Domestication (Caballero) PDF

PLANT RESOURCES VALLEY, MEXICO1
OF THE
N-CUICATLA N TEHUACA
ALEJANDRO CASAS, ALFONSO VALIENTE-BANUET, JUAN LUIS VIVEROS, S, PATRICIA DA VILA, JAVIER CABALLERO, LAURA CORTE RAFAEL LIRA, AND ISELA RODR GUEZ
Casas, Alejandro, Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Juan Luis Viveros (Instituto de Ecolog a, Universidad Nacional Auto noma de Me xico, Apartado Postal 27-3, Xangari 58089, Morelia, Michoaca n, Me xico), Javier Caballero, Laura Corte s, (Jard n Bota nico, Instituto de Biolog a, Universidad Nacional Auto noma de Me xico. Apartado postal 70-614, Me xico, D.F. 04510, Me xico), Patricia Da vila, Rafael Lira, and Isela Rodr guez (Unidad de Biotecnolog a y Prototipos, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Auto noma de Me xico, Avenida de Los Barrio, s. n., Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, N-CUICATLA N VALLEY, ME XICO. 54090 Estado de Me xico). PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA Economic Botany 55(1):129166, 2001. Information on richness of plant resources, and their forms of use and management in the biosphere reserve Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n, Mexico is analyzed. This 10 000 km2 region hosts nearly 2700 vascular plant species, and it is acknowledged as one of the arid areas with the highest oristic diversity in North America. The seven indigenous ethnic groups that live in this region have cultural roots that date back almost 10 000 years. Based upon ethnobotanical and oristic studies, as well as bibliographical sources, a total of 808 useful plant species were identied, most of them (90%) being native, and 44 species being endemic to the region. A total of 681 species are wild plants, 109 are weeds and ruderal plants, and 86 are domesticated crops. However, it was noted that considerable overlap exists between the species of these 3 categories. For example, while wild and ruderal plants (706 species) are foraged by both humans and domestic animals, 59 species of this group are also managed in situ. On the other hand, 168 wild, ruderal and domesticated species are cultivated. The Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley is one of the richest regions of Mexico in plant resources. Local knowledge on use and management of plants is a valuable source of information for designing conservation and social development strategies for the biosphere reserve.
N-CUICATLA N , ME XICO. Se analiza informacio RECURSOS VEGETALES DEL VALLE DE TEHUACA n sobre la riqueza de recursos vegetales, as como sus formas de uso y manejo en la reserva de la biosfera Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n, Me xico. Esta regio n, con una extensio n de 10 000 km2, alberga a cerca de 2700 especies de plantas vasculares y es reconocida como una de las zonas a ridas con mayor diversidad or stica de Norteame rica. Incluye adema s a siete grupos e tnicos ind genas con una historia cultural iniciada hace aproximadamente 10 000 an os. Con base en estudios etnobota nicos y or sticos, as como informacio n bibliogra ca, se identicaron un total de 808 especies de plantas u tiles, la mayor parte de las cuales (90%) son nativas y 44 son ende micas para la regio n. Un total de 681 especies son silvestres, 109 son arvenses y ruderales, y 86 son domesticadas, con algunas especies presentando al mismo tiempo condicio n de silvestres, arvenses y domesticadas. En total, 706 especies de plantas silvestres, arvenses y ruderales son forrajeadas tanto por humanos como por animales dome sticos en las a reas donde se encuentran, pero 59 de ellas son tambie n manejadas in situ, mientras que 168 especies silvestres, arvenses y ruderales, as como domesticadas, son cultivadas. El Valle de Tehuaca n es una de las regiones de Me xico con mayor diversidad de recursos vegetales. El conocimiento ind gena sobre uso y manejo de las plantas locales es una fuente de informacio n valiosa para el disen o de estrategias de conservacio n y desarrollo social para la reserva de la biosfera.
Key Words:
domestication; ethnobotany; Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley; Mixtec; Popoloca; Nahua.
Received 21 June 1999; accepted 1 September 2000. Economic Botany 55(1) p. 129166. 2001 2001 by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A.
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Throughout a cultural history of nearly 10 000 years (Flannery 1986; Wenke 1990; MacNeish 1992), human groups inhabiting the Mexican territory have developed complex forms of interaction with plants. The spectrum of interactions includes foraging of wild or weedy plants, different forms of managing in situ communities and populations of wild and weedy plants, as well as cultivation and selection of plant variants adapted to specic environments and human cultural requirements (see Bye 1993; Herna ndez-Xolocotzi 1993; Caballero 1995; Casas and Caballero 1996; Casas et al. 1996, 1997a,b). Currently, Mexico, and specically the cultural area known as Mesoamerica, is recognized as one of the more important centers of plant domestication in the world (Harlan 1975; Hawkes 1983). The importance of this area is explainable in terms of its long and rich cultural history, as well as its plant diversity, which is amongst the highest in the world. A result of such history of human interactions with plants are the nearly 5000 to 7000 species of useful plants that at present have been identied within the Mexican territory (Caballero 1984; Casas, Viveros, and Caballero 1994), as well as an incalculable amount of infraspecic variation that can be associated with human manipulation. This extraordinary variation of useful plants is undoubtedly an important source of genetic resources for satisfying the requirements of an ever-developing society. At present, only few of these species (maize, beans, cocoa, squashes, chili peppers, avocado, among others) are important plant resources utilized throughout the world. However, thousands of other useful plant species are utilized at only regional or local levels, but could become important in wider areas. Although these numbers may be impressive, there are probably still hundreds of other useful plant species to be discovered. Compiling an inventory of Mexican plant resources, therefore, continues to be a research priority in Mexico. Many areas with high levels of biodiversity, as well as many indigenous communities, have yet to be explored, whereas the risk of loss of both natural areas and indigenous cultures is increasing. The Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley deserves special attention since both biological and cultural aspects suggest that this region could be among the richest of Mexico in plant resources. As suggested by the plant and animal inventories, this
10 000 km2 area (see Fig. 1) has probably the highest biological diversity for an arid zone in North America. Da vila et al. (1993) recorded 2703 owering plant species, with nearly 30% of them being endemic to the area. ValienteBanuet et al. (n.d.) reported 29 vegetation types in the valley, whereas Rojas-Mart nez and Valiente-Banuet (1996) reported 34 species of bats and Arizmendi and Espinoza de los Monteros (1996) identied 91 species of birds in the region. In addition, the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley also possesses important human cultural diversity, including Nahua, Popoloca, Mazatec, Chinantec, Ixcatec, Cuicatec and Mixtec indigenous ethnic groups. These peoples still maintain a strong presence in the region since nearly 30% of the approximately 650 000 inhabitants of the Valley are speakers of at least one of these indigenous tongues (Instituto Nacional Indigenista 1992a,b). The historical presence of these groups and probably other extinct indigenous peoples in the area appears to be very long. MacNeish (1967, 1992) reported the earliest evidence of human occupation of the area from strata of approximately 12 000 years ago, although more recent studies (see Hardy 1996) suggest that human occupation may have begun nearly 10 000 years ago. Because of the dry environment of the Tehuaca n Valley, MacNeish and other archaeologists were able to reconstruct a reasonably complete chronology of human subsistence in Mesoamerica, and this was based upon some of the oldest remains of plant domestication and agriculture so far discovered in the New World (MacNeish 1967, 1992; Smith 1967). The Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley, therefore, represents an important scenario for the interaction of biological and cultural diversity over a long period of time, and this has resulted in the accumulation of a vast indigenous knowledge resource base with respect to the utilization of native plants. Paradoxically, relatively few ethnobotanical reports have been published for the region. Among the ethnobotanical studies published on Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n are articles on useful plants by Miranda (1948) and Smith (1965, 1967), as well as the preliminary report on plant resources of the region by Casas and Valiente-Banuet (1995) and the ethnobotanical data on columnar cacti by Casas et al. (1997a) and Casas, Caballero and Valiente-Banuet (1999). However, more comprehensive infor-
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N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA
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Fig. 1. Study area. The Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley. 1 Ajalpan; 2 Coxcatla n; 3 Rancho el Aguaje; 4 San Rafael; 5 Cuicatla n; 6 Tequixtepec; 7 Chazumba; 8 Tehuaca n; 9 San Lorenzo; 10 Coapan; 11 San Juan Raya; 12 Los Reyes Metzontla; 13 Zapotitla n de las Salinas; 14 Tecamachalco.
