volume: VA V= R = R 0 A
3
3

(c) Density: = 2.4 1017 Kg/m3 ( is independent of A)

3. Mass defect:
M=Zmp + (AZ) mn M
4. Packing fraction:
f = /A = mass excess per nucleon [ = M = mass excess]
5. Binding energy:
E = BE = (M)c2