Experiment No: 1

Survey of an Area by Chain Survey (Closed Traverse)

Aim: To survey an open field by chain survey in order to calculate the area of the open field. Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, Cross Staff. Chain: Chains of 20 m and 0 m are used to lay and measure main survey lines and long distant offsets. These chains are divided into !"0 lin#s. The length of each lin# is 20 cm and 0 cm for 20 m and 0 m chains respectively. Tape: Tape of !" m length is used. The tape is used to ta#e perpendicular offsets for smaller lengths. Ranging Rods: Steel tubular ranging rods 2 m or m long are used. These are used for mar#ing a point in such a way that the position of the point can be clearly and e$actly seen from some distance away. Arrows: %0 cm long steel arrows are used to mar# the end of each chain during the chaining process. Cross-Staff: This instrument is used for setting right angles or perpendicular offsets of ob&ects from main chain line. Code of Si nals: The code of signals shown in Table ! should be followed by the surveyors while ranging a survey line using chain, to direct or convey message to the other surveyors or assistants in order to bring all the intermediate points in alignment with the end points in a chain line.

Si nal iven by the Surveyor

!. Rapid sweep with right hand '(ig.a) 2. Slow sweep with right hand. . Right arm e$tended '(ig.b). %. Right arm up and moved to the right. ". Rapid sweep with left hand '(ig.c)

!eanin of the si nal to the Assistant *ove considerably in that direction 'to your left). *ove slowly to your left. Continue to move to your left. +lumb the rod to your left.

*ove considerably in that direction 'to your right). ,. Slow sweep with left hand. *ove slowly to your right. -. .eft arm e$tended '(ig.d). Continue to move your right. /. .eft arm up and moved to the left. +lumb the rod to your right. 0. 1oth hands above head and brought Ranging is correct. down '(ig.e). !0. 1oth arms e$tended forward hori2ontally (i$ the ranging rod. and the hands brought down 3uic#ly. Table 1: Code of Si nal

"an in a line: 4t is the process of establishing a number of intermediate points on a survey line &oining two stations in the field, so that all the points on the line are in alignment and the length between stations may be measured accurately. Procedure: Two ranging rods are erected vertically at the end stations by two surveyors who are standing behind ranging rods. 5ne of the surveyors from one of the end stations directs the assistant to hold the ranging rod vertically to establish an intermediate point and move the rod either to the left or right until the ranging rod is in alignment with the end stations. (inally, when the ranging is correct, the assistant is directed to fi$ the ranging rod at that point. All the directions from surveyor should be as per the Code of Signals given in Table !.

Ta#in offsets: The perpendicular distance measured right or left of the chain line to locate the details li#e corners, boundaries, culverts, etc is #nown as offset. 5ffsets can be ta#en by two ways6 !. 1y Tape and 2. 1y Cross7Staff. By Tape: The leader holds the 2ero end of the tape at the point where the offset is to be ta#en and the follower swings off the tape in an arc across the chain line to left and right. The minimum reading of tape on the chain line gives the position of the foot of the perpendicular from the re3uired point. By Cross-Staff: The Cross7Staff is held vertically on the chain line appro$imately near the point where the offset is li#ely to fall. The Cross7Staff is turned until the signal at one end of the chain line is viewed through one pair of slits. The surveyor then ta#es a round and views through the other pair of silts. 4f the point to which the offset is to be ta#en is seen, the point below the instrument is the re3uired foot of the offset. 5n the other hand, if the point is not seen, the surveyor moves along the chain line, without twisting the Cross7Staff, till the point appears. $ro%edure for surveyin the iven open field (Closed Traverse): Note: This pro%edure is eneral pro%edure only& This pro%edure varies 'ith the experiment iven to students& Therefore students are re(uired to 'rite the pro%edure a%%ordin to the experiment iven to them& A1C89( is the re3uired closed traverse open field to be surveyed for calculating the area as shown in (ig !. (rom the station A the length of all the opposite corners such as AC, A8 and A9 are measured with a chain and the longest distance is considered for laying off the main chain line. 4n this case A8 is the longest and a chain line running from A to 8 is laid. 5ffsets to corner points 1, C, 9 and ( are now laid from the chain line A8 either by tape or cross7 staff and their foot of offsets are :, 4, ;, < respectively. All the offset lengths :1, <(, 4C and ;9 are measured either by chain or tape depending on the length of offsets. The distances between all the points A:, :<, <4, 4; and ;8 are also measured along the chain line.

