ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
ANTIGENS (cell) ANTIBODIES (serum)
In blood group system,series of antigens exhibiting similar serological and physiological(because of all blood) characteristics and inherited according to a specific antibodies

IMPORTANCE OF ABO SYSTEM

For transfusion practice In this system only which antibodies are consistenly and naturally present in the serum of people who lack the antigen ABO compatibility between donor and recipient is crucial since these strong, naturally occur A and B antibodies are Ig and can readily acti!ate complement, cause agglutination ABO antibodies react with antigen in !i!o(transfer from human to human),result is acute hemolysis and possibly death

INDICATIONS FOR ABO GROUPING

Blood "onors# it can be threaten by gi!ing wrong ABO group to patient $ransplant %andidates and "onors# transplant candidates and donor must compatible, because ABO antigens can find in other tissues $ansfusion recipients#we need to know the donor is ABO compatible &renatal patients# to check the mother wether she got babies with ABO'(")

ABO TYPING
Antigen typing (forward typing) Antibody detection (re!erse typing)
a) Forward typing * determines antigens on patients or donors cell+ %ells tested with antisera(A)$I*A,A)$I*B,A)$I*AB) b) -e!erse typing * determines antibodies in patients or donors serum or plasma. .erum test with( A/,B,O )%011.+

CHARACTHERISTICS OF ABO ANTIGENS

ABO antigens are glycolipids in nature (oligosaccharides attach directly to lipids on red cell membrane) .oluble antigens can found in plasma,sali!a, and some of the secretions Abo antigens only moderately well de!eloped at birth +thereforeABO*(") not as ser!e as other kinds of (emolytic "isease of the )ewborn

C arac!er"s!"cs #$ ABO a%!"&#'"es

/+ $heir optimum temperature is less than 23o%, but reactions do take place at body temperature 4+ )ot only are these antibodies expected and naturally occurring, they are also commonly present in high titer, /5/46 or /5478+ 2+ $hey are absent at birth and start to appear around 2*8 months as result of stimulus by bacterial polysaccharides+ (For this reason, newborn blood is only forward typed+)

ABO INHERITANCE
I% er"!a%ce Term"%#l#()* +. (e%e*
4+ 2+ 9+ 7+ 8+ ;+ 6+ <+ determines specific inherited trait (ex+ blood type) c r#m#s#me# unit of inheritance+ %arries genes+ 42 pairs of chromosomes per person, carrying many genes+ One chromosome inherited from mother, one from father l#cus# site on chromosome where specific gene is located allele# alternate choice of genes at a locus (ex+ A or B: % or c, 1ewis a or 1ewis b) #m#,)(#us# alleles are the same for any gi!en trait on both chromosome (ex+ A5A) e!er#,)(#us# alleles for a gi!en trait are different on each chromosome (ex+ A5B or A5O) p e%#!)pe# obser!ed inherited trait (ex+ group A or -h positi!e) (e%#!)pe# actual genetic information for a trait carried on each chromosome (ex+ O5O or A5O) '#m"%a%!#

the expressed characteristic on one chromosome takes precedence o!er the characteristic determined on the other chromosome (ex+ A5O types as A) /3+ c#-'#m"%a%!* the characteristics determined by the genes on both chromosomes are both expressed * neither is dominant o!er the other (ex+ A5B types as AB) //+ recess".e# the characteristic determined by the allele will only be expressed if the same allele is on the other chromosome also (ex+ can type as O only when genotype is O5O)

ABO Ge%es
$he A and B genes found on chromosome =<+ >e inherit one gene (allele) from our father and one from our mother+ $he two co*dominant alleles are A or B+ Anytime an indi!idual inherits an A or B gene it will be expressed+ $he O gene signifies lack of A or B antigens+ It is not expressed unless this gene is inherited from both parents (OO)+ $herefore the O gene is recessi!e+ Below is the example of two indi!iduals who are A+ One inherited only one A gene along with an O gene and is therefore hetero?ygous+ $he other inherited 4 A genes and is homo?ygous for A+