mation and therefore exhaustive studies are still required. Such studies are crucial to improve understanding of agricultural origins and plant domestication in the region. In addition, these studies could reveal information about strategies of local environmental management that could help in designing conservation efforts. Plant utilization as related to biological conservation is an important issue because the region is now a bio-
sphere reserve, created by government decree in September 1998. Accordingly, this research focuses on to assessing the richness of useful plants in the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley, their uses and forms of management. The aims were (1) to investigate general patterns of plant utilization, manipulation, and domestication processes in the area, (2) to evaluate the importance of this region within
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the context of the diversity of Mexican plant resources, and (3) to provide data for management programs of natural resources within the biosphere reserve.
STUDY AREA
Seven municipalities of the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley were studied: (1) Municipality of Zapotitla n de las Salinas. This region is located in the southwestern part of the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley in the state of Puebla (Fig. 1). The 3 Chocho-Popoloca villages that were studied here (Zapotitla n, San Juan Raya, and Los Reyes Metzontla) lie at elevations between 1500 and 2300 m. The climate of the area is arid (an average of 542.5 mm of rain and an annual temperature of 19.8C, according to Garc a 1988). Thorn-scrub forest is the predominant type of vegetation. The subtypes of thornscrub vegetation include cardonal, dominated by the giant columnar cactus Cephalocereus columna-trajani (Karw.) K. Schum; tetechera, in which Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (F. A. C. Weber) Backeb. is the dominant species; and matorral roseto lo or rosette scrub forest in which Agave spp., Beaucarnea spp., Dasylirion spp., and Yucca periculosa F. Baker are important elements of the landscape. Mediterranean type vegetation commonly called mexical or chaparral is also present, covering hills up to 2000 m (Valiente-Banuet et al. 1998 n.d.). (2) Municipality of Tehuaca n. This area is located in the central portion of the valley and is inhabited mainly by Nahua-speaking people. Although this municipality includes the urbanized Tehuaca n City, it is surrounded by rural villages where the use and management of native plants is part of their economic activities. Elevations range from 1600 to 1800 m. Garc a (1988) lists the annual mean temperature and precipitation as 19.1C and 590 mm, respectively. Vegetation is predominantly thorn-scrub and rosette scrub forests, as well as mesquite, Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) M. C. Johnston forest in alluvial deposits (Valiente-Banuet et al. n.d.). San Lorenzo, Coapan and Tehuaca n were the villages studied in the municipality of Tehuaca n. (3) Municipalities of Coxcatla n and (4) Ajalpan. Both areas are inhabited by Nahua-speaking people and are located in the state of Puebla at the southeastern part of the Tehuaca n-Cuica-
tla n Valley. Elevations range from 1000 to 1400 m. Garc a (1988) reports the annual mean temperature and precipitation as 23.8C and 440.6 mm, respectively. Vegetation is predominantly tropical deciduous forest as well as chiotillal and cardonal, types of plant association where the columnar cacti Escontria chiotilla (F. A. C. Weber) Rose and Pachycereus weberi (J. Coulter) Backeb. are particularly abundant (Valiente-Banuet et al. submitted). Ajalpan, the main town of the municipality of Ajalpan; San Rafael, Rancho el Aguaje, and Coxcatla n, in the municipality of Coxcatla n, in the state of Puebla were the villages studied. (5) Municipality of Cuicatla n. This area is located in the southeastern part of the Valley, and as such is included in the state of Oaxaca. People of the Cuicatec and Mixtec cultures inhabit it. Elevations range from 1200 to 1600 m, and the annual mean temperature and precipitation a are 25.5C and 553 mm, respectively (Garc 1988). Vegetation is predominantly tropical deciduous forest, chiotillal, as well as cardonales dominated by Pachycereus weberi and Mitrocereus fulviceps (F. A. C. Weber) Backeb. (Valiente-Banuet et al. n.d.). In this municipality, the villages of Cuicatla n, Tomell n and Valerio Trujano were studied (6) Municipalities of Chazumba and, (7) San Pedro y San Pablo Tequixtepec. These areas are located in the state of Oaxaca in the extreme southwestern part of the Valley. Mixtec people inhabit the region. Elevations range from 1600 to 1800 m, and the annual mean temperature and precipitation is given by Garc a (1988) as 20.6C and 720 mm, respectively. Tropical deciduous forest is the most important vegetation type. The village of Chazumba was studied in the municipality of Chazumba, whereas Tequixtepec and Santa Catalina Chinango were studied in the municipality of San Pedro y San Pablo Tequixtepec.
MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
Ethnobotanical studies were conducted in 22 villages throughout the entire Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley, as well as in the main markets of the municipalities of Tehuaca n, Ajalpan, Zapotitla n, Chazumba, Coxcatla n and Cuicatla n. Detailed studies, consisting of botanical collections and lengthy ethnobotanical interviews, were conducted only in the 16 villages mentioned in the previous section. Plant specimens were col-
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lected in wild and anthropogenic areas in the presence of local people participating as informants. The collected voucher specimens were deposited in the National Herbarium of Mexico (MEXU) under Valiente-Banuet et al.; Lira & Soto; and Da vila et al. collection numbers. A total of 68 peasants participated (37 in villages of detailed studies, 12 in other villages), giving information on plants, their local names, forms of use, techniques of preservation and preparation, forms of management, economic value, as well as the seasonal availability of useful products. Interviews were complemented with data from the data base developed by the project Plant Resources of the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley (Da vila et al. 1993), and bibliographic sources such as the checklists by Jaramillo (1982); Jaramillo and Gonza lez-Medrano (1983); Osorio-Beristain et al. (1996); Valiente-Banuet et al. (n.d.), the ethnobotanical reports from the Tehuaca n Valley (Casas 1997; Casas and ValienteBanuet 1995; Casas et al. 1997a; Miranda 1948; Ram rez 1996; Smith 1965, 1967) and ethnobotanical reports from other neighboring regions (Casas et al. 1994, 1996; Va zquez 1986; VillaKamel 1991). Additonal information was compiled from ethnobotanical inventories of Mexico by Mart nez (1994), Argueta (1994) and the data base on useful plants of Mexico (Banco de Informacio n Etnobota nica de Plantas Mexicanas, BADEPLAM) of the Jard n Bota nico, Universidad Nacional Auto noma de Me xico, as well as from studies on particular groups of plants such as those by Bravo-Hollis (1978) and Arias, Gama and Guzma n (1997) for Cactaceae; Za rate (1994) for Leucaena species; Casas, Caballero and Valiente-Banuet (1999) for columnar cacti, and Mej a and Da vila (1992) for Gramineae.