)i 1: Survey of an *pen )ield (Closed Traverse) Area Cal%ulations: Note: Areas of all trian les and trape+iums are %al%ulated and added to ether to %al%ulate the total area of open field (Closed Traverse) as des%ribed in %lass& "esult: The total Area of the given 5pen (ield by Chain Survey = Instru%tions to students: !. >ou are re3uired to plot the closed traverse in the lab record on the left side of page with all measurements to a scale. s3m

Experiment No: ,

Chainin A%ross *bsta%les

Aim: To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods. Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, Cross Staff. *bsta%les to Chainin : 8uring measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method because of a variety of obstacles to chaining and ranging in the field. Obstacles to measurement: The obstacles which do not obstruct the ranging 'view) li#e ponds, rivers are #nown as 5bstacles to *easurement. Obstacles to alignment: The obstacles which we cannot see across, i.e. both the chaining and ranging are obstructed, e.g. houses, stac#s, etc. are #nown as 5bstacles to Alignment. $ro%edures to find out *bstru%ted -en th: *bsta%les to measurement: irst !ethod: .et A1C8 be a chain line obstructed by a pond '(ig !). .et 1C be the obstructed length. Two offsets 19 and C( of e3ual lengths are made at 1 and C and chaining is done along 9( to measure the distance 9(. ?ow the re3uired obstructed length 1C is e3ual to the measured distance 9(. Therefore, Second !ethod: 1C = 9(

.et A1 be the obstructed length across the river '(ig 2). AC is laid off, of any convenient length, perpendicular to the re3uired distance A1. ?ow a perpendicular is laid off from C such that it meets the e$tended line of A1 at 8. Triangles A1C and A8C are similar triangles. (rom the principle of similar triangles, A1 @ AC Therefore, obstructed length A1 Third !ethod: .et A1 be a chain line obstructed by a river '(ig ). A point 4 is assumed anywhere in line with the re3uired distance A1. A point < is ta#en in such a way that <; = <4 and <A = <1. ?ow a point . is established in line A< and at the same time in the line ;A produced. Triangles A<. and A1< are similar triangles and their corresponding sides are e3ual to each other as the points A, 1 and 4, ; are e3uidistant either side from <. Therefore, the obstructed length A1 = A. = AC @ A8 = AC2 @ A8

*bsta%les to ali nment: irst !ethod: .et 89 be the obstructed length across the building '(ig %). A point C is assumed arbitrarily. 9 and C are &oined such that 9C = C1. ?ow 8 and C are also &oined such that 8C = CA. Triangles C89 and C1A are similar triangles and their corresponding sides are e3ual to each other as points 19 and A8 are e3uidistant either side from C. Therefore, obstructed length 89 = 1A Second !ethod: .et 89 be the obstructed length across the building '(ig "). A point ( is established at e3ual distances from 8 and 9 at any convenient distance. +oints < and : are established such that (< = (:. Triangles (89 and (<: are similar triangles. (rom the principle of similar triangles, 89 @ 8( = <: @ <(

Therefore, obstructed length 89

'<: B 8() @ <(

Cal%ulations: Note: All %al%ulations of all methods to find obstru%ted len ths should be sho'n here& "esult: Obstacles to measurement: 5bstructed length from (irst *ethod 5bstructed length from Second *ethod 5bstructed length from Third *ethod Obstacles to alignment: 5bstructed length from (irst *ethod 5bstructed length from Second *ethod Instru%tions to students: Students are re3uired to draw all the diagrams of all methods to scale with all dimensions on the left pages of lab record. = = m m = = = m m m

Experiment No: .

!easurement of /istan%e bet'een T'o Ina%%essible $oints 'ith $rismati% Compass

Aim: To determine distance between two inaccessible points using +rismatic Compass. Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, +rismatic Compass, Tripod. $rismati% Compass: 4t is a compass where the graduated ring is attached with the needle and does not rotate with line of sight. As the name implies a prism is provided at the 9ye Cane end so that the readings on graduated ring are read through the prism. :raduations are engraved inverted since the graduated ring is read through the prism. The minimum angle between two ad&acent graduations is 0 0. The advantage of this compass is that both sighting and reading can be done simultaneously.

