SADOVIC CONSULTANT

set
SIGMA SET
OVERHEAD LINE SWITHING SURGE SIMULATOR
VERSION 1.0

USER MANUAL

SADOVIC CONSULTANT 13 Rue de lAbreuvoir 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, FRANCE Tel: (+).33.1.47.94.27.86 Fax : (+).33.1.40.85.16.58 E-mail: sadovic@aol.com Web : www.sadovic.com

2006

CONTENTS:

1. INSTALATION AND HARDWARE 2. SOFTWARE MAIN WINDOW 3. LINE DATA BASE CREATION 4. SURGE ARRESTER DATA BASE CREATION 5. SOURCE SIDE 6. CIRCUIT BREAKER 7. STUDIED LINE 8. SURGE ARRESTER SELECTION 9. STUDIES 9.1 Three pole closing 9.2 Three poles Re - closing 9.3 Single pole Re - closing 9.4 Single line to ground fault study 10. STUDY RESULTS 10.1 Single event study 10.2 Statistical study Annex 1: Sigma set and EMTP_RV simulation comparison

INTRODUCTION SIGMA SET (Switching surge Electromagnetic Transients) is a standalone software package used for the study of the overhead line switching surge transients. This software uses the same overhead line data files and surge arrester data files as sigma slp software. sigma set is now included in (plugged in) into sigma slp software package. SIGMA SET enables the single event and the statistical studies of the following events: - three pole closing - single pole and a three pole re-closing - single line to ground fault The software splits the studied line into short sections, so the real switching overvolatge distribution along the line length is obtained. The phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase switching overvoltages are monitored. In the statistical simulations direct risk of failure determination is performed. Single and multi gap risk of failure is calculated. It is possible to study the influence of the closing resistor and surge arresters on the switching surge control. Surge arresters can be installed on the line both ends (sending and receiving). Surge arrester currents and energies are also presented. The single circuit and double circuit lines can be studied. In the case of the double circuit line the second circuit is in the opened both side. The study results may be transferred to MS Excel for the further use.

1. INSTALLATION AND HARDWARE Software will be installed automatically during sigma slp installation procedure.

2. SOFTWARE MAIN WINDOW Starting the software, the window presented in Figure 2.1 will appear. Source side, breaker, simulated line and the software Main control toolbox will be presented. Some additional information, that may be presented in the software main window is given in Figure 2.2.

Simulated line

Source side

Circuit breaker

Study main control tool

Figure 2.1 - Software Main window

Trapped charge control box Breaker closing resistor data

Initial voltages

Breaker pole closing span data

Surge arresters

Figure 2.2 - Software Main window: Additional presentations

Study Main control toolbox is presented in Figure 2.3. Form this control box it is possible to specify some study data and to make the corresponding switching surge studies.

Study type selection

Single event study

Statistical study

Selection of the statistical study case samples

Power frequency selection

Figure 2.3 - Study main control toolbox

Described separately

dl (km): Line segment length dt(s): Time step Tmax(ms): Maximum simulation time

In the Main window the software has a several menus. The File menu is used for the study files manipulation:

New Study > Open Existing Study > Save Study > Save Study As > Exit Sigma set >

All study files created by this software package have .set extension.

Study files have .set extension

3. LINE DATA BASE CREATION Line data specification is almost identical to the line specification in sigma slp software. New version of the sigma slp software will have an automatic line data save option to be used in the OHL switching surge simulator. Line data file has to be saved prior the simulation. Line data files have *.lin extension. To open Line data window click on the Lin_dat menu u the study main window:

Line data window has following file manipulation menus:

New Line > Open Existing Line > Save Line > Save Line As > Exit Line Specification >

Line data files have .lin extension

Number of 3 phase systems (Max 2)

Line length (km)

Line span (m)

Two layers soil model data

Number shield wires (Max 3)

Line conductor data

1. To specify number of three phase circuits use corresponding Up-Down changer (maximum number of three phase circuits is 2): Use this changer to specify number of three phase systems (Maximum: 2)

2. Number of ground wires (up to 3) is defined using also Up-Down changer (for the unshielded line ngw = 0): Use this changer to specify number of ground wires (Maximum: 3) 3. According to the selection, conductor data specification table will appear:

