VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belgaum 590 014

Technical Seminar Synopsis On

Monitoring Of Seismic Variations Using Mobile
Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements as prescribed by VTU for the award
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By

Mr. BHARATH. E
(1RL03EC009)

Under The Guidance Of

MR. SHIVAPRASAD.K.M
(Senior Lecturer, Dept. Of E&C)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

R.L.JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Doddaballapur-561203 (Ph.No. 08119-7626800)

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INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABSTRACT
Earthquake, which is a natural event, occurs periodically in some areas of the
world causing greater economical losses, in addition to loss of human lives. Many
Governments prepare to attend the relief measures with huge cost, only after the event is
occurred. Even with advancement in modern science and technology, few informations
are available on the prediction of earthquakes in advance. Even such methods have not
been field tested universally. In the absence of the above, heavy losses both to human
lives and materials, occur often and often. These areas needs further probing.
Against this, there are many seismological observatories throughout the world to
record the intensity of these observatories only help to confirm the occurrence of the
events but not to predict the event in advance. If the earthquake is predicted one to two
days in advance, it is possible for any Government to take preventive measures against
the losses. Though there are several methods are being followed to predict the earthquake
(but the success story is different), this is the first time in the history, earthquake is
predicted with the help of Artificial satellites (success rate is more than 75%!).

Mobile hosts and wireless networking hardware are becoming widely available,
and extensive work has been done recently in integrating these elements into traditional
networks such as the Internet. Often times, however, mobile users will want to
communicate in situations in which no fixed wired infrastructure is available. In such
situations, a collection of mobile hosts with wireless network interfaces may form a
temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized
administration. These kinds of networks of mobile hosts have become known as ad hoc
networks.

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TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS

2.1 TECHNOLOGY
2.1.1 Ad Hoc Network
An Ad Hoc network is a cooperative engagement of collection of Mobile Hosts
without the intervention of any centralized Access Point. The idea is to design each
Mobile host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the
interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts in the network.
Ad Hoc networks are needed as mobile hosts need to communicate with each with no
fixed infrastructure and no administrative help because
1. It may not be physically possible for the establishment of the infrastructure or
2. It may not be practically economical to establish the infrastructure or
3. It may be because of the expediency of the situation does not permit the
installation of the infrastructure.
Some of the situations, which motivate the construction of Ad Hoc networks, are
1. A class of students may need to interact during a lecture,
2. Any number of people entering a conferencing room wants to communicate with
each other,
3. A group of emergency rescue workers may need to be quickly deployed after an
earthquake or flood,
4. A group of friends or business associates run into each other at an airport terminal
and wish to share information,
5. Ships to communicate with each other.

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Need new routing protocols:

In Ad Hoc networks, we need new routing protocols because of the following
reasons:
1. Nodes in Ad Hoc networks are mobile and topology of interconnections between
them may be quite dynamic.
2. Existing protocols exhibit least desirable behavior when presented with a highly
dynamic interconnection topology.
3. Existing routing protocols place too heavy a computational burden on each
mobile computer in terms of the memory-size, processing power and power
consumption.
4

Existing routing protocols are not designed for dynamic and self-starting behavior
as required by users wishing to utilize Ad-Hoc networks.

Existing routing protocols like Distance Vector Protocol take a lot of time for
convergence upon the failure of a link, which is very frequent in Ad Hoc
networks.

6. Existing routing protocols suffer from looping problems either short lived or long
lived.
7. Methods adopted to solve looping problems in traditional routing protocols may
not be applicable to Ad Hoc networks.
Features desired for a Routing Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks:
The protocols to be used in the Ad Hoc networks should have the following features:
1. The protocol should adapt quickly to topology changes.
2. The protocol should provide Loop free routing.
3. The protocol should provide multiple routes from the source to destination and this
will solve the problems of congestion to some extent.
4. The protocol should have minimal control message overhead due to exchange of
routing information when topology changes occur.
5. The protocol should allow for quick establishment of routes so that they can be used
before they become invalid.

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ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
3.1 ARCHITECTURE

Fig 3.1: Layered data management framework for mobile ad-hoc networks.

The aim of mobile ad-hoc networks is to extend the vision of mobile computing
paradigm and enable people to accomplish their tasks anywhere and anytime, by using all
computing resources, i.e., data and services, currently available in their vicinity. This
goal, however, raises many challenges from in multiple research areas.
There are three key sources of these issues and challenges:
(i) One set of challenges emanates from the networking component, and includes
problems relating to device discovery, message routing, and physical limitation of the
underlying networking technology.

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APPLICATION DOMAIN
4.1 APPLICATION AREAS
Emergency services
Ambulance
Police
Hospitals
Embedded computing applications
Enable computing where subnets do not exist
Digital Battlefield Communications
Movable base stations
Many military applications

Fig 4.1: Example of Ad Hoc Network Area

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CONCLUSION
Existing research centers at selected places in the country / world those receiving
constant sunlight throughout the year, to adopt this method and interlink each other to
continue the prediction to pin point the epicenter in advance.
The period of occurrence is varying from 3 to 130 hours after prediction
(normally it happens between 12 to 100 hours). So no one can sit idle with panic and wait
for such a long time. To overcome this, we may obtain and utilize suitable data collection
from Satellite / GPS etc., apart from watching anomaly behavior of pet animals or
animals at Zoo and alert the people by sounding local sirens, during the period
announced. Accordingly suitable warning may be given through TV / RADIO depending
upon the situation.

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