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Drovning
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Instructnr Bin - Chris Dn!an
Senior Applications Engineer
13 years of experience with Eaton - Marina Power and
Lighting
Oversees more than 600 electrical designs a year
Experienced in power pedestals and distribution, and
electrical safety and efficiency
Speaker at numerous industry events
Contributor to the upcoming ASCE manual for marina
design
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Instructnr Bin Ed 5hcrman
Director, Educational Programming, American Boat &
Yacht Council (ABYC)
Award winning author of multiple best selling marine
books.
Titles include: Outboard Engines, Power Boaters Guide to
Electrical Systems, 12 Volt Bible for Boats 2
nd
Edition,
Advanced Marine Electrics and Electronic
Troubleshooting, Co-Author, Fundamentals of Marine
Service Technology
Frequent IBEX speaker.
Contributor to Cruising World, Boating, Professional Boat
Builder magazines.
Owner, www.EDSBoattips.com
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E!cctric 5hnck Drnwning and thc Causcs
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What is E!cctric 5hnck Drnwning?
IIeclric Shock Drovning occurs vhen fauIly viring on a boal or
in a marina causes undervaler melaIs lo become
energized.
IxamIes of undervaler melaIs lhal couId become
energized:
oal Iros
Dock Irames
This creales an eIeclricaI heId in lhe valer.
The magnilude and inlensily of lhe eIeclricaI heId is delermined
by hov much currenl is being Ieaked inlo lhe valer.
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A svimmer enlers lhe eIeclricaI heId and comIeles lhe eIeclricaI
circuil lo ground.
The svimmer becomes a largel for lhe eIeclricaI currenl
Ieakage because lhe human body is a beuer conduclor of
eIeclricily lhan fresh valer
Iresh valer is cIose lo 70 limes more resislive lhan saIl
valer. This makes eIeclric currenl Ieakage in fresh valer
marinas a ma|or concern.
Deending on lhe amounl of currenl in lhe valer and a
svimmers Iocalion reIalive lo lhe eIeclricaI heId, a erson
may exerience eecls ranging from a sIighl lingIe, lo
comIele Ioss of muscIe conlroI, lo venlricuIar hbriIIalion.
What is E!cctric 5hnck Drnwning?
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50mA of
Leakage
20mA of
Leakage
5mA of Leakage
Undcrwatcr E!cctrica! Fic!d
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Currenl
nol VoIlage
Lighl uIb
100 mA
Current Effects
1 mA to 8 mA Tingle, sensation of shock, not
painful, muscle control not lost
8 mA to 15 mA Painful shock, muscle control
not lost
15 mA to 20 mA Pain shock, muscle control is
lost, paralysis / inability to swim
occurs, labored breathing
50 mA to 100 mA Ventricular Fibrillation possible
100 mA to 200 mA Ventricular Fibrillation occurs
200+ mA Burn marks may appear, chest
muscles clamp heart
E!cctric 5hnck Drnwning Mcdica! Facts
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Line 1 (Iack) currenl carrying conduclor
Line 2 (Red) currenl carrying conduclor
NeulraI (While) relurns currenl lo comIele circuil
Ground (Green) oers currenl anolher alh lo
comIele circuil if shorl or overIoad occurs
Basics nI thc E!cctrica! 5ystcm
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Basics nI thc E!cctrica! 5ystcm
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IxamIe:
30 ams oul on
Iine lo lhe
recelacIe
29.5 ams relurned
via lhe neulraI
Grounding
conduclor icks
u lhe remaining
0.5 ams before
il can Ieak
inlo lhe valer
Prnpcr!y Functinning E!cctrica! Circuit
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IxamIe:
30 ams oul on
Iine lo lhe
recelacIe
29.0 ams relurned
via lhe neulraI
IauIly ground onIy
icks u 0.5
ams
0.5 ams are Ieaked
inlo valer,
resenling a
olenliaI
robIem.
Inadcquatc E!cctrica! Circuit
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Tvo lhings are required for IIeclric
Shock Drovning:
1. An eIeclricaI fauIl lo ground eilher
in lhe marina or on a boal
2. An incomIele circuil caused by a
fauIly or nonexislenl circuil
back lo lhe dock's grounding
syslem.