Table 3.1 - Description of line conductor data

Value No x (m) y (m) r (mm) n D (m) sag (m) Phase Un (kV) t (mm) c (m) x 10E+8

Description Conductor number Conductor horizontal coordinate Conductor height at tower Conductor or sub-conductor radius Number of sub-conductors in bundle Bundle diameter Conductor mid-span sag Conductor phase Line voltage [rms, phase-phase] Thickness of the equivalent tubular conductor Conductor resistivity

Use Tab function to move from one box to another If t and c are not specified, t equal to the conductor radius and c = 2,7 x 10E+8 (m) will be taken.

In the calculation of the transmission line parameters, two layers soil model is implemented (like in sigma slp). The following parameters have to specified:

First and second layer

First layer thickness (m)

Layer relative permeability

Layer resistvity

4. SURGE ARRESTER DATA BASE CREATION To open this window, click on the Arrester menu in the Main study window.

Click to open surge arrester database creation window

Arrester database has to be created before running any case, which includes surge arresters. Arrester database contains data for one or more arrester and has the extension .arr. It is recommended to install arrester database in the same directory in which sigma set is installed. Arrester database creation window is given in Figure 4.1.
Arrester Name Arrester list box Rated Voltage MCOV Switching Surge Protective Level

Discharge Voltage Curve: U = f(I)

Check here to keep values of the currents for the next input.

Figure 4.1 - Window used for the creation of the arrester database

To specify an arrester, following data has to be given: Arrester name Arrester rated voltage (kV) Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage - MCOV (kV) Switching Surge Protective Level (kV) Arrester critical flashover voltage if with an external series gap (kV) Discharge voltage curve. This curve has to be specified by the corresponding pairs of the currents and voltages. The check box near I (kA) label (when checked) keeps values of the currents for the specification of the next arrester. This can be useful when specifying data for the arresters which all have the same values for the current points (arrester manufacturers give discharge voltage values for the same values of the arrester currents).

When data for an arrester is specified, press Add button to add this arrester to the arrester database. Database will not be saved using this button (You must use Save option in the File menu to save database). To remove an arrester, select arrester in the arrester list box and then press Delete button. Insert button is used for the insertion of an arrester at the particular position in the arrester database. Press this button; specify arrester data and then press Add button. Use Save option in the File menu to save particular database. Arrester database specification window has tools for the determination of the equivalent temporary overvoltage (TOV) and arrester switching surge energy duty (Figure 4.1). Equivalent TOV is determined according to TOV amplitude and duration. To open the table used for the determination of the coefficient of grounding for a single line to ground fault (SLGF), click on SLGF box in the TOV Selection table. Direct sequence Zd and zero sequence Z0 impedance has to be given for the determination of the coefficient of grounding. Rf is resistance of the fault. Energy absorption table is used for the determination of arrester energy related to the closing and re-closing unloaded transmission lines. Switching surge overvoltage factor (p.u.), phase conductor surge impedance () and line length (km) have to be specified. Arrester switching surge current (kA), absorbed energy (kJ) and relative absorbed energy (kJ/kV MCOV) will be determined when particular arrester is selected and when system nominal voltage is specified. For the determination of arrester energy in the case of the capacitor banks switching, bank 3-phase kVAr rating, frequency and system maximum voltage have to be specified.

Automatic creation of the arrester database (IEC / IEEEE recommended rated voltages) It is possible to create arrester database automatically. To do this, it is necessary to specify data for one arrester only. Then, software will create arrester database for the selected voltage range, according to the corresponding IEC / IEEE standard recommended rated voltages.

Rated voltages range: From Ur1 to Ur2

Use this changer to select (Enter) Ur1 and Ur2

Click here to clear selection.

Click here to create arrested database.

All arresters in the automatically created database will have the name equal to that one specified, but with the extension, which corresponds to the generated rated voltage.

For example, if we specify that initial arrester has a name: Testarr Then, names of the generated arresters will be: Testarr.096 Testarr.108 Testarr.120

Important: Arrester used for the automatic data base creation has to have rated voltage from the IEC recommended list of the rated voltages. Table 4.1 - Description of the buttons Button Description Add Insert Delete Action Save arrester in the current arrester database. Insert new arrester at present place. Delete selected arrester.

