Workshop Solidification PDF

Alloy Design - Solidification and Thermodynamics
1 30 Solidification 42 57 Thermodynamic Properties
Solidification 0
Montreal 2010
Solidification
Solidification 1
Montreal 2010
Solidification
Solidification 2
Montreal 2010
Equilibrium cooling path

Al - Mg - Zn
Data from FTlite - FACT light alloy databases
Zn
Four-Phase Intersection Points with Liquid 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: AlMgZn_Tau / FCC_A1#1 / Laves_C14#1 AlMgZn_Tau / Beta_AlMg / Gamma AlMgZn_Tau / Beta_AlMg / FCC_A1#1 AlMgZn_Tau / Laves_C14#1 / Mg2Zn3 AlMgZn_Tau / Gamma / Phi Gamma / HCP_A3#1 / Phi FCC_A1#1 / Laves_C14#1 / Mg2Zn11 AlMgZn_Tau / Mg2Zn3 / MgZn FCC_A1#1 / HCP_Zn / Mg2Zn11 HCP_A3#1 / Mg51Zn20_<mg7zn3>_oi1 / MgZn AlMgZn_Tau / HCP_A3#1 / Phi AlMgZn_Tau / HCP_A3#1 / MgZn A = Zn, B = Mg, C = Al o X(A) X(B) X(C) C 0.35365 0.18471 0.46164 467.78 0.04094 0.37786 0.58120 447.57 0.04248 0.36009 0.59743 446.26 0.33110 0.60810 0.06080 428.12 0.16296 0.66052 0.17652 385.07 0.16267 0.69979 0.13755 364.35 0.80148 0.07683 0.12168 360.17 0.25899 0.69007 0.05094 353.59 0.85034 0.05789 0.09177 347.54 0.28328 0.71522 0.00150 345.23 0.23357 0.70211 0.06432 342.67 0.24168 0.70263 0.05570 340.89
0. 6 0. 9
T(min) = 340.89 C, T(max) = 660.31 C
HCP_Zn
0. 1
9
0. 8 0. 2
Mg2Zn11
Crystallization path for Equilibrium cooling
0. 3
0. 7
Alloy composition: 80 mol % Mg 15 mol % Al 5 mol % Zn

0. 5
0. 4
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:
Laves_C14
0. 5 0. 4
Mg2Zn3
0. 6
1
0. 3
4 10
0. 7
MgZn
0. 1
0. 2
8 12 11
Phi
6 5
AlMgZn_Tau
0. 8
FCC_A1
0. 9
HCP_A3
Gamma
0.7 0.6 0.5
2 3 Beta_AlMg
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Mg
0.9
0.8
mole fraction
Al
Montreal 2010
Solidification 3
Select all solids and solutions
Solidification 4
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Solidification 5
Montreal 2010
Solidification 6
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Solidification 7
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Selection of axes
Solidification 8
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Selection of species to be plotted (choose all solids and elements for which Gram(Max)>0)
Solidification 9
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Amounts of Phases during Equilibrium Cooling

Liquidus at about 500 C Univariant at about 400 C ??? reaction at about 300 C
Solidification 10
Montreal 2010
Using the solidification software
Solidification 11
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Select equilibrium solidification from liquid (click on include molar volumes See Manual Advanced Equilib 8)
Solidification 12
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Select starting temperature
Solidification 13
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Output for Equilibrium Solidification

Note calculation of H, V (for V be sure to click on include molar volumes) Calculation ends at temperature of final disappearance of liquid
Solidification 14
Montreal 2010
Scheil-Gulliver cooling path

Al - Mg - Zn
Zn
0. 6 0. 9
T(min) = 340.89 C, T(max) = 660.31 C
HCP_Zn
0. 1
9
0. 8 0. 2
Mg2Zn11
Crystallization path for Scheil cooling
0. 3
0. 7
Alloy composition: 80 mol % Mg 15 mol % Al 5 mol % Zn

0. 5
0. 4
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:
Laves_C14
0. 5 0. 4
Mg2Zn3
0. 6
1
0. 3
4 10
0. 7
MgZn
0. 1
0. 2
8 12 11
>
Phi
6 5
AlMgZn_Tau
0. 8
FCC_A1
0. 9
HCP_A3
Gamma
0.7 0.6 0.5
2 3 Beta_AlMg
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Mg
0.9
0.8
mole fraction
Al
Montreal 2010
Solidification 15
Scheil-Gulliver Target for liquid