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Temporary Ad0ustments of Compass: Centering: A tripod is placed over the station with its legs spread well apart so that it is at a wor#able height. The compass is fi$ed on the tripod. 4t is then centered over the station where the reading is to be ta#en. A plumb bob is hung from the centre of compass. 4n case the arrangement for a plumb bob is not provided, a stone is dropped from below the compass and it should fall on the peg mar#ing the ground station. "e#elling: The compass is levelled by eye &udgment. This is essential so that the graduated ring swings freely.

ocusing the Prism: The prism is moved up or down till the figures and graduations are seen clearly. Ina%%essible /istan%e: Dhen two points are too far away, unreachable and the chaining between them is difficult, the distance between these two points is called 4naccessible 8istance. 1ut the two points are visible to each other. Ta#in a "eadin 'ith $rismati% Compass: The compass is rotated until the point or ob&ect and the cross hair at ob&ect vane coincide. ?ow the reading on the graduated ring is ta#en by observing through the prism which is provided &ust below the eye vane. The reading that coincides with the cross hair should be ta#en. The brea# pin which is provided below the ob&ect vane should be pressed down while ta#ing reading to avoid oscillations of graduated ring. !easurin An le bet'een T'o lines: .et A1C be a traverse of which the angle at 1 to be measured '(ig !). The compass is set up at point 1 and then the point A is sighted and the reading on graduated ring is noted down. ?ow the instrument is rotated towards point C and the reading on graduated ring is noted down. The

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difference of those two reading gives the angle at 1 which is an angle between line 1A and line 1C.

$ro%edure for measurin ina%%essible distan%e bet'een t'o points: .et A and 1 be the two inaccessible points whose distance to be measured '(ig 2). A point C is established at a reasonable distance from A. .et a, b, c be the distances of sides C1, AC, A1 respectively out of which c is the inaccessible length. ?ow distance b is measured as it is accessible to point A. The angles E A and Ec are measured with a compass as described before. The angle E1 can be calculated from, E1 = !/0 F 'EA G Ec)

The inaccessible length c can be calculated from Sine Rule. a @ Sin EA b @ Sin E1 Therefore, c
=

= =

b @ Sin E1 = c @ Sin Ec 'b B Sin Ec) @ 'Sin E1)

c @ Sin Ec

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Cal%ulations: Note: All %al%ulations should be sho'n here& "esult: The distance between the two inaccessible points A and 1, c Instru%tions to students: >our are re3uired draw a rough s#etch of (ig !, but the s#etch of (ig 2 with all measurements and angles should be drawn to a suitable s%ale. = m

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Experiment No: 1

Survey of an Area by Compass Survey (Closed Traverse)

Aim: To survey an area 'Closed Traverse) by Compass Survey and to plot the area. Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, +rismatic Compass, Tripod. 2hole Cir%le 3earin (2C3): The bearing of line that is always measured cloc#wise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line right round the circle is #nown as Dhole Circle 1earing 'DC1). DC1 will have values between 00 and ,00. E!, E2, E , etc in (ig ! represent DC1s.

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)ore or )or'ard 3earin ()3) (2C3 System): The bearing of line in the direction of progress of the survey is called (ore or (orward 1earing. 3a%# or "everse 3earin (33) (2C3 System): The bearing of a line in the opposite direction of progress of the survey is #nown as 1ac# or Reverse 1earing. The bearing of a line is indicated in the order in which the line is lettered. Thus, the bearing from A to 1 '(ig 2) is the fore bearing E of the line A1, whereas the bearing of line A1 in the direction 1 to A is its bac# bearing +.

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Cal%ulation of In%luded An les from )ore 3earin and 3a%# 3earin : 4ncluded angle is an angle between two lines. 4ncluded angles may be e$terior or interior. 4ncluded angle between two lines is obtained by the following formula, 4ncluded Angle = (ore 1earing of ?e$t .ine F 1ac# 1earing of +revious .ine

4n (ig the included angle between line A1 and line 1C is, = (1 of line 1C F 11 of line A1

4f the calculated included angle comes out as a negative value, ,0 0 is added to it. Since traversing in this case is done in cloc#wise direction, the included angles will be e$terior only.

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Ta#in )ore 3earin and 3a%# 3earin of a line 'ith $rismati% Compass: Dhile ta#ing (ore 1earing of a line, the compass is #ept over the starting point of line while running from cloc#wise direction in the traverse. The line of sight is #ept along ? F S direction such that the bearing under the prism should read 0 0. ?ow the compass is turned in cloc#wise direction only until the line of sight coincides with the ranging rod placed at the end point of line. Dhile ta#ing 1ac# 1earing of a line, the compass is shifted to the end point of line and same procedure is followed as it is followed while ta#ing (ore 1earing. $ro%edure: Note: This pro%edure is eneral pro%edure only& This pro%edure4 fi ures and table vary 'ith the experiment iven to students& Therefore students are re(uired to 'rite the pro%edure and dra' fi ures and table a%%ordin to the experiment iven to them& The (ore 1earing and 1ac# 1earing of all lines of closed traverse '(ig %) are measured by a +rismatic Compass.

