WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

General Certificate of Education Advanced Level/Advanced Subsidiary

Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol Safon Uwch/Uwch Gyfrannol

MATHEMATICS

FORMULA BOOKLET

Issued 2004

Pure Mathematics Mensuration Surface area of sphere = 4r 2 Area of curved surface of cone = r slant height

Arithmetic Series un = a + (n 1)d Sn =

1 2

n(a + l) =

1 2

n [2a + (n 1)d]

Geometric Series un = ar n1 Sn =

a(1 r n ) 1 r a for | r | < 1 S = 1 r

n

Summations

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) r2 = 1 6
r =1 n

n 2 (n + 1) 2 r3 = 1 4
r =1

Binomial Series n n n + 1 r + = r + 1 r + 1 n n 1 n n 2 2 n nr r n ( a + b) n = a n + 1 a b+ 2 a b +K+ r a b +K+ b (n N N)

n n n! where r = C r = r!(n r )!
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)K( n r + 1) r x +K+ x + K ( x < 1, n R R) 1.2 1.2K r

Logarithms and exponentials

e x ln a = a x

Complex Numbers
{r (cos + i sin )}n = r n (cos n + i sin n ) e i = cos + i sin The roots of z n = 1 are given by z = e
2k i n

, for k = 0, 1, 2, K , n 1

Maclaurins and Taylors Series

f ( x) = f (0) + xf (0) +

x2 xr f (0) + K + f 2! r!

(r )

(0) + K
(r )

f ( x) = f (a) + ( x a) f (a) + f ( a + x) = f (a ) + xf (a) + e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + ln(1 + x) = x sin x = x cos x = 1

( x a) 2 ( x a) r f (a) + K + f r! 2!
(r )

(a) + K

x2 xr f (a ) + K + f 2! r!

(a) + K

x2 xr +K+ +K 2! r!

for all x (1 < x 1) for all x for all x (1 x 1) for all x for all x (1 < x < 1)

x 2 x3 xr + K + (1) r +1 +K 2 3 r

x3 x5 x 2 r +1 + K + (1) r +K 3! 5! (2r + 1)! x2 x4 x 2r + K + (1) r +K 2! 4! (2r )! x3 x5 x 2 r +1 + K (1) r +K 3 5 2r + 1

tan 1 x = x sinh x = x + cosh x = 1 +

x3 x5 x 2 r +1 + +K+ +K 3! 5! (2r + 1)! x2 x4 x 2r + +K+ +K 2! 4! (2r )! x3 x5 x 2 r +1 + +K+ +K 3 5 2r + 1

tanh 1 x = x +

Hyperbolic Functions cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1 sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

cosh 1 x = ln{x + x 2 1} ( x 1)

sinh 1 x = ln{x + x 2 + 1}
1+ x tanh 1 x = 1 ln 2 1 x ( x < 1)

Coordinate Geometry Conics Ellipse Standard Form Parametric Form

Eccentricity
2

Parabola y 2 = 4ax

Hyperbola x2 y2 =1

Rectangular Hyperbola xy = c 2
c (ct , ) t

x2

a 2 b2 (a cos , b sin )

y2

=1

(at 2 , 2at )

a 2 b2 (a sec , b tan ) ( a cosh , b sinh )

e <1
b = a (1 e ) ( ae, 0) x= a e none
2 2

e =1
2

e >1
b = a (e 1) ( ae, 0) a e x y = a b x=
2 2

e= 2
( 2 c, 2 c ) x + y = 2c x = 0, y = 0

Foci Directrices Asymptotes

(a, 0)

x = a
none

Trigonometric Identities sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos( A B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B tan( A B ) = tan A tan B 1 m tan A tan B 2t 1+ t2 ( A B (k + 1 ) ) 2 , cos A = 1 t2 1+ t2

A : sin A = For t = tan 1 2 sin A + sin B = 2 sin

sin A sin B = 2 cos

A+ B A B cos 2 2
A+ B A B sin 2 2

A+ B A B cos 2 2 A+ B A B cos A cos B = 2 sin sin 2 2 cos A + cos B = 2 cos Vectors The resolute of a in the direction of b is

a.b b

The point dividing AB in the ratio : is Matrix transformations

a + b +
sin cos

cos Anticlockwise rotation through about O: sin cos 2 Reflection in the line y = (tan ) x : sin 2

sin 2 cos 2

Differentiation Function

Derivative

f ( x) g ( x)
tan x sec x cot x cosec x
sin 1 x

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) ( g ( x)) 2
sec2x sec x tan x cosec 2 x cosec x cot x 1 1 x2 1 1 x2 1 1+ x2 cosh x sinh x sech 2 x 1 1 + x2 1 x 1 1 1 x2
2

cos 1 x
tan 1 x

sinh x cosh x tanh x sinh 1 x

cosh 1 x

tanh 1 x

Integration (+ constant; a > 0 where relevant)