Table 4.2 - Description of the menus Name File New Open Save Close New arrester database Open existing arrester database Save arrester database Close arrester database creation window Description

Important: When arrester database is created or changed it has to be saved [Using Save submenu from File menu Arrester database creation window enables determination of the arrester Temporary Overvoltage (TOV) selection and calculation of arrester energy duty related to the switching overvoltages. This is explained in Figure 4.2.

Equivalent TOV determination. TOV amplitude and duration has to be given.

Click here to open the coefficient of grounding computation tool.

Positive sequence impedance Zero sequence impedance Fault resistance (if any)

Arrester switching surge energy duty. Un, s, Z and l have to be specified. Arrester has to be selected. KVAr is 3-phase rating of the capacitor bank specified in kVAr

Figure 4.2 - Arrester TOV and energy duty determination

5. SOURCE SIDE Source side is represented by the Thevenin equivalent. System of the three voltage sources is connected in series with the Thevenin impedance matrix.
Peak values of the phase to ground voltages Source voltages phase angles Thevenin impedance matrix: [Z]TH = [R]TH + j[L]TH

u A (t ) = U m cos(t + )
u B (t ) = U m cos(t + 120 )
uC (t ) = U m cos(t + + 120 )

Voltage source power frequency may be 50 Hz or 60 Hz (to be selected in the Study main control toolbox):

This box is used for the voltage source peak voltage specification! The same value will be transferred to the other two boxes (phases)

Enter here phase angle for the phase A voltage source! The phase angles for two other phases will be automatically specified (with the phase shifts 120 )

These input boxes are locked!

Source side Thevenin impedance matrix is presented in Figure 5.1.

[Z ]TH = [R ]TH + j [L]TH

R 0 0 LS = 0 R 0 + j Lm 0 0 R Lm

Lm LS Lm

Lm Lm LS

jLS

R jLm R

jLS

jLm

jLS

jLm

Figure 5.1 - Source side Thevenin impedance matrix

To specify source side Thevenin impedance matrix type directly in the corresponding text boxes (Figure 5.2). Active resistance R() and the mutual reactance Lm (mH) may be equal to zero, while self-inductance LS (mH) has to be higher than zero. Use input (text) boxes for the phase conductor A to specify R and LS. For the specification of the mutual inductance Lm there is a separate input box. The input boxes for the phase conductors B and C are locked.

R(): Active resistance May be equal to zero!

LS(mH): Inductance (Diagonal) Has to be higher then zero!

These input boxes are locked!

Lm(mH): Inductance (Off Diagonal) May be equal to zero!

Figure 5.2 - Specification of the Thevenin impedance matrix

The software has own tool for the determination of the Thevenin equivalent inductance matrix. To open this tool it is necessary to click on the LS (mH) label (Figure 5.3).

Single click on this label to open Inductance matrix calculation tool

System line-to-line voltage (kV - rms value)

Source side Three phase Short circuit current (kA)

Source side Single Line to Ground Short circuit current (kA)

Click here to transfer data to the corresponding boxes!

Inductance matrix calculation tool

Figure 5.3 - Tool for the calculation the Thevenin inductance matrix

Table 5.1 - Calculation of the Thevenin inductance matrix

Value Un (kV) ISC3 (kA) ISC1 (kA) Positive sequence reactance:

Formula Line to Line voltage (rms) Source side three phase short circuit current Source side single line to ground short circuit current

X1 =

Un

3 I SC 3

()

Zero sequence reactance:

X 0 = 2 X 1 +
1000 X 1 2 f 1000 X 0 2 f

3 Un I SC1
(mH)

()

Positive sequence inductance:

L1 = L0 =

Zero sequence inductance:

(mH)

Thevenin inductance matrix diagonal term: Thevenin inductance matrix offdiagonal term:

LS = Lm =

L0 + 2 L1 3 L0 L1 3

(mH)

(mH)

6. CIRCUIT BREAKER There are two types of the circuit breakers: a) Single event circuit breaker b) Statistical circuit breaker Breaker poles may be in the opened or in the closed position, depending on the study type. For the single event breaker it is necessary to specify breaker pole closing times (For three pole closing or reclosing tA, tB, tC). In this case there is a need to enter breaker closing time (in microseconds) in the corresponding input boxes. Breaker pole closing times are specified in milliseconds.
Resistance of the closing resistor

tA tA tB tB tC

Enter breaker closing times in the corresponding input boxes

tC

Maximum of the breaker poles closing span

If there is breaker-closing resistor, it is necessary to enter the resistance of the closing resistor in the corresponding input box.