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NFPA 303-5.20 Maintcnancc nI E!cctrica! Wiring and
Equipmcnt
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NFPA 303-5.20 Maintcnancc nI E!cctrica! Wiring and
Equipmcnt (cnnt.)
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Lel's Iook al severaI
suer looIs
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And a couIe of nol so
suer looIs...
A custom built meter
probe:
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A regular DVOM:
The very hrsl sle in lhis
rocess is lo delermine lhe
inlegrily of lhe viring al
lhe dock box...
Bad wiring at the dock pedestal may induce
errors to all of your readingsso, lets
begin with the SureTest tool.
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Whal viII lhe Sure Tesl
leII us`
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We will be using this tool
to determine some very
important things about
the dock wiring.
Ground, neutral and hot
wire integrity
Voltage drop, available
short circuit current
Actual resistance in ohms
for each conductor
And more.
IniliaI Iook is simiIar lo lhe
common LID lesler
In the example shown, the tool is indicating an open ground, a very
dangerous situation that should be corrected before going any further.
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The looI has a decoder charl on
il's back face........
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The false ground
feature is referring to a
neutral to ground
connection. This can be
a bit tricky depending
upon where you are
conducting the
test.i.e. on the boat or
at the dock pedestal.
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Here, ve are measuring
Iine voIlage..
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Here, ve are measuring
eak AC voIlage
Anolher voIlage reading lhe Sure Tesl can rovide is a
neulraI lo ground Ieakage voIlage..
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Anything less than 2
volts is acceptable.
Excessive reading
here indicates neutral
to ground current
leakage.
Line voIlage shouId read 120VAC +/-
10% al 60 Hz
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Here ve are lesling lhe
frequency..60 Hz
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Here ve are measuring voIlage dro..lhis
is an indicalor of inadequale vire gauge or
oor quaIily lerminalions...
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Here ve are aIso measuring voIlage
dro, bul al a higher currenl
IeveI...
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ASCC or avaiIabIe shorl-circuil currenl IeveI. Need lo muIliIy by
1000, so in lhis case ve see onIy 80 ams avaiIabIe. Nol very good and
again, indicalive of a oor conneclion or vire loo smaII.
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Here ve are measuring lhe acluaI
lri currenl for a GICI device..
Once ve have eslabIished lhal
lhe dock is OK, nov ve can
check for ground fauIl Ieakage
from boals.
Now we bring the inductive AC leakage
amp clamp into the mix..
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When using lhe AC Ieakage am
cIam, rocess of eIiminalion is reaIIy a
big arl of vhal you are doing...
Simply, this means that what goes down the hot
conductor must come back to the source via the
neutral conductor.
This would give us a zero amp reading on the
clamp meter.
Anything other than zero is a measurement of the
differential, or leakage current.
This current will always fault to ground , which
hopefully is a supplied conductor in excellent
condition on the dock.
Unfortunately we now know that this is often not the
case.
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AC is somelimes referred lo as
zero sum
Turn off the boats AC devices one at a time until
the leakage measurement zeros out.
You will have then identified the source.
If the measurement does not zero out then the
source of the leakage current is elsewhere on the
dock or a problem at the source.
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To delermine vhere lhe Ieakage is
coming from....
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To delermine vhere lhe Ieakage is
going lo...I use my dock vand
High amperage readings that keep getting higher
as on board appliances are turned on usually
indicates a neutral to ground connection at the
panel.
This is actually quite common in spite of the ABYC
E-11 directive that states not to do this.
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Olher reading ossibiIilies or
cIues...
Remember that every boat connected to the dock
wiring system is a contributor.
So, its best to test dock wiring integrity when all the
boats are disconnected.
ABYC Techs should never, ever disconnect a boat
from its dock pedestal without the boat owners
consentnot even for a few minutes!
Start at the farthest away from the shore and work
inward toward the dock source to try and isolate
problems.
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In my exerience il is besl lo lesl
docks in lhe o season..
Thank You! Are lhere any
addilionaI queslions`
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