TABLE 1. FORMS OF UTILIZATION OF THE 808 USE N-CUICATLA N FUL PLANT SPECIES OF THE TEHUACA VALLEY.
Use Number of species
Fodder Medicinal Edible Firewood Ornamental Wood and materials for construction Handicrafts manufacture Soil protection and reforestation Living fences Poisons Useful resins, latex and sap Fibers Saponiferous Colorants Melliferous Alcoholic beverages Stimulants Shade Glues Aromatizing Ceremonial Food preservative
492 243 242 151 95 91 66 63 48 35 27 19 19 13 12 11 11 11 4 5 8 3
RESULTS
A total of 808 plant species were recorded as utilized by people in the region (Appendix 1). Most of them are used as fodder, human food, rewood and medicine, but also important are other uses shown in Table 1. The useful plant species may have one to eleven different uses (average S. D. 2.1 1.5 uses). Among the species with more categories of use are Acacia farnesiana L. (Wild.) (11 uses), Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (11 uses), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (10 uses), Alnus acuminata
Kunth (9 uses), Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth (8 uses), and Bursera aloexylon Engelm. (8 uses). Useful plant species belong to 98 plant families. However, nearly 60% of the total belong to the following families: the Gramineae (208 species), Leguminosae (104 species), Cactaceae (48 species), Asteraceae (47 species), Cyperaceae (42 species), Fagaceae (25 species), and Solanaceae (21 species). Some of these plant families are among the highest in species diversity (Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Solanaceae), whereas others attain importance as dominant groups in the landscapes of the region (Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Cactaceae, Fagaceae and Cyperaceae) (Table 2). However, if one compares the regional proportion of species richness that is represented within each family to the proportion of its useful species, it will be seen that Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cactaceae, Cyperaceae and Fagaceae are over-represented among the useful plant species. This indicates that these families constitute the main sources of plant resources for the region. On the other hand, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Malvaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Crassulaceae are
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USEFUL PLANT SPECIES IN THE DOMINANT PLANT FAMILIES OF THE
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NTEHUACA
TABLE 2. NUMBER OF N VALLEY. CUICATLA

Family
Total number of species in the region1
% of plant species in the region1
Number of useful species
% of useful plant species
Number of vegetation types as dominants2
Asteraceae Leguminosae Gramineae Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Solanaceae Cactaceae Orchidaceae Malvaceae Scrophulariaceae Crassulaceae Bromeliaceae Verbenaceae Cyperaceae Asclepiadaceae Fagaceae
1 2
345 290 215 106 95 76 74 60 56 55 49 47 43 42 41 25
12.8 10.7 8.0 3.9 3.5 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.9
47 104 208 20 4 21 48 0 7 0 0 15 9 42 9 25
5.8 12.9 25.8 2.5 0.5 2.6 6.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.1 5.2 1.1 3.1
16 12 1 1 3 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
Based upon Da vila et al. 1993. Number of vegetation types of the region, out of 29, in which the family is among the six more dominant families, based upon Valiente-Banuet et al., n.d.
under-represented among the useful plant species. Since these last families are known to be important sources of medicinal and ornamental plants in other regions of Mexico (Table 3) as well as in other areas of the world (Moerman et al. 1999), these particular families probably would be worth studying anew in Tehuaca n. As shown in Table 3, the Tehuaca n plant families that are the most important in terms of number of useful species are also the ones that are important in other regions of Mexico. This illustrates that these plants have consistently attracted the attention of humans for utilization. The one exception is the Cyperaceae, which ranks high in importance only in Tehuaca n. This may be because this family has a high diversity and abundance in the region, and because the species of this family are widely utilized as fodder. The useful plant species are mostly wild plants (681 species); whereas 109 are weeds and ruderal plants and 168 are cultivated (Table 4). At least 90 species have been introduced to the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley from other regions of Mexico and other parts of the world. These include 79 cultivated species, and 11 wild or weedy species that have become naturalized. Therefore, nearly 90% of the useful plant species recorded are native and, among them, 44 species are endemic to the region (Appendix 1).
Different forms of management by local people were observed among the useful plant species (see Appendix 1 and Table 4). The most extended human-plant interaction is gathering or extraction of useful products (including foraging by domestic animals) in wild, weedy or ruderal plant populations. Except for 99 species that occur in the region exclusively under cultivation, the remainder (709 species) is foraged by both humans and domestic animals in wild, weedy or ruderal environments. However, 59 of these species receive some form of in situ management in their wild populations. One form of management involves the sparing of useful plant species within areas that are cleared during the preparation of agricultural elds in swidden systems. Moreover, it is interesting to note that farmers will often selectively spare only particular phenotypes of a species, according to their utilitarian characteristics (see Casas et al. 1996, 1997a,b, 1999). Still other wild forms may be deliberately propagated or enhanced by people within natural populations in order to increase their numbers. Another group of 168 species are cultivated. Some of these are brought from their wild populations to agricultural elds or home gardens, where they are sown or transplanted (Table 4, Appendix 1), but 86 (both native and introduced) of these species show clear signs of
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TABLE 3. THE 7
MOST IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES IN THE
2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 1st
N VALLEY TEHUACA
AS COMPARED TO OTHER REGIONS OF
MEXICO.
References
Region
Gramineae Leguminosae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Gramineae Asteraceae Leguminosae Solanaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Anacardiaceae Solanaceae Pinaceae Leguminosae Rubiaceae Euphorbiaceae Cactaceae Gramineae Euphorbiaceae Cyperaceae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Fagaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Fagaceae Convolvulaceae Myrtaceae Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae Gramineae Fagaceae Malvaceae Cactaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae
Leguminosae
Cactaceae
Asteraceae
Cyperaceae
Fagaceae
Solanaceae Malvaceae Polypodiaceae Umbelliferae Moraceae Menthaceae Scrophulariaceae Solanaceae Bignoniaceae Malvaceae
This study Mart nez et al. (1995) Alcorn (1984) Pennington (1969) Benz et al. (1996)
Asteraceae
Leguminosae Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Tehuaca n Valley Sierra Norte, Puebla Huasteca Tepehuan, Chihuahua Sierra de Manantla n Tenejapa
Leguminosae
Pa tzcuaro
Asteraceae
Yucata n Leguminosae Montan a, Leguminosae Guerrero All of Mexico Asteraceae (Badeplam Database)
Berlin, Breedlove and Raven (1974) Caballero and Mapes (1985) Flores (1998) Casas, Viveros and Caballero (1994) Caballero et al. (2000)
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N-CUICATLA N VALLEY (NOTE: TEHUACA CATEGORY).
Cultivation Total
TABLE 4. FORMS
Ecological status
CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF EACH

Foraging Management in situ
Wild Weeds and ruderal Domesticated Total

1 2
681 109 7061
55 14 ? 592
64 7 86 1683
6814 1094 86 8084
Eighty-four wild species of this category have weedy and ruderal variants (see Appendix 1). Ten wild species managed in situ have weedy and ruderal variants. 3 Of the wild species of this category, one has a ruderal variant, 14 have domesticated variants, and 1 has both ruderal and domesticated variants. Also, three ruderal cultivated plants have domesticated variants; and 30 species of cultivated plants are neither wild nor weedy, but have been introduced from other regions of Mexico. The latter show no signs of domestication (see Appendix 1). 4 Some species listed in the wild, weedy and ruderal categories are also listed in the situ manage and/or cultivated categories (see Appendix 1).
having gone through the domestication process. A total of 18 domesticated species have native wild, weedy and/or ruderal relative populations. Although domestication processes have been suspected to occur in wild or weedy populations managed in situ, these have been documented for only one species of columnar cactus (Stenocereus stellatus) in the region (Casas et al. 1997a; Casas, Valiente-Banuet, and Caballero 1998; Casas et al. 1999a,b)
DISCUSSION
When compared with other regions in terms of richness of plant resources, the Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley appears to be one of the richest in Mexico in terms of useful plants (Table 5). Such richness in economic plants is explainable in part by the high oristic diversity of the area. For example, the arid to semiarid Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley has nearly 2700 plant species within its 10 000 km2 territory, as compared to nearly 3000 plant species in 275 000 km2 for the Sonoran Desert and nearly 4000 plant species in 453 000 km2 for the Chihuahuan Desert in Northern Mexico (Valiente-Banuet et al. n.d.). However, the cultural diversity of this region (7 indigenous ethnic groups) and the relative importance of its indigenous people (30% of population in the region but higher in rural areas) (Instituto Nacional Indigenista 1992 a,b), as well as the length of time occupied by indigenous people (nearly 10 000 years) also contribute to the high richness of useful plants. The universe of human-plant interactions in Tehuaca n is characterized by a broad spectrum of situations, as in other parts of Measoamerica (see Bye 1993; Caballero 1995; Casas et al. 1996, 1997b). As discussed in other studies (Ca-
sas et al. 1997a; Casas, Caballero, and ValienteBanuet 1999), regimes of human-plant interactions in the region and their level of intensity appear to be inuenced by: (1) the role of plants in human subsistence, (2) the availability of plant products in relation to human demand, (3) the quality of plant products, and (4) the viability of manipulation of a plant given its biological characteristics, such as type of reproductive systems, length of life cycle, and adaptability to manipulated environments. The documentation of how these processes occur in the region is being carried out for some groups of plants (Casas, Caballero, and Valiente-Banuet 1999), but more work needs to be done. This information is particularly relevant to understand how the domestication process occurs at the present time, but could also be helpful to construct hypotheses about how these processes could have occurred in the past. For instance, although most of the useful plant species recorded in this study are wild or weedy plants, it is important that a considerable number of them (59 species) are manipulated within their wild or weedy populations, and some others (68 species) are taken from the wild and cultivated in home gardens and elds. In relation to this topic, it is important to mention that in the case of Stenocereus stellatus, S. pruinosus and Leucaena esculenta, these types of in situ and ex situ manipulation have been involved in the domestication processes (Casas and Caballero, 1996; Casas et al. 1997, 1999a,b; Luna 1999). Domestication in situ therefore appears to be an important process to document and it could lead to a revision of theories on origins of agriculture in the area, which generally consider that domestication is a
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TABLE 5. RICHNESS
OF USEFUL PLANT SPECIES IN THE
Habitat No. of useful species Area (km2) Relative richness1
N-CUICATLA N VALLEY TEHUACA
AS COMPARED TO OTHER REGIONS OF
MEXICO.
Region
Source
Tehuaca n Valley 808 10 000 0.08
This study
Sierra Norte de Puebla 720 13 000 0.06
Mart nez et al. (1995)
Uxpanapa, Veracruz Selva Lacandona, Chiapas Sian Kaan, Quintana Roo Huastec region Tepehuan region Sierra de Manantla n 325 415 316 445 380 650 5000 13 000 5280 10 500 1400 0.04 0.46 0.07 0.03 0.06
Toledo et al. (1995) Toledo et al. (1995) Toledo et al. (1995) Alcorn (1984) Pennington (1969) Benz et al. (1994)
Tzeltal region of Tenejapa 645
Berlin, Breedlove and Raven (1974)
Pen nsula de Yucata n 1000 430
140 056 11 000
0.01 0.04
Flores (1999) Casas, Viveros and Caballero (1994)
Montan a de Guerrero
Thorn scrub forest Tropical dry forest Temperate forest Temperate forest Cloud forest Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Temperate forests Tropical dry forest Cloud forest Temperate forests Cloud forest Temperate forests Tropical dry forest Tropical dry forest Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Temperate forest
Expressed as a ratio between the number of useful species and the area of the region.
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process associated to articial selection under cultivation ex situ. The factors inuencing the types of interaction between people and plants referred to above may extend to a number of regions of Mexico as well as to other parts of the world but, undoubtedly, there are important particularities adopted by such interactions in the Tehuaca nCuicatla n Valley. Although ve of the ethnic groups occurring in the Valley have occupied wider areas of Mesoamerica and cultural exchange has been intense throughout history, it is necessary to point out that at present two of the ethnic groups (the Cuicatec and Ixcatec) occur only within the region and that at least 44 species of useful plants recorded are endemic. In addition, Da vila et al. (1993) indicate that nearly 30% of the vascular plant species occurring in the Valley are endemic, and Valiente-Banuet et al. (n.d.) state that nine of the 29 types of vegetation described for the Tehuaca n Valley occur exclusively in this region. It is still necessary to study local knowledge of plants by people in more detail and to document the possible endemic interactions between local peoples and local plants and environments. Such particularities should be taken into account when planning actions for conservation and utilization of plant resources in the area. The broad spectrum of plant resources, uses, and ways of management shown here offers numerous options of plant resources and technologies to be considered when designing strategies for conservation and development as part of the biosphere reserve programs. This valuable knowledge is part of an experience developed by local cultures for thousands of years and it can be the keystone for improving their lives and their environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors received nancial support for eldwork from the Biodiversity Program of the World Wildlife Fund; from the Direccio n General de Asuntos del Personal Acade mico, UNAM (project IN 207798); and from the Comisio n Nacional de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) and CONACYT (400389G35-450), Me xico, for different aspects of the research.
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2001]
APPENDIX 1. USEFUL
PLANTS OF THE
Species Common name Uses1 Cultural status2 References3
N VALLEY. TEHUACA
Muitle
Ojo de pa jaro
1 1 1 1 1 1 6 W W W W W W Ci C C C C M, C M, C C M, C C C M 2, 4 2, 4 2 2, 4, 16 2, 4 2 4 4, 11 4 4 4 Cid W W Cid 6, 7, 8, 15 8, 15, 16 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16 7, 15 7, 8, 15 11 3, 7, 8, 15 7, 9, 15 7, 8, 15 2, 3, 7, 15 7, 9, 15 7, 9, 15 3, 8, 11 W, W, Cd W, W, W W, W, W, W, W, W, W, 2, 7, 3, 5, 6, 8, 2, 3, 6, 1, 3, 3, 2,
(V63) (V174) (V101, 121, 204, 595) (V161) (V142, 198, 378, 452) (V534, 930) A, B A, O A, O A, O O A, O A, O A, O A, O (V108) A, O O O (V1007) A, A, A, A, O O B O
Chichimeco Maguey Maguey manso Maguey cimarro n Espadilla Cacalla Maguey ixtlero Papalometl Pelo de a ngel Tunecho Matzitzi Guilimetl Izote Cebolla Cebolleja Cebolla cimarrona Ajo Quintonil Alegr a Amor seco Bolitas Tlancuaya
N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA 141
Acanthaceae Carlowrightia neesiana (Schauer ex Nees) T. Daniel Carlowrightia pringlei Rob. & Greenm. Justicia mexicana Rose Ruellia abbreviata D. Gibson Ruellia hirsuto-glandulosa (Oersted) Hemsley Siphonoglossa ramosa Oersted Thunbergia alata Hook. Agavaceae Agave americana L. Agave angustifolia Haw. Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck Agave sp. Agave karwinskii Zucc. Agave kerchovei Lem. Agave peacokii Croucher* Agave potatorum Zucc. Agave stricta Salm-Dyck Agave triangularis Jacobi* Agave sp. Agave sp. Yucca periculosa F. Baker* Alliaceae Allium cepa l. Allium glandulosum Link & Otto Allium kunthii G. Don Allium sativum L. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus hypocondriacus L. Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. Gomphrena sp. Iresine calea (Iba n ez) Standley Iresine discolor Greenman Iresine schaffneri S. Watson Iresine sp. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 2, 1, R, M Cd W, R W, R W W W W
(V510) O (V447, 547, 928) (V13, 160, 284, 298) A, C (V471, 514) (V268, 269) V109
142
APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED.
3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12 13 4, 11 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 16 11, 16
Teclate Chupandillo Mango Hinchahuevos Agrito Piru Ciruela Palo de chinche 1, 3 1, 2, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2 1, 2, 2, 4, 10 W W, M Cid W W Ri, Ci Cd W, R W, Cd W 8, 10 2, 4, 6, 13 10 4, 6, 10 W W, C W, C W, C W Ci Ci Ci 2, 4, 10, 20 1 Actimpatli Cacaloxo chitl Venenillo Cojo n Huevito Pin anona Mafafa 2, 4, 6, 8 2, 4, 6 6 4, 1, 4, 3, 2 Chirimoya
(V902) (V116, 410) A, C, U (V186) A, B (V35) O O A, C, U (V283) A, B, U (V737) A, F, U A, C, F, U A, B A, O A, O A, O ECONOMIC BOTANY
Hiedra Carnero Flor de tigre Talayote Combe Tilahpi
1, 4, 13 6 2 10 4
W Ci
(V325) A, O
[VOL. 55
Anacardiaceae Actinocheita potentillifolia (Turcz.) Bullock Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth Mangifera indica L. Pseudosmodingium multifolium Rose Rhus trilobata Nutt. Schinus molle L. Spondias mombin L. Zanthoxylum sp. Annonaceae Annona cherimola Miller Anthericaceae Echeandia avesscens (Schultes & Schultes) Cruden Apocynaceae Haplophyton cimicidium DC. Plumeria rubra L. Thevetia ovata (Cav.) DC. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schumann Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link Araceae Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Xanthosoma robustum Schott Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Sprengel Araliaceae Aralia humilis Cav. Hedera helix L. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias sp. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepias linaria Cav. Gonolobus pectinatus Brandegee* Gonolobus sp. Marsdenia parvifolia Brandegee* Matelea crenata (Vail) Woodson Matelea trachyantha (Greenman) W. D. Stevens* Sarcostema pannosum Decne. 1, 4, 1, 2 2 2 2, 1, 1 4 2 W, R W, R W, R W W W W W W
(V83) A, C (V423, 886) A, B (V344) (V580) A, C, U (V424, 526) A, C
2001]
Sa bila Estaate Chamiso 4, 11 2, 4, 6 4
Ri, Ci
A, C
Hierba de hormiga Tzompachtli Xihuitl Estrellita Flor de San Miguel Acaxochitl Manzanilla cimarrona Quelite Gordolobo Gordolobo Ocotillo 6 6 6 2 4 3 4 6 4 4 4 3, 4, 12 4 Popote Cabezona Girasol Arnica Lechuga Ojo de guajolote Tzoapatle Tzoapatle
4 2, 4
143
Asphodelaceae Aloe vera L. Asteraceae Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Baccharis salicifolia (Ru z & Pavo n) Pers. Bidens sp. Bidens sp. Brickellia pulcherrima Robinson Brickellia veronicifolia (Kunth) A. Gray* Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Dahlia coccinea Cav. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. Galinsoga parviora Cav. Gnaphalium attenuatum DC. Gnaphalium sp. Gochnatia hypoleuca (DC.) A. Gray Gymnolena oaxacana (Greenman) Rydb.* Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less. Helenium mexicanum Kunth Helianthus annuus L. Heterotheca inuloides Cass. Lactuca sativa L. Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. ex Pers.) DC. Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. Montanoa mollisima Brongn. ex Groenl. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium tomentosum DC. Perymenium mendezii DC. Porophyllum nutans Rob. & Greenm. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Porophyllum tagetoides (Kunth) DC. Porophyllum sp. Sanvitalia fruticosa Hemsley* Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze Chiche de virgen Tlapanche Papaloquelite Pipicha Pa palo de coyote Ojo de gallo Ojo de pollo Escobas 4 3, 1, 1 1, 1 4 1, 2, 4, 1, 4 1, 1, 1 3, 4 2, 4 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1 2 2, 1, 2 1 1, 1, 4 11 W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W W W, R W, R W, R W W W, R W Cid W Cid W, R W, R W W W W W, R R R W, R W, R R W, R
A, B A, B, U (V82, 243, 339) (V16) (V69) (V88) (V217, 341) (V720) (V983) A, C, U A, C A, B (V277) (V196, 263, 444) (V173, 184) (V202, 448) A, B A, O A, B A, O A, C (V164) (V100, 149, 451, 565) (V169) (V53, 292) (V1003) A, C (V65, 103) (V92, 194, 256) (V326) (V15, 301, 690) A, C A, C, U
144
4, 12 6, 14, 20 4 6 6 4 R R R R R
Quelite de envidia Cempasu chil Perico n Anisillo Flor de muerto Cempasu chil de rato n Acahual Rosabilis 2, 4, 2, 4 4, 6 4, 2, Cuilote Chimalacate Gallito Carne de doncella Aile Aile Palo de agua Jacaranda Cuajilote Roble Quina amarilla Pochote Pochote Barredor Capul n cimarro n Tlachinole Nabo Col 6, 3, 1, 3, 1, 7, 6 2, 4, 4, 4 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 15, 21 1, 4, 5 15, 21 4, 7, 11 5 6, 11 2, 4, 8, 17 1, 2, 8 1, 2, 4, 11, 17 2, 4, 5, 6, 21 4 4 1, 2, 4 2 2, 4, 17 3, 4 6
1 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 1, 1, 1, W Ri W W, W, W, W, R W, W W W, W, W, R R R W W W W, M Cid Ci W W, R W, M W, M W, R W W W Ri, M Cid A, C A, O A, U
A, C (V163) A, B, C, U A, C, U A, B, C A, C (V309) (V25) A, C (V19, 700) A, C (V24, 207, 267) (V40, 172) (V17, 176, 433, 549)
ECONOMIC BOTANY
A, F, U A, C, U A, C, U A, F, U (V303, 458) A, G, U (V18, 150, 428) (V108, 181, 542) A, B, U (V295) (V513, 538) A, C, U A, C
[VOL. 55
Simsia sanguinea A. Gray Sonchus oleraceus L. Tagetes erecta L. Tagetes lucida Cav. Tagetes micrantha Cav. Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. Tagetes sp. Tithonia tubiformis (Jacq.) Cass. Tridax mexicana A. Powell Verbesina petrophila Brandegee* Verbesina virgata Cav. Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Sprengel Viguiera pinnatilobata (Schultz-Bip.) Blake Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Begoniaccac Begonia gracilis Kunth Betulaceae Alnus acuminata Kunth Alnus rmifolia Fern. Bignoniaceae Astianthus viminalis (Kunth) Baillon Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Parmentiera edulis DC. Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. et Kunth Bombacaceae Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britton & Baker Ceiba parvifolia Rose Boraginaceae Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roemer & Schultes Ehretia tinifolia L. Heliotropium angiospermum Murray Tournefortia sp. Brassicaceae Brassica compestris L. Brassica oleracea L.
2001]
Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Lechuguilla Paxtle Soluche Heno Copalillo Copal Cuajiote M, C C
1, 2, 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 4 1, 2, 4 6
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
(V9) A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O (V21) (V22) A, O
Copal Palo mulato Copal
C C M, C C
Cuajiote colorado
1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, Nopal de cruz Pitayo viejo 2, 7 1, 2, 3
3, 4, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19 7, 13 18 13, 15 13 13 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 20 13 7, 13, 15, 20 7, 13, 15 5, 7, 13, 15 7, 13, 15 13 4, 7, 13, 15 7, 13, 15 5, 7, 13, 14, 15 13
W, W, W W W W, W W, W, W, W, W W, W, W, W
C C M, C
(V6, 130, 411, 485) A, C, U (V892) A, O (V925) A, O A, O A, C, O, U A, B (V812) A, O A, O A, B, U A, C (V115, 144, 483) A, B W, C W, M A, K A, C, F
145
Bromeliaceae Hechtia sp. Hechtia bracteata Mez* Hechtia confusa Lyman B. Smith* Hectia conzattiana Lyman B. Smith* Hectia fragilis B. Utley & Utley* Hechtia galeotii Mez* Hechtia glomerata Zucc. Hechtia lyam-smithii B. Utley & Utley* Hechtia podantha Mez Hechtia roseana Lyman B. Smith Hechtia sphaeroblasta Robinson* Hechtia tehuacana Robinson* Tillandsia sp. Tillandsia sp. Tillandsia usneoides L. Burseraceae Bursera aloexylon Engelm. Bursera optera Ram rez Bursera arida (Rose) Standley* Bursera aspleniifolia Brandegee Bursera biora (Rose) Standley* Bursera bipinnata (Sesse & Mocin o) Englem. Bursera cinerea Englem.* Bursera copallifera (Sesse & Mocin o) Bullock Bursera diversifolia Rose Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Englem. Bursera galeottiana Englem. Bursera glabrifolia (Kunth) Englem. Bursera laxiora S. Watson Bursera mirandae Tol. Bursera morelensis Ram rez Bursera submoniliformis Englem. Cactaceae Acanthocereus subinermis Britton & Rose Cephalocereus chrysancanthus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose
146
Cardo n viejo Biznaga Jiotillo Biznaga Biznaga 2 2, 6 Biznaga Biznaga 4, 6 2, 3, 5, 15 W W W, M W W, M, Cd W W A, C (V704) A, O A, B (V460) A, O (V821)
1, 1, 1, 2 1, 1 1,
2, 3, 5 6 2
ECONOMIC BOTANY
7, 15 15 5 5 6, 11, 14 15 15
4 2 6 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 7, 5 3, 3, 6 4, 3, 3,
C C
2, 15 2, 4, 6, 15, 16
[VOL. 55
Cephalocereus columna-trajani (Karw.) Schum.* Coryphantha pallida Britton & Rose* Echinocactus platyacanthus Link & Otto Echinocereus pulchellus (C. Martius) Schuman Escontria chiotilla (F.A.C. Weber) Rose Ferocactus avorirens (Scheidw.) Britton & Rose* Ferocactus haematacanthus (Salm-Dyck) H. Brav.-Holl. ex Backeb. & F. Kunth* Ferocactus latispinus (Haw.) Britton & Rose Ferocactus recurvus (Miller) G. Lindsay Ferocactus robustus (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose Heliocereus elegantissimus Britton & Rose Heliocereus schrankii (Zucc. ex Seitz) Britton & Rose Hylocereus purpusii (Weing.) Britton & Rose Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose Mammillaria carnea Zucc. ex Pfeiffer Mitrocereus fulviceps (F.A.C. Weber) Backeb.* Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Martius) Console Myrtillocactus schenkii (J. Purpus) Backeb. Neobuxbaumia macrocephala (F.A.C. Weber) Dawson Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis (H. Brav.-Holl.) Backeb. Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (F.A.C. Weber) Backeb.* Nopalea auberi (Pfeiffer) Salm-Dyck Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck Opuntia decumbens Salm-Dyck Opuntia pilifera F.A.C. Weber Opuntia pumila Rose Opuntia puberula Pfeiffer Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck Opuntia huajuapensis H. Brav.-Holl. Opuntia hyptiacantha F.A.C. Weber Opuntia kleiniae DC. Opuntia lasiacantha Pfeiffer Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire Opuntia sp. Pachycereus hollianus (F.A.C. Weber) Buxb.* Pachycereus marginatus (DC.) Britton & Rose Nopalillo Pitahaya Pitahaya Chilitos Cardo n Garambullo Garambullo Teteche Teteche Teteche Nopal Nopal Nopal de coyote Nopal Choya Nopal Nopal Nopal de cerro Nopal Tasajillo Nopal de cerro Nopal cardo n Nopal de burro Baboso Malinche 2, 3, 7, 15 2, 7, 14, 15 1, 2 1 2, 6 2 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 1, 1, 2 7 2 2 1 1, 1, W W W Ci W, C W, C Cid W W, M W, M, W, M, W, M W, M W, M W, C Ci W W W W W W Ci W, C W W, C W W, M, W, M, Cd C A, O A, O A, O A, O A, K A, K A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O (V788) (V787) A, O A, O A, O (V328) (V28) (V543) A, O (V27) A, O A, K A, K A, K A, K A, O A, O A, O
2001]
2, 3, 5
15 15 Cd Cd
Cardo n Chapistle Pithayita Chende Chichipe Cardo n Pitayo Pitayo de mayo Xoconochtle Pitayo 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 10, 15 9, 15 15 Cd Cd C Ci Ci Cid W, M, C Ci W, R R, M R, Cd W, R, W, R, M 2, 4, 15 2 2, 4 2 1 1, 4 2, 4, 17 W W W 3, 7, 3, 7, 3, 5 15 3, 7, 3, 7, 3, 7, Platanillo Abelia Papaya Bonete 2, 4, 12 2, 4 6, 15 Casuarina 6 6, 22 A, B, U A, B
