Production Technology for All

(Perforations)

Manuel Bramao
PE-Perf-00

Learning Objectives
Guns classifications Shaped charges Classification of guns system Perforating conveyance Factors affecting performance Slick line perforating head Dynamic underbalance perforating

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Perforating
Perforations connect the wellbore with the well The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily dependent on the near wellbore pressure drop. This is governed by drilling damage and perforation parameters. Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control operations are strongly dependent on perforation parameters.

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

History
Mechanical, prior to 1932. Bullet Gun, 1932 to present Hydraulic, 1958 to present
Abrasive jetting

Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Perforations

Perforating

Casing is perforated using a perforating gun to allow formation fluids to enter the wellbore Run on wireline, slickline, tubing Depth control is critical Engineers rely on open-hole logs to decide where to perforate

4
Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Safety is paramount

Cavity Effect

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Shaped Charge Perforator

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

The Perforation Process

High velocity 7,000 m/sec High Pressure millions psi High Speed microseconds Low temperature Particulated jet does the work

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems

Thru-Tubing
Small guns to get through the tubing string can be shot underbalance

Casing
Larger guns with big charges Usually shot overbalance

High Shot Density

Larger gun with more shots per foot Used for tubing conveyed applications

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Perforating Conveyance

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Perforating Conveyance

Three conveyance methods for perforating guns: -Through Casing -Through Tubing (Option for Magnetically Eccentered) -Tubing (or drill-pipe) conveyed Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Classification of Gun Systems

Capsule Charge
Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.) Pivot Gun (1 11/16-in.)

Hollow Carrier
Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.) HEGS (3 1/8 & 4-in.) Port Plug Guns (4-in.) HSD (2 to 7-in.)

11

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Thru-Tubing Guns

12

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Casing Guns

13

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

High-Shot Density (HSD) Guns

14

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Capsule and Hollow Carrier Guns

15

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Downhole Parameters that Affect Performance

Major effects
Gun clearance Casing and formation strength Effective formation stress Wellbore Fluid Temperature (selection of explosive)

16

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Factors Affecting Performance

17

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Gun Clearance

18

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Factors Affecting Productivity

19

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Formation Strength Effects

Penetration decrease is charge dependent Penetration decrease ranges between 0.5" to 1.75" per 1 ksi strength increase __________________________________________________ All of these factors affecting performance can be simulated with a PC program which will output penetration and productivity results for a particular gun system in a particular environment.

20

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Gun/Charge Selection
Temperature Rating BH (Big Hole Charge) or DP (Deep Penetration Charge)
BH only for gravel pack completion and fracturing

Gun Size
generally, larger the guns, better the performance

Shot Density
higher the shot density, better the performance

Shot Phasing
60, 90, 120 are better than 180 ro 0 degree phasing 180 or 0 degree guns for oriented perforation

21

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Slick Line Perforating Head

Electronic computer controlled firing mechanism
Responds only to direct commands Firing sequence enabled when RIH Power applied to detonator through several safety circuits No radio silence required No primary explosives

22

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

New Technology

PURE* - Show Movie

23

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Any Questions?

24

Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved