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4 co-ordinated
TETRAHEDRAL
5 co-ordinated
BIPYRAMIDAL
6 co-ordinated
OCTAHEDRAL
Activators
Chemical 1heory
If the acid has a benzene ring (aryl)
like AKTIVATOR 73 the intermediate is
S
N
C
Zn
N
S
S
C
S
Which forms mainly Disulphide X-links
Activators
Chemical 1heory
Or co-ordination can occur to give
O
C
C
O
R
R
Zn
S
S
S
SS
S
N
S
R'
1his intermediate would give a
predominance of Di-sulphide X-links
S1RUK1OL AC1IJA1ORS
IB531 - General Purpose - very effective (0.25 ~ 1.0 phr)
Main use non-blooming EPDM (sulphur cured)
ZEH - Main use - NR - very tight cures (0.5 ~ 2.0 phr)
Predominance of monosulphidic
AKTIVATOR 73
- Main use - tires, belting (2.0 ~ 3.0 phr)
Reversion resistant
Low heat buildup
Low rolling resistance
Release Agents
Designed to prevent compound sticking to metal
- Banburies, mills, extruders, calenders and molds
"INTERNAL" - added to the compound
"EXTERNAL" - applied to metal surfaces
- molds, platens, etc
Release Agents
"INTERNAL"
All dispersing aids have this property to a limited degree
Speciality release agents contain complex amides
- "super lubricants"
No negative effect on tack or adhesion
- tested up to 10 phr (overdose)
The mechanisim is simple lubrication between
the rubber and the metal
Release Agents
"EXTERNAL"
Silicone emulsion used in the past
Only effective 1~3 cures
Give delamination defects
Not environmentally friendly
Curable silicone resins in solvent
As above water soluble now developed
Resin cures on the empty mold
Film formed "semi-permanent"
Very smooth finished on cured article
Prevent mold corrosion and fouling
Lasts several shifts
S1RUK1OL RELEASE ACEN1S
"INTERNAL"
WB16 - Very powerful general purpose (1 ~ 3 phr)
TR131 - Mainly used in PVC
"EXTERNAL"
Permalease 10 - Solvent based
Permalease 20 - Solvent based with higher polymer
content -- suitable for complicated
mold
(Both available in spray cans or bulk)
Permalease 70 & 80 - water based
(now replacing solvent based type)
S1RUK1OL RELEASE ACEN1S
(Cont.)
They're silicone free, thermally stable and biodegradable
Does not form resinous coke-like deposits on mandrel
Less contamination (especially with EPDM peroxide cure)
MR 161
Good for Vamac (ACM) & CSM
MR 187
Good for peroxide & sulphur cured EPDM
** both not suited for NBR, CR & ECO
- for Mandrel Release
Plasticisers
Highly polar - designed for use in NBR, ECO, ACM
Lowering Hardness
Improving Low Temperature Performance
Improving Heat Resistance
STRUKTOL PLASTICISERS
WB300 - General Purpose (Low Extractability)
KW400 - For Low Temperature Flexibility
KW500 - Very good Heat Resistance
KW 600 - Super Low Temperature Flexibility
AW1 - Antistatic Property
Other Processing Aids
Many activators / accelerators / curing agents
very difficult to disperse, particularly in soft compounds
Results are variable physicals
intermittent bloom
intermittent scorch
surface discoloration
wasted high cost material
- Two solutions -
Predisperse in low MW polymer
Combine with dispersing agents
Other Processing Aids
WHICH 1O CHOOSE ???
Polymer Bound
Essential if powder is hazardous, e.g ETU
Good in medium hard compounds (high shear in mixer)
Not practical for soft compounds
For soft, must use Dispersant Type
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
FCP MCST PPCCESSNG FCP MCST PPCCESSNG FCP MCST PPCCESSNG FCP MCST PPCCESSNG
PPCBLEMS PPCBLEMS PPCBLEMS PPCBLEMS