(Set starting temperature at 600 C) (See Manual Equilib Advanced 2.3)
Solidification 16
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Graphical output of Scheil target calculation

- Calculation ends at temperature of final disappearance of liquid - Graph shows phase distribution
Solidification 17
Montreal 2010
Solidification calculation for Scheil-Gulliver cooling
Solidification 18
Montreal 2010
Solidification 19
Montreal 2010
Output for Scheil-Gulliver Solidification
Solidification 20
Montreal 2010
Solidification software (extended Scheil cooling) Scheil cooling + post equilibration of Scheil microstructure AZ91 alloy + 0.25 wt.% Mn
CONS. PHASE 1 1 Al8Mn5 TOTAL AMT/gram 5.2241E-04 6.4599E+01 2.8231E-01 1.5644E+01 1.4638E-01 1.7084E+00 1.7892E-02 4.9213E+00 1.1878E+01 2.6558E-02 1.9669E-01 4.0423E-01 1.7904E-05 3.8196E-05 2.4177E-02 3.5706E-02 1.4894E-06 4.2084E-02 5.1501E-02 2.1364E-02 2.3786E-06 Constituent 1 594.16 to 594.06 C Liq. -> Al8Mn5 Constituent 2 594.06 to 524.15 C Liq. -> HCP + Al8Mn5 Constituent 3 524.15 to 447.46 C Liq. -> HCP + Al11Mn4 Constituent 4 447.46 to 431.74 C Liq. -> HCP + Al4Mn Constituent 5 431.74 to 364.34 C Liq. -> HCP + Al12Mg17 + Al4Mn
Tracking microstructure constituents Output : Solidification temperature of 340.89C
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
1 HCP 2 Al8Mn5 1 HCP 2 Al11Mn4 1 HCP 2 Al4Mn 1 HCP 2 Al12Mg17 3 Al4Mn 1 2 3 4 HCP Phi Al4Mn Al11Mn4
Constituent 6 364.34 to 342.66 C Liq. -> HCP + Phi + Al4Mn + Al11Mn4
1 HCP 2 Tau 3 Al11Mn4 1 2 3 4 HCP MgZn Tau Al11Mn4
Constituent 7 342.66 to 340.89 C Liq. -> HCP + Tau + Al11Mn4
Constituent 8 340.89 C (isothermal) Liq. -> HCP + MgZn + Tau + Al11Mn4
Solidification 21
Montreal 2010
Input for Scheil Solidification AZ91 + 0.25% Mn
Solidification 22
Montreal 2010
Solidification software (extended Scheil cooling) Scheil cooling + post equilibration (annealing) of Scheil microstructure AZ91 alloy + 0.25 wt.% Mn
CONS. PHASE 1 1 Al8Mn5 TOTAL AMT/gram 5.2241E-04 6.4599E+01 2.8231E-01 1.5644E+01 1.4638E-01 1.7084E+00 1.7892E-02 4.9213E+00 1.1878E+01 2.6558E-02 1.9669E-01 4.0423E-01 1.7904E-05 3.8196E-05 2.4177E-02 3.5706E-02 1.4894E-06 4.2084E-02 5.1501E-02 2.1364E-02 2.3786E-06
Tracking microstructure constituents Output : Solidification temperature of 340.89C
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
1 HCP 2 Al8Mn5 1 HCP 2 Al11Mn4 1 HCP 2 Al4Mn 1 HCP 2 Al12Mg17 3 Al4Mn 1 2 3 4 HCP Phi Al4Mn Al11Mn4
Amount & Average Composition of the HCP phase

wt. % 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 64.599 15.644 1.708 4.921 0.197 0.024 0.042 Mg 96.19 92.25 89.22 88.95 89.77 90.55 90.57 Al 3.67 7.45 10.34 10.03 5.14 2.93 2.90 Zn 0.125 0.298 0.440 1.021 5.086 6.519 6.538 Mn 195 ppm 14.7 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.7 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.2 ppm 0.2 ppm
1 HCP 2 Tau 3 Al11Mn4 1 2 3 4 HCP MgZn Tau Al11Mn4
Solidification 23
Montreal 2010
Selecting HCP phase of constituent 2 for subsequent annealing
Solidification 24
Montreal 2010
Imported automatically into Equilib (change mass to 100 g)
Solidification 25
Montreal 2010
Anneal at 150 to 500 C
Solidification 26
Montreal 2010
Plot equilibrium products in HCP phase of constituent 2 after annealing
Solidification 27
Montreal 2010
- Select axes
Solidification 28
Montreal 2010
Equilibrium phase distribution in HCP phase of constituent 2 after annealing (HCP + precipitates)
Solidification 29
Montreal 2010
Solidification software (extended Scheil cooling) Scheil cooling + post equilibration of Scheil microstructure AZ91 alloy + 0.25 wt.% Mn
2
HCP
Annealing of HCP in 2
'Al12Mg17'
log10 (wt.%)
Tracking microstructure constituents Annealing Phases vs T for HCP in the different microstructural constituents
Amount & Average Composition of the HCP phase at 340.89oC
wt. % 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 64.599 15.644 1.708 4.921 0.197 0.024 0.042 Mg 96.19 92.25 89.22 88.95 89.77 90.55 90.57 Al 3.67 7.45 10.34 10.03 5.14 2.93 2.90 Zn 0.125 0.298 0.440 1.021 5.086 6.519 6.538 Mn 195 ppm 14.7 ppm
-1
'Al 99Mn 23'
Al 4Mn
Al 11Mn4 'Al 8Mn 5'
-2
-3
-4 150 200 250 300 350

o
400
450
500
Temperature ( C)
2 1.5 1 .5 0
HCP
Annealing of HCP in 3
'Al 12Mg 17'
log10(wt.%)
1.2 ppm 0.7 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.2 ppm 0.2 ppm
-.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 150 200 250 300 350

o
'Al99Mn 23'
Al 4Mn
Al 11Mn 4
400
450
500
Temperature ( C)
Solidification 30
Montreal 2010
Enthalpy Composition Phase Diagrams

- Mg-Al T-X diagram
Solidification 31
Montreal 2010
Solidification 32
Montreal 2010
Selecting variables for H-X diagram
Solidification 33
Montreal 2010
Calculated Mg-Al H-X diagram
Solidification 34
Montreal 2010
Al - Mg - Zn
Zn
0. 6 0. 9
T(min) = 340.89 oC, T(max) = 660.31 oC
HCP_Zn
0. 1
9
0. 8 0. 2
Mg2Zn11
0. 3
0. 7
0. 4
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:
Laves_C14
0. 5 0. 5 0. 4
Mg2Zn3
1 4
0. 6
0. 3
0. 7
10
MgZn
0. 1
0. 2
8 12 11
10 mol % Zn
Phi
6 5
AlMgZn_Tau
0. 8
FCC_A1
0. 9
HCP_A3
Gamma
0.7 0.6 0.5
2 3 Beta_AlMg
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Mg
0.9
0.8
mole fraction
Al
Montreal 2010
Solidification 35
Mg-Al-Zn species selection for T-X diagram (choose all solids and solutions)
Solidification 36
Montreal 2010
Mg-Al-Zn T-X diagram at XZn = 0.1

- Selection of variables
Solidification 37
Montreal 2010
Solidification 38
Montreal 2010
Selection of variable for H-X diagram

- In order to reduce calculation time, select only those species which appear on T-X diagram and remove I-option where possible
Solidification 39
Montreal 2010
- Selection of variables for Mg-Al-Zn H-X diagram at XZn = 0.1
Solidification 40
Montreal 2010
Calculated Mg-Al-Zn H-X diagram at XZn = 0.1
Solidification 41
Montreal 2010
CALCULATING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Solidification 42
Montreal 2010
Calculated enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg and liquid Al at 800 C
Solidification 43
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- Select initial conditions as pure Al and Mg liquids at 800 C
Solidification 44
Montreal 2010
Solidification 45
Montreal 2010
Plot results selection of axes
Solidification 46
Montreal 2010
Solidification 47
Montreal 2010
Solution Properties (see Manual Equilib Advanced 4)