For the statistical breaker software randomly generates breaker pole closing time. Normal distribution is used (Figure 6.1). To specify this distribution it is necessary to specify maximum breaker pole closing span Tmax. Software calculates standard deviation from the following formula:

Tmax = 6

tA -3 Tmax = 6 +3

tB

-3 Tmax = 6

+3

tC

-3 Tmax = 6

+3

Figure 6.1 - Statistical breaker: Random generation of the breaker pole closing times

7. STUDIED LINE Line selection: Studied line has to be selected before performing any study. Line data file (having extension . lin) has to be available (created). To select studied line click on the Select Line button in the Main control toolbox:

Selected line name will appear here

Click here to open line selection form Line file selection form:

Selected line file name

Line model: A phase domain line model is used in the transient simulation. This model is described in the following paper: S. Sadovic, M. Kezunovic: 'Electromagnetic Transients Computation Based on the Complete System Decomposition' Second International Conference on Digital Power System Simulators - ICDS, Montreal, Canada, May 1997. Studied line is divided into short segments (Figure 7.1). Each short segment consists of the two ideal propagation sections, where surge propagation is equal to the velocity of light. In the middle of the segment resistance and the reduced inductance matrix are inserted (Figure 7.2). All line segments have the same length dl. Definition of the line segment parameters is given in Table 7.1.

l - Line length dl

Segment i In the case of the double circuit line the second circuit is taken into calculations but not presented on the screen. Both end of the second circuit are opened.

Figure 7.1 - Studied line division into short segments

dl dl/2 [Z]c [R] [L]total - [L]ideal

dl/2 [Z]c

[U]i

Ideal propagation sections

[U]i+1

Figure 7.2 - Line segment i

Table 7.1 - Definition of the line segment parameters Value dl dt = dl(m) /300 [Z]c [R] [L]total [L]ideal [U]i [U]i+1 Description Segment length Time step in s: Segment travel time Ideal section surge impedance matrix Segment resistance matrix determined at line natural frequency Segment inductance matrix determined at line natural frequency Segment lossless inductance matrix: Used in the determination of the surge impedance matrix Voltage vector at the segment sending end Voltage vector at the segment receiving end

All matrices in Table 7.1 have order NC x NC, where NC is number of the phase conductors (3 or 6: single or double circuit line). Voltage vectors have order NC. Important: a) Computation time is related to the line segment length (shorter is the line segment longer is the computation time). Line segment lengths from 3 to 9 km give the satisfactory results. b) In the case of the double circuit line, the second circuit is taken into calculations but not presented on the screen. Both end of the second circuit are opened. c) To avoid numerical oscillation a so called damping matrix is introduced in parallel to the reduced inductance matrix ([L]total - [L]ideal)

Studied line presentation on the computer screen is given in Figure 7.3.

dl

l - Line length

Line sending end

Segment i

Line receiving end

Figure 7.3 - Studied line presentation on the computer screen

All studied line parameters may be checked and saved clicking on the Lin_Con button in the Main control toolbox:

MS Excel sheet will open presenting all matrices used in the line modelling:

[Z]c

[R]

[L]total

[L]ideal

[L]total - [L]ideal

Line insulation data: Before running the statistical study it is necessary to have line insulation data specified. To open line insulation specification form, click on the Insulation button in the Main control toolbox:

Line insulation data specification form will open: Check here in the case of the equal values Phase to ground Critical flashover voltages Phase to Phase Critical flashover voltages

Line insulation Standard deviation (%)

Table 7.2 - Line Insulation Data Value U1g (kV) U2g (kV) U3g (kV) U12 (kV) U13 (kV) U23 (kV) Sigma (%) Description Phase conductor No 1 critical flashover voltage (CFO, U50%) Phase conductor No 2 critical flashover voltage (CFO, U50%) Phase conductor No 3 critical flashover voltage (CFO, U50%) Critical flashover voltage between conductors No 1 and No 2 Critical flashover voltage between conductors No 1 and No 3 Critical flashover voltage between conductors No 2 and No 3 Line insulation standard deviation

Presentation of the critical flashover voltages for the flat line configuration is given in Figure 7.4. Important: Conductor numbers in the Line insulation input form and in Table 7.2 correspond to the conductor numbers used in the line data file creation.

U13

U12

U23

U1g

U2g

U3g

Figure 7.4 - Phase-to-Ground and Phase-to-Phase critical flashover voltages

8. SURGE ARRESTER SELECTION In the present version of the software, surge arrester may be installed on the line ends only. It is planned to introduce the possibility for the arrester installation along the line. Before surge arrester introduction, the arrester data file (having extension . arr) has to be available (created). To introduce a set of three arresters at the line ends click on the SA1 or SA2 button (or both). Yellow bars will appear below the button, indicating arrester presence. To remove arresters click one again on the corresponding button.

Click here to introduce an arrester

Yellow bars will indicate arrester installation

All three arresters at the particular line end will have the same characteristics. To open arrester selection form click on the corresponding yellow bar.

Click on the yellow bar to open arrester selection form

Arrester selection form

9. STUDIES A two general study cases my be simulated: Single event study Statistical study

Type of the study is selected in the Main control toolbox:

Study type selection

Single event study

Statistical study

Selection of the statistical study case samples

These progress bars indicate time remaining to finish actual study

A three different line switching surge studies may be performed: Line closing switching surge study Line re-closing (three pole and single pole) switching surge study Single line to ground fault study

In addition, it is possible to study influence of the closing resistor and of the surge arrester arresters on the switching overvoltage control. Important: a) Before running any study, line has to be selected and the source data have to be specified. b) Line segment length (time step) and maximum simulation time have to be selected. c) Line insulation data in the case of the statistical study have to be given.

9.1 Line closing switching surge study To perform this study type click on the CLOSING option in the Main control toolbox:

Click here for Line closing study

Single event study: For this type of the study it is necessary to specify breaker pole closing times: tA tA

tB

tB

tC

tC

If the corresponding input boxes are left blank zero closing times for all breaker poles will be taken. When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

To run the Single event study, click on the Single option and on the corresponding RUN button in the Main control toolbox:

Select Single event study

Click here to run the Single event study

Statistical study: For this type of the study software automatically generates breaker pole closing times. Normal distribution is used. It is necessary to specify breaker pole maximum closing time span:

When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

Select number of the statistical cases:

Select Statistical study

Click here to run the Statistical study

Actual statistical case number

Use this changer to select number of the statistical cases

When running statistical study breaker closing times and voltage sources phase angles are randomly generated: Breaker closing times: Normal distribution Voltage sources phase angles: Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360)

Voltage sources phase angles: Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360)

Breaker closing times: Normal distribution

Has to be specified in order to get random generation of breaker closing times

9.2 Three pole re-closing switching surge study To perform this study type click on the RE-CLOSING option in the Main control toolbox:

Click here for Line closing study

Click on the Three Pole option in the Trapped charge control box:

Click here for Three pole re-closing

Single event study: For this type of the study it is necessary to specify breaker pole closing times: tA tA

tB

tB

tC

tC

If the corresponding input boxes are left blank, zero closing times for all breaker poles will be taken. When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

For the re-closing study it is necessary to specify trapped charges voltages and the coresponding polarities. To do this, it is possible to specify directly trapped charges voltages or to use Trapped charges control box. In the direct (manual) specification of the trapped charges voltage enter the corresponding voltages (with the polarities) in the input boxes located near the line receiving end.

