22251 PRESTON POLYTECHNIC LIBRARY & LEARNING RESOURCES SERVICE This book must be returned on or before the date last stamped 5 530.12 MES cl ho A/C 022319 1 | Lan t eo TIMINLMNMNNAI NY Se BY® “so107 000 573 334 TT = [| PLEASE PETHON To rAMDIIC TNRTCATENFROM THE SERIES IN PHYSICS University of Amsterdam University of Groni ips’ Research Laboratories, Eindhoven Monographs : Bax, Elementary Introduction to Molecular §) Po Boncu Buorvien and'S."V. ‘beasuimov, The Green Function Method in Statistical Mechanics L. Grezpuno, R, pe Groor and P. Mazvz, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics . Hosemaxw and S. N. Baoowt, Direct Analysis of Diffraction by Matter H. J, Lexis, Beta for Pedestrians PH. E. Mever and E. Baver, Group Theory. The Application to Quantum ‘Mechanies 8. Ranmes, The Wave Mechanics of Electrons in Metals D, Tr Haar, Elements of Hamiltonian Mechanics 8. Tomowaca, Quantum Mechanics ition of Electror tie Waves in Plasma B. v. v. 8. R. Edited Volumes: J. pa Bors end G. E, Usumrmsox (editore) Studies in Statistical Mechanics, ol FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN STATISTICAL MEOHANICS. Proceedings of the ‘NUFFIC International Summer Course in Science (Nijenrode, 1961 G._M. Grawane and A. C. Hort1s Hauusrr (editors), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Low srature Physics (Toronto, 1960) H.C, van pz Hoxsz, C. ps Jaczr and A. F. Moore (editors), Space Research II. cosedings of the Becond International Space Selance Symposium (Florence, 1961) H. Katuaraxn-Bust, (editor), Space Research, Proceedings of the Ist Inter- ‘national Space Science Symposium (Nice, 1960) H Macken (editor), Proceedings of the ‘6th International Conference on ‘Tonization Phenomena in Gases (Munich, 1961) S. F. Smcee (editor), Progress in the Astronsutical Soiences, Vol. I E, Wour (editor), Progress in Optics, Vol. I QUANTUM MECHANICS VOLUME II ALBERT MESSIAH ‘Saclay, France TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY J. POTTER Oreay (S.-et-0.), France 1965 NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAMNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other meane without written permission from the publisher ORIGINAT TITLE: MECANIQUE QUANTIQUE, VOL. 11 aokCANIQUE QUANTIQUE I AND It WERE PUBLISHED BY DUNOD, PARIS PUBLISHER: NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY, AMSTERDAM SOLE DISTRIBUTORS FOR U.S.A.t INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 8 division of JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. - NEW YORK ©1961 North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam Second Printing 1964 Third Printing 1965 ve? HARRIS COLLEGE & PRESTON Fluctuat nec mergiturOUTLINE VOLUME I ‘THE FORMALISM AND ITS INTERPRETATION I. Tum Omioms or Quanrom Taxory TL. Marrer Waves axp tae Scardprvamn Equariox TIL. Ove-Dneewstowat Quanrizep SysTems TV. Sraristi0a, INTERPRETATION AND TRE UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS V. Dsvuzormenz or THe Formanism op Wave MECHANICS AND 17S INTERPRETATION VI. Crassicar Arrroxnmation aNp THE WKB Merson VII. Gunzrax Formacism: (A) Mataemavicar Framework VIL. Gewsrat Formarism: (B) Pxysican Cowrexr SIMPLE SYSTEMS IX, Separation oy Vartanues. CawrnaL POTENTIAL X. Scarrsema Prosrems. Prase Surrrs XI. Tae Covroms Ivreraction XI. Tas Harmonre Oscritaror Avpenprx A. Disrrpurions, d-rONCTION, AND FouRmmn TRANSFORMATION Avrenprx B. SPEcrAL FuNevions aNp AssociaTep FoRMuLAr Ispex vo Vouume I VOLUME II SYMMETRIES AND INVARIANCE XII. Axourar Momewrem in Quantum Mnomantos XIV. Ipexmica: Parricues. Tas Pavur Excuusio Prixcrere XV. Ixvanraxce anp Conservation Laws. Tam REversa METHODS OF APPROXIMATION XVI. Sramonany Perrusations XVI, Avrroxntare Soxvrioxs or THs Equation or Motion XVII. Vartarionan Merrop aNp Reuarep Promuems XIX. Coxusiox THzory ELEMENTS OF RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS XX. Retarvistio Tuzory or ras Execraox XXI. Quansmarion or THE Execrnomacxetic Freup Avpexprx ©, Vector Apprrion Corrricrents ap RozatioN MATRICES Arrnxpix D. Exzmzxrs or Grour Tazory Genwran INpExi mr. Iv. CONTENTS oF vouumE 11 PART THREE SYMMETRIES AND INVARIANCE CHAPTER XIII ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 1, Introduction . EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM 2. Definition of angular momentum. 3. Characteristic algebraic relations. 4. Spectrum of J? and Jz, 6. Eigenvectors of J? and Je. Construction of the invariant subspaces #W). 6. Standard representation {J?J:}. 7. Conclusion. ORDITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE SPHERICAL HARMONICS 8. The spectrum of [# and 9, Definition and construction of the spherical harmonies. ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ROTATIONS ©. 