1, 4 6 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
W, M W W, C W, M, W, M, W, M Cid W, M, W, M, W, M,
A, O A, K A, K A, O (V468) A, F, O A, O A, E, F, O A, C, O A, E, O
A, O A, F, G, U A, C A, O (V72) (V241) (V228) V51, 235, 516)
Epazote Huauhtzontli Epazote de coyote Chahuasquelite Palito chino
1 1, 1, 1, 1,
A, C (V219) A, B, U
Pachycereus weberi (J. Coulter) Backeb. Pereskiopsis rotundifolia (DC.) Britton & Rose Peniocereus serpentinus (Lag. & Rodr.) Taylor Polaskia chende (Gosselin) Gibson & Horak* Polaskia chichipe (Gosselin) Backeb.* Stenocereus dumortieri (Scheidw.) F. Buxb. Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) F. Buxb. Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto) F. Buxb. Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccob. Stenocereus treleasei (F. Vaupel) Backeb. Cannaceae Canna indica L. Caprifoliaceae Abelia oribunda Decne. Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. Chenopodiaceae Atriplex pueblensis Standley* Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodium berladieri Moq. Chenopodium graveolens Willd. Chenopodium sp. Celastraceae Wimmeria pubescens Radlk. Commelinaceae Callisia navicularis (Ortega) D. Hunt Commelina coelestis Willd. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea arborescens G. Don Ipomoea murucoides Roemer & Schultes Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Ipomoea sp. Ipomoea sp. Casahuate Casahuate prieto Manto de la Virgen Quiebraplato Correyuela 1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11 4 4, 6 1 1 W, W, W, W, W, R, M R R R R
(V7, 175, 457) A, C A, B, C (V61) (V237)
148
Semilla de la Virgen Meloncillo Sand a Melo n Pepino Calabaza tzompo W, M Cid W Cid Cid Cd 2 2 1 2 2 1, 2, 12
Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. Cucurbitaceae Apodanthera aspera Cogn. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai Cucumis anguria L. Cucumis melo L. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber ssp. argyrosperma
4, 16
W, R
A, B, U
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Chilacayote Calabaza tamalayota Calabaza Calabacilla Guaje Estropajo Chilacayotito Chicamole Chilacayotito Chayote Chayotillo 1, 2 1, 2, 12 1, 2, 12 12 11 11 1, 2, 4 4, 12, 10 4 2 2 3, 5, 6 3, 4, 5 3, 4, 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cedro blanco Sabino Sabino Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate
Cid Cd Cd W, R, M Cid Cid W, R, M W W W, Cd W, R, M W W, M W, M W W W W W W W W W W
(L1093) A (V91) A, O A, O A, O (L1109, 1112, 1113) A, O (L1092, 1095, 1108) (L1090, 1105, 1107, 1110) A, O A, O A, C, U (L1117) (L1106) (L111, 1118, 1119) (L102) S , O A, O A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, O O O O O O O O O O
Cucurbita cifolia Bouche Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbita pedatifolia L. Bailey Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Luffa aegytiaca Miller Melothria pendula L. Microsechium helleri (Peyr.) Cogn. Parasicyos dieterleae Lira & Torres* Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Sicyos parviorus Willd. Cupressaceae Cupressus lusitanica Mill Juniperus deppeana Steudel Juniperus accida Schldl. Cyperaceae Abildgaardia mexicana (Palla) Kral Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth Bulbostylis junciformis (Kunth) Lindman Bulbostylis juncoides (Vahl) Kukenth Carex anisostachys Liebm. Carex ciliaris Fern. Carex humboldtiana Steudel Carex longicaulis Boeck. Carex planostachys Kuntze Carex schiedeana Kuntze
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2001]
Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Tulillo Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Cuentas de Sta. Elena Zacate Zacate de toche Zacate Zacate Zacate cabezo n Tule Peon a Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate Tule esquinado Zacate Zacate Camote blanco Zapote negro Zapotillo 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 10 5, 14 W Cid W A, B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 2, 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O (Z336) A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O
149
Carex scabrella Vahl Carex standleyana Steyerm. Carex turbinata Liebm. Carex xalapensis Kunth Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. Cyperus elegans L. Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperus avescens L. Cyperus laevigatus L. Cyperus manimae Kunth Cyperus niger Ru z & Pavo n Cyperus ochraceus Vahl Cyperus odoratus L. Cyperus pychnostachys (Kunth) Kunth Cyperus seslerioides Kunth Cyperus spectabilis Link Cyperus subambiguus Kukenth Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Cyperus tenerrimus Presl Cyperus thyrsiorus Schldl. & Cham. Cyperus tolucensis Kunth Cyperus sp. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roemer & Schultes Eleocharis macrostachya Britton Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roemer & Schultes Fimbristylis aestivalis (Rez.) Vahl Fuirena incompleta Nees Fuirena simplex Vahl Rhynchospora macrochaeta Steudel Scirpus americanus Pers. Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. Schoenus nigricans L. Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea convolvulaceae Cham. & Schldl. Ebenaceae Diospyros digyna Jacq. Diospyros oaxacana Standley A, C, U A, F, U
150
Capul n Tepopote Cola de caballo Cola de caballo Cuahuhuisoc Cuahuhuisoc 1, 4 Yerba del pastor Mala mujer Solima n Candelilla Pascuarilla Copalquelite Pascua Chicle Nochebuena Vareleche Xihuitl Sangre de grado Pin o n Pin o n de cerro Zapatito Higuerilla Hinchador Hinchador Hinchador Encino Encino negro 2, 4 2, 4 4 13 6 1, 2 4, 6, 17 2, 11 6 1 13 1, 4 1, 2, 4 2 2 6 4 10 10 10 3, 5 1, 3, 5 2, 9 2, 9 W W W W W, R W, R W W, R, C W Ci W Cid W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W W Ri W W W W W 4 4 W W 4 W S A, O A, C A, H A, H (V287)
2, 8
A, B
