INCLINED PLANES

Aim of the experiment: To find the acceleration of motion Apparatus/Materials: Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, tickertimer, ticker tape, power supply, friction-compensated runway Setup:

Procedure: 1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and the inclined angle of the plane is measured using a protractor. An initial angle of 5 is used. 2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down the plane. 3. The acceleration of trolley calculate from tape chart. Results:

Calculate acceleration

INERTIA Hypothesis: The larger the mass, the bigger the inertia Aim of the experiment: To study the effect of mass on the inertia of an object Variables: Manipulated: Mass, m Responding: Period of oscillation, T Constant: Stiffness of the inertia balance Apparatus/Materials: Inertia balance, masses for the inertia balance, G-clamp, Stopwatch Setup:

Procedure: 1. The inertia balance is set up by clamping it onto one end of the table as shown in the figure above. 2. One mass is placed into the inertia balance. The inertia balance is displaced to one side so that it oscillates in a horizontal plane. 3. The time for 10 complete oscillations is measured using a stopwatch. This step is repeated. The average of 10 oscillations is calculated. Then, the period of oscillation is determined. 4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated using two and three masses on the inertia balance. 5. A graph of T2 versus number of masses, n is drawn. Results:

Graph of T2 versus m:

Discussion: The graph of T2 versus m shows a straight line passing through the origin. This means that the period of oscillation increases with the mass of the load; that is, an object with a large mass has a large inertia. Conclusion: Objects with a large mass have a large inertia. This is the reason why it is difficult to set an object of large mass in motion or to stop it. The hypothesis is valid.

HOOKES LAW
Hypothesis: The bigger the weight, the longer the spring extension Aim of the experiment: To determine the relationship between the weight and the spring extension Variables: Manipulated: Weight of the load Responding: Spring extension Constant: Spring constant Apparatus and Materials: Spring, pin, weights, plasticine, retort stand, metre rule Setup:

Procedure: 1. The apparatus is setup as shown in the diagram. 2. The length of the spring without any weights, l0 is measured using the metre rule with the pin as reference. 3. A 50 g weight is hung from the bottom of the spring. The new length of the spring, l is measured. The spring extension is l l0. 4. Step 4 is repeated with weights 100 g, 150 g, 200 g, and 250 g. Results: Original length of spring = l0 = __________ cm

Analysis: A graph of spring extension, x against weight, F is plotted.

The x-F graph is a linear graph which passes through the origin. This shows that the extension of the spring is directly proportional to the stretching force. Conclusion: Hypothesis proven.

PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS Experiment 1: Water pressure and depth Hypothesis: Water pressure increases with depth Aim of the experiment: To find the relationship between the pressure in a liquid according to its depth Variables: Manipulated: Depth of liquid Responding: Pressure in liquid Constant: Density of liquid Apparatus and Materials: Measuring cylinder, thistle funnel, rubber tube, manometer, metre rule Setup:

Procedure: 1. Apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. 2. The measuring cylinder is completely filled with water. 3. The thistle funnel is lowered into the water to a depth of 10.0 cm. The manometer reading is measured. The difference in the liquid heights in the manometer represent the pressure reading. 4. Step 3 is repeated with values of depth 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm and 50.0 cm. Results:

Analysis: A graph of pressure against depth is drawn.

Conclusion: It is observed that the manometer reading increases as the depth of the thistle funnel increases. This shows that the pressure increases with the depth of the liquid. Hypothesis proven.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Hypothesis: The buoyant force on an object in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced Aim of the experiment: To find the relationship between the buoyant force acting upon an object in a liquid and the weight of the liquid displaced Variables: Manipulated: Weight of the object Responding: Buoyant force / Weight of liquid displaced Constant: Density of liquid used Apparatus and Materials: Eureka tin, spring balance, stone, thread, beaker, triple beam balance Setup:

Procedure: 1. A beaker is weighed with the triple beam balance and its mass, m1 is recorded. 2. The Eureka tin is filled with water right up to the level of the overflow hole. The beaker is placed beneath the spout to catch any water that flows out. 3. A stone is suspended from the spring balance with thread and its weight in air, W1 is read from the spring balance. 4. The stone is lowered into the Eureka tin until it is completely immersed in water without touching the bottom of the Eureka tin. The water will overflow into the beaker. 5. The spring balance reading, W2 is recorded. 6. The beaker with water is weighed with the triple beam balance, and the mass, m2 is recorded. Results: Weight of stone in air = W1 = Weight of stone in water = W2 =.. Buoyant force acting on the stone = W2 W1= .. Weight of the empty beaker = m1g=. Weight of the beaker and displaced water = m2g=. Weight of the displaced water = (m2 m1)g=. It is found that W2 W1 = (m2 m1)g= Discussion: The loss of weight of the stone immersed in water is due to the buoyant force of the water acting upon it. From the results, it is found that the loss in weight of the stone is equal to the weight of water displaced. Conclusion: Buoyant force on the stone = Weight of the water displaced by the stone Hypothesis proven.