/ @ A5A / @ H#m#,)(#us A P e%#!)pe A Ge%#!)pe A/A %an %ontribute Only an A Aene to Offspring

4 @ A5O 4 @ He!er#,)(#us A P e%#!)pe A Ge%#!)pe A/0 %an %ontribute A or O Aene to Offspring

I% er"!a%ce Pa!!er%s
>e canBt determine genotypes of A or B people unless family studies are done+ .ome basic rules of ABO inheritance are as follows# /+ 4+ 2+ 9+ 7+ 8+ A5A parent can only pass along A gene A5O parent can pass along either A or O gene B5B parent can only pass along B gene B5O parent can pass along either B or O gene O5O parent can only pass along O gene AB parent can pass along either A or B gene

ABO p e%#!)pes a%' (e%#!)pes

/+ Aroup A phenotype @ A5A or A5O genotype 4+ Aroup B phenotype @ B5B or B5O genotype 2+ Aroup O phenotype @ O5O genotype 9+ Aroup AB phenotype @ A5B genotype

O$$spr"%( p#ss"&"l"!"es
P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ a% A/O ma!"%( 1"! a B/O* (C "l're%2s (e%#!)pes "% purple) M#! er2s Ge%es A O Fa! er2s Ge%es B AB BO O AO OO

P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ AA ma!"%( 1"! BB* (C "l're%2s (e%#!)pes "% purple) M#! er2s Ge%es A A Fa! er2s Ge%es B AB AB B AB AB

P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ a% A/A ma!"%( 1"! a B/O* (C "l're%2s (e%#!)pes "% purple)

M#! er2s Ge%es A A

Fa! er2s Ge%es B AB AB O AO AO

P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ a% A/A ma!"%( 1"! a% O/O* M#! er2s Ge%es A A Fa! er2s Ge%es O AO AO O AO AO

P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ a% A/O ma!"%( 1"! a% O/O*

M#! er2s Ge%es A O

Fa! er2s Ge%es O AO OO O AO OO

P#ss"&"l"!"es #$ a% A/B ma!"%( 1"! a O/O*

M#! er2s Ge%es A B

Fa! er2s Ge%es O AO BO O AO BO

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM

$he ABO antigens are terminal sugars found at the end of long sugar chains (oligosaccharides) that are attached to lipids on the red cell membrane+ $he A and B antigens are the last sugar added to the chain+ $he COC antigen is the lack of A or B

antigens but it does ha!e the most amount of next to last terminal sugar that is called the

( antigen+

Pr#'uc!"#% #$ A3 B3 a%' H a%!"(e%s

$he production of A, B and ( antigens are controlled by the action of transferases+ $hese transferases are en?ymes that cataly?e (or control) addition of specific sugars to the oligosaccharide chain+ $he (, A, or B genes each produce a different transferase, which adds a different specific sugar to the oligosaccharide chain+ $o understand the process letBs look at the seDuence of e!ents# /+ &recursor chain of sugars is formed most freDuently as either $ype / or $ype 4 depending on the linkage site between the )*acetylglucosamine (A/c)Ac) and Aalactose (Aal)+

4+ ( gene causes 1*fucose to be added to the terminal sugar of precursor chain, producing ( antigen (shown in this diagram of a $ype 4 ( antigen saccharide

chaine)+

2+ 0ither A (e%e causes N-ace!)l-(alac!#sam"%e to be added to ( substance, producing A antigen, (shown in this diagram) or

9+ B (e%e causes D-(alac!#se to be added to ( substance, producing B antigen+

7+ If both A and B genes present, some (*chains con!erted to A antigen, some con!erted to B antigen+ 8+ If ( gene absent (extremely rare), no ( substance can be formed, and therefore no A or B antigen+ -esult is B#m&a) &l##' (r#up+

&-0&A-0" BE, &F)I$(A .FB-A A)IA

TITLE : ABO SYSTEM

NAME : PUNITHA SUBRAMANIAM MATRICS NUM : MLT/DP/08-4/0008 COURSE : DIP IN MLT

LECTURER : MISS MOINON