The distances of all lines of closed traverse are measured with a chain. All the values are tabulated as below.
-ine *bserved /ifferen% In%luded Theoreti%a Error Corre%ted /istan%e "emar#s

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e ()3 of Next -ine 5 33 of $revious -ine) )3 A1 1C C8 89 9A Total 33 (1 of A1 F 11 of 9A (1 of 1CF 11 of A1 (1 of C87 11 of 1C (1 of 897 11 of C8 (1 of 9A7 11 of 89

An le

l Sum of In%luded An les

In%luded An le

6666

6666

Theoretical sum of included angles can be calculated by, '2n G %) B 000 Dhere n = ?umber of sides of closed traverse.

The 9rror in the actual included angles can be calculated by,

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9rror Dhere

'Theoretical Sum of 4ncluded Angles F Total Actual 4ncluded Angles) @ n n = ?umber of sides of closed traverse.

4f the 9rror is positive, add this error to each actual included angle and if the 9rror is negative, deduct this error from each actual included angle. Therefore, Corrected 4ncluded Angle Corrected 4ncluded Angle Chec$: Sum of Corre%ted In%luded An les 7 Theoreti%al Sum of In%luded An les. = = Actual 4ncluded Angle G 9rror, if positive. Actual 4ncluded Angle F 9rror, if negative.

Cal%ulation of internal in%luded an les: 4nternal 4ncluded Angle between two lines can be calculated by, 4nternal 4ncluded Angle Cal%ulations: Note: Sho' all Internal In%luded An les %al%ulations here& "esult: Note: This result also varies 'ith the experiment iven to students& Therefore students are re(uired to 'rite results a%%ordin to the experiment iven to them& %istances: A1 1C C8 89 9A = = = = = m m m m m = ,00 F 9$ternal 4ncluded Angle

&ncluded Angles: Angle A =

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Angle 1 Angle C Angle 8 Angle 9

= = = =

Instru%tions to students: >ou are re3uired to draw all the diagrams as 4 have drawn. >ou are re3uired to plot the closed traverse to a suitable scale with all distances and internal included angles on the left page of lab record.

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Experiment No: 8

"adiation and Interse%tion !ethods by $lane Table Survey

Aim: To plot a given area by Radiation and 4ntersection methods of +lane Table Survey. Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, +lane Table with Tripod and its accessories, Two 8rawing Sheets, 8rawing Clips, +encil, 9raser and +ins. $lane Table Surveyin : 4t is the branch of surveying in which both field wor# and plotting are done simultaneously. The advantage of +lane Table Surveying is that as the field is in our view, omitting of any measurement is not possible and e$act shapes of the areas can be drawn. /ra'in 3oard: The 8rawing 1oard is made of well7seasoned wood. The 8rawing 1oard is mounted on a tripod by means of a screw and wing nut. Alidade: 4t is a brass ruler of about "0 F ,0 cm in length. Two vanes, Hob&ect vaneI and Hsight vaneI are hinged at its two ends. A scale is attached to the fudicial edge of alidade. This is used for sighting the ob&ect through ob&ect and sight vanes and to draw lines to a suitable scale along the fudicial or ruling edge. Trou h Compass: Jsually it is !" cm long and is provided to plot the magnetic meridian '? F S direction) to facilitate orientation of the plane table in the magnetic meridian. Spirit -evel: The essential condition in plane table surveying is that the board should be level. This is usually accomplished with a circular spirit level.

$lumbin )or#:

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4t is a hairpin7shaped brass frame having two arms of e3ual length. 5ne end of the frame is pointed and is #ept over the drawing sheet touching the plotted position of the instrument station. The other end of the frame carries a plumb bob. The position of the plane table is ad&usted until the plumb bob hangs over the station occupied by the instrument. Indian Clinometer: Since a large number of points of observation are re3uired to plot contours in plane table survey, the direct or spirit levelling proves to be very slow and thus an 4ndian pattern Clinometer is employed to measure the levels of the ground. /ra'in Sheet: The drawing sheet used should be of the best 3uality to withstand rubbing and scrubbing. 1ecause of humidity, une3ual e$pansion and contraction of the sheet may alter the scale and distort the map. 4t should never be rolled or folded and should be carried flat. The sheet should be well stretched and held firmly on the board to prevent any displacement of the sheet by the friction of the alidade. A plane table and its accessories are shown in the figure below. Note: Students are re(uired to dra' this fi ure&

