Lab 5 Air-Water Heat Exchanger Lab You may work on this lab report alone or with a maximum of one

partner (no groups of three this time if you cant find a partner and want one, talk with Dr. Okamoto . A full lab write-up is not required. !urn in your calculations (which must be neat and easy to follow as well as any "uestions asked in the handout. You may write e#erything by hand if you wish. Due to the large number of calculations that must be performed for this lab, you may want to di#ide the calculation work as follows$ one person doing the analysis of experimental data and answering "uestions % & ', and another person doing the predicted () calculations and answering "uestion *. !hen check each others work when youre finished. Introduction +eat exchangers are used in a myriad of applications from power plants to transportation de#ices (automobiles, locomoti#es, ships, and aircraft , electronics to processing plants (food, petroleum, plastics, and chemicals , heating and air conditioning systems to spacecraft. !he design of heat exchangers is a principal task performed by mechanical engineers speciali,ing in the thermal-fluids area although all mechanical engineers should ha#e a working knowledge of these de#ices. !o strengthen your basic understanding of heat exchanger theory as well as your analytical skills, you are to e#aluate the performance of an actual heat exchanger. !he principal figure of merit for a heat exchanger is its o#erall heat transfer coefficient times surface area, () which you will determine for the air.water heat exchanger (+/0 in the laboratory. Apparatus !he heat exchanger is an automobile heater core that is modeled as a cross.flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed. 1t is located in 2oom /ng %%*. !his type of heat exchanger is illustrated in 3igure %%.'a of your textbook. )ll information necessary for determining () is included in the )nalysis section below. Procedure !he appropriate 4ab5iew application should already be opened on the computer used for data ac"uisition. You are to run the following two test conditions$ & 6.*7 gal-min, , a 6.%8 in + ' O (half power a m & 6.*7 gal-min, 9, a 6.*: in + ' O (full power b m 3or each test, record the following six measurements$ a !a, in b !a, out c !w, in d !w, out e ,a

&w f m !hese #alues will fluctuate to some degree o#er time. (se an a#erage of at least four readings for all #alues except & w , which fluctuates more than the others. (se an a#erage of at least six readings for m &w. m
% ;lick on the arrow at the top of the 4ab#iew program to begin taking readings. (se the slider bar on the 4ab#iew program to select the fan speed. !hen click the blue button labeled <=et> to ha#e the program accept the new speed. !he pressure transmitter that is supposed to measure the pressure drop that will later be con#erted to air mass flow rates is not working. 1nstead, use the inclined manometer underneath the paper towel dispenser. )ttach the rubber tubing to the high.pressure side of the manometer. !hen ,ero the manometer by turning the screw on the bottom of the manometer and mo#ing the readout. 3inally, place the other end of the rubber tubing in the small hole on the bottom of the tunnel near the end. ' !urn on the hot water and let it flow at a high rate for a minute or two to heat up, and then reduce the flow rate to the desired le#el. !o measure the water flow rate, hit the <?easure> button. !he button will then read <?easuring>. )fter a couple readings are displayed, hit the <?easuring> button to stop taking data. (nfortunately, if you lea e the water !easure!ent button running continuously" the fan will stop" spoiling steady-state conditions (due to

a controller error . 1f this happens, hit the <=et> button again and wait for steady conditions to return. !he button should say <?easure> except for the short periods when youre measuring the water flow rate. * !he four temperature readings are displayed both graphically and numerically with continuous updating. !he graphical display will allow you to determine when steady.state conditions ha#e been reached. Do not take data until this time. @ )fter taking all the necessary data for one air speed, change the air speed and repeat the process. Analysis !he goal of the analysis is to determine four things$ Aw, the rate of heat transfer from the water, Aa, the rate of heat transfer to the air, Apred, the predicted heat transfer rate, and (, the o#erall heat transfer coefficient. !heoretically, all three A #alues should be the same. 1t may be easiest to perform your calculations using //=, which includes the necessary thermophysical properties. 1f you are unfamiliar with //=, you can use ?athcad or /xcel by hand is OB, too. Aw

& wc p , w ( Tw,i Tw,o ) Qw = m & a c p , a ( Ta ,o Ta ,i ) Qa = m

Aa

!he mass flow rate of air can be found from the pressure drop across the orifice.

& a = Co m & a ,ideal = Co m

&a m & ideal m ;o do F Dh

d o' @

' P ( % @ )

C mass flow rate of air (kg-s C ideal mass flow rate of air (kg-s for an in#iscid fluid C orifice discharge coefficient 6.D6' 6.667 C orifice diameter C *.66 in. C6.6ED' m C differential pressure across orifice plate in Fa C density of air C do-Dh C hydraulic diameter of duct C @)cross-FerimeterC6.%E: m

O#erall +eat !ransfer ;oefficient RGf , a RGf , w % % % % % = = = + + Rwall + + UA U a Aa U w Aw ( o hA ) a ( o A ) a ( o A ) w ( o hA) w !he fouling resistances 2>f,a and 2>f,w are negligible as is 2wall. Hall resistance is conduction resistance through the tube walls. !he o#erall surface efficiency, o, is a function of the fin efficiency and the ratio of the fin surface area, )f, to the total exposed surface area. ) ()a for air, )w for water . #or the water side" o$% since there are no fins inside the water passages. !he total area in contact with the air is )aC)bI)f where )b is the area of the exposed base between the roots of fins. Jeometrical measurements are listed in later sections. Af o = % ( % f ) A