Function
tan x cot x cosec x sec x sec2 x sinh x cosh x tanh x 1 a2 x2 1 a +x
2 2

Integral
ln sec x ln sin x ln cosec x + cot x = ln tan( 1 x) 2 ln sec x + tan x = ln tan( 1 x+ 1 ) 2 4 tan x cosh x sinh x ln cosh x
x sin 1 a
( x < a)

1 x tan 1 a a x cosh 1 = ln{x + x 2 a 2 } a ( x > a)

1 x2 a2 1 a2 + x2 1 a x 1 x a dv
2 2 2 2

x sinh 1 = ln{x + x 2 + a 2 } a

1 a+x 1 x ln = tanh 1 2a a x a a
1 xa ln 2a x + a

( x < a)

u dx dx = uv v dx dx
du

Area of a sector

A=

1 2

(polar coordinates)

Arc length s=

s=

dy 1 + dx dx
2 2

(cartesian coordinates)

dx dy + dt dt dt

(parametric form)

Surface area of revolution S x = 2 y ds = 2 S y = 2 x ds = 2

dx dy y + dt dt dt dx dy x + dt dt dt
2 2

Numerical Mathematics
Numerical integration The trapezium rule: Simpsons Rule: where h = ba n

b a

y dx 1 h{( y 0 + y n ) + 2( y1 + y 2 + K + y n 1 )} , where h = 2

b a

y dx 1 h{( y 0 + y n ) + 4( y1 + y 3 + K + y n 1 ) + 2( y 2 + y 4 + K + y n 2 )} , 3

ba and n is even n f ( xn ) f ( x n )

Numerical Solution of Equations The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f ( x) = 0 : x n +1 = x n

Mechanics
Motion in a circle

& = r Transverse velocity: v = r

& 2 = v = 2 r Radial acceleration: r r
2

Centres of Mass of Uniform Bodies Triangular lamina:

2 3

along median from vertex

Probability & Statistics

Probability P( A B ) = P( A) + P( B ) P( A B ) P( A B) = P( A) P( B | A) P( A | B) = P( B | A) P( A) P( B | A) P( A) + P( B | A) P( A) P( A j ) P( B | A j ) P( Ai ) P( B | Ai )

Bayes Theorem: P( A j | B ) =

Discrete distributions For a discrete random variable X taking values xi with probabilities pi Expectation (mean): E( X ) = = xi pi

Variance: Var( X ) = 2 = ( xi ) 2 pi = xi2 pi 2 For a function g( X ) : E(g( X )) = g( xi ) pi Standard discrete distributions: Distribution of X Binomial B(n, p ) Poisson Po( ) P( X = x) n x n x x p (1 p) e Mean np Variance np(1 p)

x
x!

Continuous distributions For a continuous random variable X having probability density function f Expectation (mean): E( X ) = = xf ( x) dx
Variance: Var( X ) = 2 = ( x ) 2 f( x) dx = x 2 f ( x) dx 2 For a function g( X ) : E(g( X )) = g( x) f ( x) dx Cumulative distribution function: F( x) = P( X x) = Standard continuous distributions: Distribution of X Uniform (Rectangular) on [a, b] U[a,b] Normal N( , 2 ) P.D.F.
1 ba

f (t ) dt

Mean
1 (a 2

Variance
1 (b a ) 2 12

+ b)

x 2 1 2 e

Expectation algebra For independent random variables X and Y

E( XY ) = E( X ) E(Y ) , Var(aX bY ) = a 2 Var( X ) + b 2 Var(Y )

Sampling distributions For a random sample X 1 , X 2 , K, X n of n independent observations from a distribution having

mean and variance 2

X is an unbiased estimator of , with Var( X ) = S 2 is an unbiased estimator of 2 , where S 2 =

2
n
( X i X ) 2 n 1

For a random sample of n observations from N( , 2 )

/ n X
S/ n

~ N(0, 1) ~ t ( n 1)

If X is the observed number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials in each of which the X probability of success is p, and Y = , then n p (1 p ) E(Y ) = p and Var(Y ) = n
2 ) and, independently, a random sample For a random sample of n x observations from N( x , x

of n y observations from N( y , 2 y)
( X Y ) ( x y )
2 x

nx

2 y
ny

~ N(0, 1)

Method of Least Squares If y i = + xi + ei , i = 1, 2, ..., n, then the least squares estimates of and respectively, are b = S xy / S xx , a = y bx , where S xy

S xx

( x x )( y y ) = x y ( x )( y ) / n ( x x ) = x ( x ) / n
i i i i i i

2 i

If e1 , .e 2 , ..., e n are independent and each is distributed as N(0, 2 ), then

2 xi2 a is an observation from N , , nS xx

(i)

(ii)

2 b is an observation from N , S xx

(iii)

) y 0 = a + bx 0 , the least squares estimate of y 0 = + x 0 ,

1 (x x) 2 is an observation from N y 0 , 2 + 0 S xx n

RJC/JD/W177(04) 12 May, 2010

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