Temporary Ad0ustments:

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Surface of the board should be perpendicular to the #ertical a'is of the &nstrument: This can be achieved by placing a spirit level over the plane table and moving the legs to ma#e the bubble central. The table is then turned through !/00. The spirit level is now placed at 000 to its previous position and the bubble is again made central. The procedure is repeated and if the bubble remains central, the ad&ustment is correct. The udicial (dge of the Alidade should be a straight line: To chec# this, draw a line along the ruling or fudicial edge, reverse the alidade and place it against the ends of the line. Again draw a line which should coincide with the previous line. 4f the two lines do not coincide, the edge is rubbed with sand paper and is corrected. The two )anes should be perpendicular to the Base of Alidade: Set the alidade on the corner edge of a building or on a suspended plumb bob. Set the alidade vanes along any of the above two. The plumb line and vane should coincide. 4f they do not coincide ad&ust from the hinges till the vane coincides with the plumb line. Settin up the $lane Table: Centering: 4t is the operation of bringing the plotted station point e$actly over the ground station. To achieve this pointed leg of the plumbing for# is placed against the plotted point and the plumb bob is suspended from its other leg. "e#elling: 4t is the operation of bringing the plane table in a hori2ontal plane. The plane table is set at a convenient height, which is elbow level, by spreading the legs. The board is levelled with the help of spirit level. Orientation: 4t is the operation of #eeping the plane table parallel to the position it occupied at the first station. The plane table is set on a new station and the alidade is placed against the line &oining the new station with the preceding station. The table is rotated until the line of sight bisects the previous station. This entire procedure is #nown as 5rientation by 1ac# Sighting. Si htin Throu h Alidade and Ta#in !easurement: .et A and 1 be the two points on the ground whose length is to be plotted on the plane table '(ig !). The plane table is #ept at station A and is set up as described before. ?ow the alidade is #ept along the point HaI which is the transferred point of A from ground to drawing sheet by plumbing for#.

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?ow the alidade is rotated along point HaI until the ranging rod at ground station 1 is sighted through ob&ect vane and eye vane. The distance A1 on the ground is measured and converted to a suitable scale. A point HbI is mar#ed along the alidade with the distance that is e3ual to the converted distance of A1. ?ow HabI is the re3uired distance of line A1 on the drawing sheet.

"adiation !ethod: 4n this method the instrument is setup at a station and rays are drawn to various stations which are to be plotted. The distances are cut to a suitable scale after actual measurements. Procedure: Note: This pro%edure is eneral pro%edure only and varies 'ith the iven experiment& Students are re(uired to 'rite the pro%edure and dra' fi ures a%%ordin to the experiment iven to them& A station 5 is selected such that all other stations A, 1, C and 8 are accessible and visible from 5 '(ig 2). ? F S direction is plotted. The plane table is setup at 5. The alidade is placed at HoI and rays are drawn from HoI to the stations A, 1, C, 8 and the distances oa, ob, oc and od are cut to the chosen scale. ;oint a, b, c and d.

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Interse%tion !ethod: 4n this method two stations are so selected that all the other stations to be plotted are visible from these. The line &oining these two stations is called 1ase .ine. The length of this line is measured very accurately. Rays are drawn from these stations to the stations to be plotted. The intersection of the rays from the two stations gives the position of the station to be plotted on the drawing sheet. Procedure: Note: This pro%edure is eneral pro%edure only and varies 'ith the iven experiment& Students are re(uired to 'rite the pro%edure and dra' fi ures a%%ordin to the experiment iven to them& .et A and 1 be the two accessible stations '(ig ), such that A and 1 can be suitably plotted. C is the station to be plotted by intersection. The plane table is placed at A. ? F S direction is plotted. The ground station A is transferred as HaI onto the drawing sheet. Dith the alidade centered at HaI, station 1 is sighted. A ray a1 is drawn and is cut as HabI to a suitable scale. Dith the alidade at HaI, C is also sighted and a ray aC is drawn. The table is now shifted to 1 and is setup. The alidade is placed at HbI and C is sighted. A ray bC is drawn. The intersection of the two rays gives the position of C as HcI on the plane table.

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Instru%tions to Students: There are no calculations and result in this e$periment, but you are re3uired to atta%h the t'o dra'in sheets (the ones you have dra'n on the field) to the lab record after the last page of this e$periment.

99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999A-- T:E 3EST9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

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