'

3luid Froperties /#aluate water and air properties at their respecti#e mean temperatures. Hater !ube Jeometry !here are %@ flattened water tubes that carry heat to the aluminum fins. !he dimensions of each tube are 4tC'6D mm, interior cross.sectional area )crossCHtx+t C @Dmm x % mm, and twall C 6.* mm. !he area in contact with the water is )wC%@xK4tx'(HtI+t LC6.'E% m. 3in Jeometry /ach fin bridging the gap between two adMacent water tubes is assumed to be a pair of fins Moined at mid. span. !he mid.span Munction is assumed to be adiabatic due to geometrical symmetry and the reasonable assumption that the water tubes exhibit nearly identical temperature gradients. !hus, each full fin is modeled as a pair of fins with adiabatic tips. !here are %@ double rows (C': rows of aluminum fins with :: fins per row for a total of '@D@ fins. 3in dimensions are 4fC@.E mm, HfC@: mm, tfC6.%7 mm, and spacing =f C '.' mm. !he total fin area is )f C Nf x '4f(Hf I tf C %.%%7 m'. !he exposed base area is )b C Nf x =f x Hf C 6.'D6 m'. )nd )a C )b I )f. )ir ;hannel Jeometry !he channels between fins are treated as flattened tubes with )crossC'4f x =f C ' x @.E mm x '.'mm C '.6Ee.7 m'. !he length of each channel is the fin width Hf C @: mm. Hater.=ide Nusselt Number Oecause the water tubes are "uite flat with a channel cross.section of @D mm x % mm, use the hydraulic diameter DhC@)cross-F in all calculations instead of D (note that this is not the hydraulic diameter of the duct before the orifice plate . !able :.% lists #alues of NuD for fully de#eloped, laminar flow in non.circular tubes. !he surface temperature of the tubes is approximately constant. 3or this problem, the aspect ratio (channel width di#ided by height, Ht-+tC@Dmm-%mm of the tube is best approximated by a-bPQ. Next, you must #erify that the flow is & Dh < 2300 . 2emember that the water flow is di#ided among %@ channels. laminar from ReD = 4m Normally you would next ha#e to calculate if the water flow is fully de#eloped. !o sa#e time, this calculation has been performed for you, and you may assume fully de#eloped flow through the channels. )ir.=ide Nusselt Number !he air channels are flattened tubes with an aspect ratio of

a b = ' L f S f @ , and their length is only

& Dh < '*66 . HfC@: mm. (se the hydraulic diameter Dh to #erify that the flow is laminar from 2e D = @m When co!puting &e'" re!e!ber to distribute the air !ass flow a!ong the %()( channels* +therwise your &e will be %()( ti!es too large* !hen compute the thermal entry length to pro#e that the entry region is significant. (se the expression Lt ,la min ar = 0 0!ReD PrDh for laminar flow in circular tubes, since the aspect ratio is not inordinately large. He do not ha#e an e"uation in our book for entry region flow in non.circular tubes. 1t is better to determine NuD for entry region flow in circular tubes than for fully de#eloped flow in non.circular tubes. ) suitable correlation for Nu D is /"uation :.D* on page @*E of the text.
3in /fficiency !he fin efficiency for the adiabatic tip condition is

f =

tanh L f 'h " f t f L f 'h " f t f

=ee the <3in Jeometry> section for dimensions. )ssume negligible contact resistance between the aluminum fins and the brass sheets because they are bra,ed together. 1t is reasonable to assume that the base temperature of the fins is e"ual to the a#erage water temperature since the brass walls are #ery thin and highly conducti#e.

Apred !he predicted heat transfer rate is

Q pred = UATlm Tlm ,C# =

3or a counter.flow heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is

(T

w ,i

Ta ,o ) ( Tw,o Ta ,i ) Tw,i Ta ,o ln T T w,o a ,i

+owe#er, this experiment employs a cross.flow +/0 with both fluids unmixed. !he appropriate #alue of !lm for this +/0 is obtained by multiplying !lm,;3 by the correction factor 3 that is obtained from 3igure %*.%:c.

Tlm = # Tlm ,C#

'iscussion )ddress the following "uestions in your discussion$ % +ow much of a difference is there between Aa and AwR Hhich do you think is more accurateR HhyR Discuss the causes of any discrepancies. )re the numbers closer at high or low #elocitiesR 1f theres a significant difference between agreement at high and low #elocities, speculate why. ' Hhich readings cause the most experimental uncertaintyR !hermocouples of this type (B.type ha#e an uncertainty of approximately %S;. Hhat percent uncertainty does this cause in your calculated heat transfer ratesR 4ist two effecti#e ways of impro#ing accuracy of the results. * Does the air.side or water.side resistance dominateR Hhy do you think there are fins on the air side but not the water sideR @ ;ompare the Apred with the experimental #alues. =peculate on the most important causes of the discrepancy between them.