Trapped charges control box

Trapped charges voltages: For the direct specification type directly in these boxes

When Trapped charges control box is used, it is necessary to select polarity combination and to specify initial voltages factor kf. Initial voltage factor, which may from 0 to 1 is used for the multiplication with the voltage sources peak value. Select here Trapped charges polarity combination

Select Trapped charges voltage factor: 0 to 1

To run the Single event study, click on the Single option and on the corresponding RUN button in the Main control toolbox:

Select Single event study

Click here to run the Single event study

Statistical study: For this type of the study software automatically generates breaker pole closing times. Normal distribution is used. It is necessary to specify breaker pole maximum closing span time:

When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

Select Trapped charges voltage factor:

Select Trapped charges voltage factor: 0 to 1

Software automatically changes Trapped charges polarity combinations using uniform distribution.

Select number of the statistical cases:

Select Statistical study

Click here to run the Statistical study

Actual statistical case number

Use this changer to select number of the statistical cases

When running statistical study breaker closing times, voltage sources phase angles and trapped charges voltage polarity combination are randomly generated: Breaker closing times: Normal distribution Voltage sources phase angles: Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360) Trapped charges voltage polarity combination: Uniform distribution

Voltage sources phase angles: Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360)

Breaker closing times: Normal distribution

Polarity combination: Uniform distribution

Has to be specified in order to get random generation of the breaker closing times

Initial voltages: kf * Um

9.3 Single pole re-closing switching surge study To perform this study type click on the RE-CLOSING option in the Main control toolbox:

Click here for Line closing study

Click on the Single Pole option in the Trapped control box:

Click here for Single pole re-closing

Single event study: For this type of the study it is necessary to select breaker pole and to specify breaker pole closing time: To specify breaker pole which performs single pole re-closing, click on the corresponding label on the line sending or on the line receiving end.

Trapped charges control box

Enter pole re-closing time

Click on the one of these labels to select breaker pole

If the corresponding input box is left blank zero closing time will be taken. When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

For the re-closing study it is necessary to specify trapped charge voltage and the coresponding polarity. To do this, it is possible to specify directly trapped charges voltages or to use Trapped charges control box. In the direct (manual) specification of the trapped charge voltage enter the corresponding voltage (with the polarities) in the input box located near the line receiving end.

Trapped charges control box

Trapped charge voltage: For the direct specification type directly in this box

When Trapped charges control box is used, it is necessary to select polarity and to specify initial voltage factor kf. Initial voltage factor, which may from 0 to 1 is used for the multiplication with the voltage sources peak value. For Single pole re-closing study recommended value of the initial voltage factor is between 0.1 and 0.3. Select here Trapped charge polarity

Select Trapped charge voltage factor: 0 to 1

To run the Single event study, click on the Single option and on the corresponding RUN button in the Main control toolbox:

Select Single event study

Click here to run the Single event study

Statistical study: Taking into account that there is only one breaker pole, which re-closes, and that the phase voltages angles are randomly changed, breaker pole re-closes always at zero time.

When there is a closing resistor, enter resistance of the resistor in the input box:

Select Trapped charges voltage factor:

Select Trapped charges voltage factor: Recommended values are 0.1 to 0.3

Software automatically changes Trapped charge polarity using uniform distribution.

Select number of the statistical cases:

Select Statistical study

Click here to run the Statistical study

Actual statistical case number

Use this changer to select number of the statistical cases

When running statistical study breaker pole, voltage sources phase angles and trapped charge voltage polarity are randomly generated: Breaker pole (phase conductor): Voltage sources phase angles: Trapped charge voltage polarity: Normal distribution Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360) Uniform distribution

Voltage sources phase angles: Uniform distribution (A: 0 - 360)

Zero closing time

Polarity combination: Uniform distribution

No need to specify: Zero closing time

Breaker pole (phase conductor): Uniform distribution

Initial voltage: kf * Um

9.4 Single line to ground fault study To perform this study type click on the SLG FAULTS option in the Main control toolbox:

Click here for Single line to ground fault study

In the study main window breaker poles will disappear and fault location selection toolbox will appear:

Not used in this study type

Fault location will be initially placed at the line-receiving end: Phase conductor A

Fault location selection toolbox

Single event study: For this type of the study it is necessary: to select faulted phase conductor to select fault location (Eventually) to select phase angle

Change (eventually) phase angle

Click on the one of these labels to select faulted conductor

Fault location Fault location at: Line sending end Middle of the line Line receiving end

Use this changer to place fault at any line segment node

Distance of the fault from the line sending end

To run the Single event study, click on the Single option and on the corresponding RUN button in the Main control toolbox:

Select Single event study

Click here to run the Single event study

Statistical study:

Select number of the statistical cases:

Select Statistical study

Click here to run the Statistical study

Actual statistical case number

Use this changer to select number of the statistical cases

In the statistical study software automatically generates: Source voltages phase angles (Uniform distribution) Faulted phase conductor (Uniform distribution) Fault location (Uniform distribution)

Change (eventually) phase angle

Faulted conductor

Phase angles for the actual statistical case

Actual statistical case number

Fault location

10. STUDY RESULTS Single event study results are presented separately from the statistical study results. All study results may be transferred to MS Excel. For the single event study following results may be presented: phase to ground overvoltage shapes along the line source voltage and breaker voltage shapes node to node overvoltage shapes (including phase to phase) breaker pole current shape breaker pole voltage surge arrester current shapes surge arrester energy phase to ground overvoltage peak distribution along the line (in p.u.) traveling wave development in space and time

When statistical study is finished, it is possible to present following results: Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in p.u. Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in kV Risks of flashovers for one gap Risks of flashovers for m parallel gaps Total risks of flashovers Surge arresters peak currents distributions (when arresters are used) Surge arresters peak energies distributions (when arresters are used)

10.1 Single event study result presentation When Single event study is finished it is possible to open Shapes window (Single event results presentation window) by clicking on the Shapes menu in the Main study window:

Click to open single event study results presentation form

Click here to display phase to ground overvoltage distribution Used to control traveling waves display in time Line conductor No 1 (Phase A)

Voltage 1 p.u.

Change (eventually) phase angle Change (eventually) phase ang

Line conductor No 2 (Phase B)

Line conductor No 3 (Phase C) Line segment i

Voltage sources

Breaker poles

Phase to ground overvoltage distribution:

Click here to display phase to ground overvoltage distribution in (p.u.)

When mouse pointer is placed on the bar, which indicates overvoltage, numerical value of the overvoltage (p.u.) is displayed

= 3 p.u. [Distance between two lines is equal 1 p.u.]

Phase to ground overvoltage distribution in p.u. along the phase conductor C

Travelling waves display in space and time:

Stop presentation This study case corresponds to the line closing Start presentation Traveling wave reflected from the line open end has arrived somewhere around middle of the line t(ms) Playback

Presentation speed may be changed using this slider

This study case corresponds to the line three pole re-closing Traveling wave from the source side is canceling trapped charge voltage Initial source side traveling wave has reached this position

Trapped charges voltages kf = 0,8 (- + +) Polarity combination

This study case corresponds to the single line to ground fault Faulted conductor: Phase conductor A Fault location: Middle of the line Phase conductor A phase angle is zero Traveling waves generated by the fault have reached these positions

Phase to ground and phase to phase overvoltage shapes:

Double click on the node to display node to ground overvoltage

(Phase to ground)

Single click on the two nodes to display node to node overvoltage

(Here phase to phase)

Single click on the source to display source voltage

Circuit breakers and surge arrester voltage and current shapes:

Single click Left Mouse Button on the breaker pole to display breaker pole current shape

Single click on the arrester to display arrester current shape

Single click Right Mouse Button on the breaker pole to display breaker pole voltage shape

When mouse pointer is placed on the arrester, arrester total energy is displayed (kJ)

Selected shapes transfer to MS Excel:

Click here to transfer the selected shapes to MS Excel

Table given below explains shape titles!selected Click here to transfer

Shapes to MS Excel

V(LN-LN): [1/13]-[3/13] V(LN-G): [1/34] V(S-G): [1] AC: [R1] BC: [1] BV: [2]

Voltage(Line Node-Line Node): [Conductor 1 / Segment Node 13] [Conductor 3 / Segment Node 13] Voltage (Line Node-Ground): [Conductor 1 / Ground] Source Voltage: [Conductor 1] Arrester Current: [Receiving end / Conductor 1] Breaker Current: [Conductor 1] Breaker Voltage: [Conductor 2]

10.2 Statistical study results presentations

When statistical studies is finished then click on the RESULTS button to open Statistical study results presentation window:

Click here to open Statistical study results presentation window

This study case corresponds to the: Three pole re-closing study Surge arrester both line ends 100 statistical samples

Surge arresters both line ends

100 statistical cases Three pole re-closing study

Click on the Results button to open Statistical study results window

In the Statistical study results presentation window it is possible to present: Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in p.u. Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in kV Risks of flashovers for one gap Risks of flashovers for m parallel gaps Total risks of flashovers Surge arresters peak currents distributions (when arresters are used) Surge arresters peak energies distributions (when arresters are used)

All study results may be transferred to MS Excel.