0. . 1. 10, Definition of rotation, Euler angles. 11, Rotation of a physi- cal system. Rotation operator. 12, Rotation of observables. 13. Angular momentum and infinitesimal rotations. 14. Con- struction of tho operator R (« 6 y). 15. Rotation through an ‘angle 2a and half-integral angular momenta. 16. Irreducible invariant subspaces. Rotation matrices RW. 17. Rotational invarianee and conservation of angular momentum. Rotational degeneracy. 18. The hypothesis of electron spin. 19. Spin } and the Pauli matrices. 20, Observables and wave functions of spin } particle. Spinor fields. 21. Vector fields and particles of spin 1. 2% Spin- dependent interactions in atoms. 23. Spin-dependent nucleon- nucleon interactions. ADDITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA 24. Tho addition problem. 25. Addition theorem for two angular momenta. 26, Applications and examples. 27. Eigenvectors of the total angular momentum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. 28. Application: two-nucleon system. 29. Addition of three or more angular momenta, Racah coefficients. ‘3sj’ 507 508 519 523 555QUANTUM MECHANTOS InmeDUCIBLE TENSOR OFERATORS «© 2 | | ww... 30. Representation of scalar operators. 31. Irreducible tensor operators. Definition. 32. Representation of irreducible tensor operators. Wigner-Eckhart theorem. 33. Applications. CHAPTER xIV SYSTEMS OF IDENTICAL PARTICLES. PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 1, Identical particles in quantum theory Swsnmrnmation rostuaTe ©... 2, Similar particles and the symmetrical representation. 3. Por- mutation operators. 4. Algebra of permutation operators. Sym- metrizers and antisymmetrizers. 6. Identical particles and the symmetrization postulate. 6. Bosons and Bose-Kinstein statis- tics. 7. Fermions and Fermi-Dirao statistics. Exclusion prin- ciple. 8. It is always necessary to symmotrize the wave-function. 9%. Collision of two spinless identical particles. 10. Collision of two protons. 11. Statistics of atomic nuclei. 12. Complex one patel field approximation. 19. The Thomas-Fermi model of the atom. 14, Nucloon systems and isotopic spin. 16. Utility of isotopic spin. Charge independence. CHAPTER xv INVARIANCE AND CONSERVATION THEOREMS. TIME REVERSAL 1. Introduction . ‘MATREMATICAL COMPLEMENTS, ANTILINEAR OPERATORS . . 2. Threo useful theorems. 3, Antilinear operators in Hilbert space. 4. Antilinear transformations. 5. Antilinear operators ‘and representations. ‘TRANSFORMATIONS AND GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS... 6. Transformations of the dynamical variables and dynamical states of a system. 7, Groups of transformations, 8 Groups of transformation operators 9. Continuous groups and infinitesi- mal transformations. Translations. Rotations. 10. Finite groups. Reflections. INVARIANOE OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND CONSERVATION 11, Invariant observables, 12. Symmetry of the Hamiltonian and conservation laws. 13. Invariance properties and the evolution 569 582 586 32 633 643 655 CONTENTS: of dynamical states. 14. Symmetries of the Stark and Zeeman effects. IV. Time REVERSAL AND THE PRINCIPLE OF MICROREVERSISILITY 15, Time translation and conservation of energy. 16. Time reversal in classical mechanics and in quantum mechanics. 17. ‘The time-reversal operation. Spinless particle. 18, General defi- nition of time reversal. 19, Time reversal and complex conjuga- tion. 20. Principle of microroversibility. 21. Consequence: ‘Kramers degeneracy. 22, Real rotation-invariant Hamiltonian. PART FOUR METHODS OF APPROXIMATION CHAPTER XVI STATIONARY PERTURBATIONS 1, General introduction to Part Four . I. PERTURBATION OF A NON-DEGENERATE LEVEL. 2... 2. Expansion in powers of the perturbation, 3. First-order per- turbations. 4. Ground state of the helium atom. 5. Coulomb energy of atomic nuclei. 6. Higher-order corrections. 7. Stark effect for a rigid rotator. TL, PERTURBATION OF A DEGENERATE LEVEL, sesso 8 Elementary theory. 9. Atomic levels in the absence of spin- orbit forees. 10. Spin-orbit forces. LS and jj coupling. 11. The atom in LS coupling. Splitting due to spin-orbital coupling. 12. ‘The Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects. 13, Symmetry of H and removal of degeneracy. 14. Quasi-degeneracy. IIL Expiicrr Forss FOR THE PERTURBATION EXPANSION IN ALL cactaiiatitale cyrainey mecaiye 8, Nota, Yeriet oe 15. The Hamiltonian H and its resolvent G(2). 16. Expansion of G(e), P and HP into power series in V. 17. Calculation of eigenvalues and eigenstates. CHAPTER xvIr APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION 1. Change of “representation” and perturbation treatment of a part of the Hamiltonian 722 724