1.

Distinguish the following

a) Gills are found in fishes and lungs are found in vertebrates. Gills have a countercurrent
exchange system that allows oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuse out of
the blood. Lungs have a lot of surface area that helps take in air in some vertebrates they have
air sacs.
b) Trachea is where the air passes through to prevent rings of cartilage in its wall from collapsing.
Pharynx is where the air passes from the nose or mouth. Air passes through the pharynx before
the trachea.
c) Bronchus is tube-like that the trachea divides into two that connects to a lung. Bronchioles are
more branches tube-like that the bronchus divides into. Alveoli are cluster of tiny air sacs at
the end of each bronchiole.
d) Hemoglobin is found in many vertebrates and contains iron-porphyrin. Hemocyanin is found
in species of mollusks and arthropods and contains copper.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of obtaining oxygen from air rather than water?
Breathing in oxygen from air is an advantage because there is more oxygen in air than water. A
disadvantage is that species need special mechanisms to keep moist in the air. An advantage is that
oxygen diffuses master in air than water and also there is less energy needed to move through air.
Another disadvantage is that species gets dehydrated and needs to prevent water loss while in water,
there isn’t a problem.
3. Distinguish the following
a) Blood is fluid that transports nutrients to the rest of the body. Plasma is fluid in blood where
red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended.
b) Red blood cell contains hemoglobin that transports oxygen. White blood cell defends the body
from disease causing organisms.
c) Artery is a thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from a heart chamber and towards
the body organs. Vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the tissues toward a chamber of
the heart.
d) Aorta is the largest artery that is from the left ventricle and branches to distribute blood to the
body except the lungs. Vena cava is delivers blood to the right atrium (inferior vena cava)
e) Atrium receives blood returning from the tissues. Ventricles pump blood into the arteries.
f) The left heart is where the most of the arteries at towards as opposed to the right heart.
g) SA node is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle in the posterior wall of the right atrium
near the opening of the superior vena cava. AV node is located in the right atrium that permits
the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles begin to contract.
h) Systole is when contraction occurs. Diastole is when relaxation occurs.
4. A blood clot is formed when a blood vessel is injured. Then the blood flow will decrease and walls
of vessel contracts. Blood flow will continue to decrease but less because platelets will enforce
collagen fibers of the damaged vessel wall that will start to close up. Eventually the clot will form
and the blood flow will be back to normal.