This screen shot presents phase to ground and phase to phase overvoltage distribution (p.u. values) along the line length. Phase to ground and phase to phase insulation data and line insulation standard deviation are given. For each line segment, number of parallel gaps is calculated and presented.

Line insulation Phase to ground CFO

Line insulation Phase to phase CFO

Line insulation standard deviation

No of parallel gaps in the line section

Voltage (p.u.) Voltage distributions: Max (peak) Mean Standard deviation

Voltage (kV)

Click here to send the overvoltage distributions and risks of flashovers to MS Excel

To send Overvoltage distributions and risks of the flashovers to MS Excel click on the Excel button in the Calculate frame. Following data will be transferred: Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in p.u. Overvoltage distributions (Max, Mean, Sigma) in kV Risks of flashovers for one gap Risks of flashovers for m parallel gaps Total risks of flashovers

Click here to send results to MS Excel

Click here to send cumulative overvoltage distributions to MS Excel To send Overvoltage cumulative distributions to MS Excel click on the Cum button in the Calculate frame. Overvoltage distributions will be in p.u. The following data will be transferred: - Cumulative distributions for the line receiving end - Cumulative distributions for the middle of the line - Cumulative distributions for the line sending end

These are 2 % values: 100 statistical cases!

To display m parallel gaps risk of flashovers distributions along the line length click on the riskm button in the Calculate frame. Phase to ground per phase conductor total risk of the flashover Phase to phase risks of the flashover

Phase to ground total risk of the flashover Phase to phase total risk of the flashover

Click here to display m parallel gaps risk of flashover distributions to MS Excel

m parallel gaps in line sections

Phase to ground m parallel gaps risk of flashover distribution for the conductor No 1

When surge arresters are used at the line ends, it is possible to obtain arrester peak currents and energies distributions. There are two ways for the presentations: a) For each statistical case the corresponding results are presented b) Cumulative distributions are presented The screen shot given below presents the cumulative distribution of the arrester currents (surge arrester is installed at the line receiving end only). To obtain distribution of the surge arrester peak currents (here cumulative) click on the Currents button in the Arresters frame.

Line receiving end arresters

These are 2 % values: 100 statistical cases!

Check here for the cumulative distributions

Click here to obtain arrester currents distribution Click here to send results to MS Excel

To obtain distribution of the surge arrester peak currents (here cumulative) click on the Energies button in the Arresters frame. Arrester energies are given in kJ.

Line receiving end arresters These are 2 % values: 100 statistical cases!

Check here for the cumulative distributions

Click here to obtain arrester energies distribution

Click here to send results to MS Excel

Annex 1: Sigma set and EMTP_RV Version 2.0.2 simulation comparison In order to compare simulation results obtained by the use of Sigma set software with the EMTP_RV simulations, one single event line closing case is selected. This case corresponds to the closing overvoltages of the 200 km long 400 kV line. Line data is given in Figure A.1.1, while source side data and breaker closing times are given in Figure A.1.2. In the EMTP simulations, line Frequency dependent model (FD model) is used. Overvoltage shapes are compared for the line-receiving end (Conductor No 1). Simulations results are compared in Figure A.1.3. From this Figure, we can see a very good agreement (overvolatage peaks are almost the same).

Number of 3 phase systems

Line length (km)

Line span (m)

Two layers soil model data

Number shield wires

Line conductor data Figure A.1.1 - Simulated line data

Figure A.1.2 - Study data

Sigma set 1000 800 600 400 Voltage (kV) 200 0 -200 0 -400 -600 -800 -1000 1 2 3 4 5

EMTP_RV

Time(msec)

Figure A.1.3 - Overvoltage shapes obtained by Sigma set and EMTP_RV simulations