- Select compositions for calculation of solution properties of liquid at 800 C ( do not select <A> = 0 or <A> = 1)
Solidification 48
Montreal 2010
Solution Properties
- After calculation, return to menu window and right click on phase for which properties are to be calculated
Solidification 49
Montreal 2010
- Select properties to be calculated
Solidification 50
Montreal 2010
- Open spreadsheet
Solidification 51
Montreal 2010
- Spreadsheet showing calculated solution properties
Solidification 52
Montreal 2010
- Using COMPOUND module to create compound Mg2Si in a private database with 2Mg + Si = Mg2Si H = -68000 J/mol S = -13.0 J/mol-1 relative to Mg(s1) and Si(s1) from FS53 database (see Manual COMPOUND, particularly section 14)
Solidification 53
Montreal 2010
- Drag and drop Mg(s1) and Si(s1) into reactants box
Solidification 54
Montreal 2010
- Click on PRIVBASE and then paste compound into PRIVBASE
Solidification 55
Montreal 2010
- Data for Mg2Si in PRIVBASE (H = 0, S = 0)
Solidification 56
Montreal 2010
- Add H = -68000, S = -13.0
Solidification 57
Montreal 2010

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Alloy Design - Solidification and Thermodynamics

1 30 Solidification 42 57 Thermodynamic Properties

Equilibrium cooling path

T(min) = 340.89 C, T(max) = 660.31 C

Alloy composition: 80 mol % Mg 15 mol % Al 5 mol % Zn

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:

Select all solids and solutions

Amounts of Phases during Equilibrium Cooling

Using the solidification software

Select starting temperature

Output for Equilibrium Solidification

Scheil-Gulliver cooling path

T(min) = 340.89 C, T(max) = 660.31 C

Alloy composition: 80 mol % Mg 15 mol % Al 5 mol % Zn

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:

Scheil-Gulliver Target for liquid

Graphical output of Scheil target calculation

Solidification calculation for Scheil-Gulliver cooling

Output for Scheil-Gulliver Solidification

Tracking microstructure constituents Output : Solidification temperature of 340.89C

Constituent 6 364.34 to 342.66 C Liq. -> HCP + Phi + Al4Mn + Al11Mn4

1 HCP 2 Tau 3 Al11Mn4 1 2 3 4 HCP MgZn Tau Al11Mn4

Constituent 7 342.66 to 340.89 C Liq. -> HCP + Tau + Al11Mn4

Constituent 8 340.89 C (isothermal) Liq. -> HCP + MgZn + Tau + Al11Mn4

Input for Scheil Solidification AZ91 + 0.25% Mn

Tracking microstructure constituents Output : Solidification temperature of 340.89C

Amount & Average Composition of the HCP phase

1 HCP 2 Tau 3 Al11Mn4 1 2 3 4 HCP MgZn Tau Al11Mn4

Selecting HCP phase of constituent 2 for subsequent annealing

Imported automatically into Equilib (change mass to 100 g)

Anneal at 150 to 500 C

Plot equilibrium products in HCP phase of constituent 2 after annealing

'Al 99Mn 23'

Al 11Mn4 'Al 8Mn 5'

-4 150 200 250 300 350

-.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 150 200 250 300 350

Enthalpy Composition Phase Diagrams

Selecting variables for H-X diagram

Calculated Mg-Al H-X diagram

T(min) = 340.89 oC, T(max) = 660.31 oC

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12:

Mg-Al-Zn T-X diagram at XZn = 0.1

Selection of variable for H-X diagram

- Selection of variables for Mg-Al-Zn H-X diagram at XZn = 0.1

Calculated Mg-Al-Zn H-X diagram at XZn = 0.1

CALCULATING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Calculated enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg and liquid Al at 800 C

- Select initial conditions as pure Al and Mg liquids at 800 C

Plot results selection of axes

Solution Properties (see Manual Equilib Advanced 4)

- Select properties to be calculated

- Spreadsheet showing calculated solution properties

- Drag and drop Mg(s1) and Si(s1) into reactants box

- Click on PRIVBASE and then paste compound into PRIVBASE

- Data for Mg2Si in PRIVBASE (H = 0, S = 0)

- Add H = -68000, S = -13.0

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