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura L. Ephedraceae Ephedra compacta Rose Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale L. Equisetum myriochaetum Schldl. & Cham. Ericaceae Vaccinium confertum Kunth Vaccinium leucanthum Schldl. Erythroxilaceae Erythroxilum compactum Rose Euphorbiaceae Acalypha phleoides Cav. Cnidosculus tehuacanensis Breckon* Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Ortega Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. Euphorbia dentata Michaux Euphorbia graminea Jacq. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbia macropus (Klotz & Gaerke) Boiss. Euphorbia pulcherrima L. Euphorbia tricolor Greenman* Euphorbia schlechtendalii Boiss. Euphorbia sp. Jatropha dioica Sesse Jatropha neopauciora Pax* Jatropha spathulata (Ortega) Muell. Arg. Pedilanthus cymbiferus Schldl. Ricinus communis L. Sapium appendiculatum (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm. Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) Pax Sebastiania sp. Fagaceae Quercus acutifolia Ne e Quercus castanea Ne e A, O A, B, C
A, C, U (V34, 521) (V199, 535) (V330) A, C A, C A, C, U A, C, U A, C (V62, 1039) F (V71) (V262) A, O A, B (V507) (V66) A, B, F (V822, 865, 873) F
[VOL. 55
2001]
4, 5 4, 5 5
3, 5
3, 5 3, 4, 5, 11
M M
Encino hojarasco Encino Encino rojo Encino Encino Encino Encini Encino prieto Encino Encino Encino Encino Encino blanco Encino capulincillo Cozahuatl Encino Encino chimeco Encino Encino prieto Encino Encino Encino Encino de cuchara Encino 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 4, 5 W W W W W W W W, W W W W W, W W W W, W W, W W W W, W M 1, 3 Tlapacone Tlapacone 1, 3, 6, 7, 12 1, 3, 7 W W W 3, 3, 4, 5 5 5 5 2, 5 5 5 5 3, 5 5 5 2, 5 2, 5 5 5 2, 5
A, O A, B, F, U A, B, C, F A A, B A A A, C, F A A A, B F A, C A, B A, B F A, C A, B A, B, C, U A (V987) A, O A, B, C (V117) (V280, 311) A, O, U A, O
Quercus crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus crassipes Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus conspersa Benth. Quercus deserticola Trel. Quercus dysophylla Benth. Quercus frutex Trel. Quercus glabrescens Benth. Quercus glaucoides Mart. & Gal. Quercus greggii (A. DC.) Trel. Quercus laeta Liebm. Quercus laurina Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus liebmanii Oersted Quercus magnoliifolia Ne e Quercus microphylla Ne e Quercus mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus obscura Trel. Quercus obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus polymorpha Cham. & Schldl. Quercus rugosa Ne e Quercus sartorii Liebm. Quercus sebifera Trel. Quercus splendens Ne e Quercus urbanii Trel. Quercus sp. Flacourtiaceae Neopringlea viscosa (Liebm.) Rose Fouquieriaceae Fouquieria formosa Kunth Fouquieria purpusii Brandegee* Gramineae Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. Aegopogon tenellus (Cav.) Trin. Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. Agrostis ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto 1 1 1, 4 1 1, 4, 11 1, 6 W W W W W W (Z379) A, O A, B, D A, D A, B, D A, D
152
15
5, 6, 11, 20 2 2
ECONOMIC BOTANY
[VOL. 55
Aristida adscensionis L. Aristida curvifolia Fourn. Aristida divaricata Willd. ex Humb. & Bonpl. Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp. Aristida laxa Cav. Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr. Aristida ternipes Cav. Aristida sp. Arundo donax L. Avena fatua L. Avena sativa L. Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lagasca) Herter Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Pilger Bothriochloa saccharoides (Swallen) Rydb. Bothriochloa springeldis (Gould) Parodi Bouteloua aristioides (Kunth) Griseb. Bouteloua barbata Lagasca Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) G. Torrey Bouteloua chondrosioides (Kunth) Benth. Bouteloua distans Swallen Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lagasca Bouteloua hirsuta Lagasca Bouteloua media (Fourn.) Gould & Kapadia Bouteloua pedicellata Swallen Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Grifths Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribner & Merr. Bouteloua scorpioides Lagasca Bouteloua simplex Lagasca Bouteloua triaena (Trin.) Scribner Bouteloua uniora Vasey Brachiaria fasciculata (Sw.) Parodi Brachiaria meziana A. Hitchc. Brachiaria mollis (Sw.) Parodi Brachypodium mexicanum (Roemer & Schultes) Link Briza minor L. Briza subaristata Lam. Tres barbas Tres aristas Tres barbas abierto Tres barbas liso Pasto Tres barbas abierto Zacate aran a Pasto Carrizo Avena Avena Popotillo algodonoso Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto de cabra Navajita de agua Navajita banderilla Navajita morada Pasto Navajita Navajita velluda Pasto Pasto Navajita morada Navajita rastrera Pasto Navajita simple Pasto Pasto Piojillo Almejita lisa Pasto Zacapipilo Briza corta Linternita 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4, 1, 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W W W W W W W W Ci Cid Cid W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Ri W
(V46, 80, 213, 558; Z337) D(Z334, 335, 377, 400) D(350) A, B A, D A, D A, B, D A, O A, C, D, U A, C, D (Z356) (V252, 589) A, D A, D A, D A, B, D (V45, 591) (V214, 223, 249) A, B A, D A, B, D A, B, D (V729) A, D (V187, 208) A, D, U A, D A, D (V248) A, D A, D (V397) A, D (Z381) A, D A, D
2001]
15 10
15 4, 6, 15 2, 15
153
Bromus anomalus Rupr. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. Bromus exaltatus Bernh. Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Cathestecum annum Swallen Cathestecum brevifolium Swallen Cathestecum prostratum Presl Cathestecum varium Swallen Cenchrus ciliaris L. Cenchrus echinatus L. Cenchrus incertus M. Curtis Cenchrus myosuroides Kunth Cenchrus pilosus Kunth Cenchrus tribuloides L. Chloris aristata (Cerv.) Swallen Chloris chloridea (Presl) A. Hitchc. Chloris ciliata Swallen Chloris pluriora (Fourn.) Clayton Chloris submutica Kunth Chloris virgata Swallen Cottea pappophoroides Kunth Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. Deschampsia straminea A. Hitchc. Dichanthelium laxiorum (Lam.) Gould Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer & Schultes Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman Digitaria leucites (Trin.) Henrard Distichlis spicata (L.) E. Greene Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Echinochloa oplismenoides (Fourn.) A. Hitchc. Eleusine multiora Hochst. ex J. Richter Elymus longifolius (J. G. Smith) Gould Bromo dormilo n Pipilo Pasto Zacate chino Zacate Pasto Grama china Pasto Zacate buffel Cadillo Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto Verdillo cacahuatoide Verdillo de eco Triverdin de cuatro Pata de gallo Cebadilla Pelucilla Pata de gallo Pata de gallo Pasto Pasto Cangrejo Punta blanca Cangrejo Plumerillo cafe Pasto Zacahuistle Arroz de monte Pasto alema n Pasto Pasto Pasto 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1, 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 6 W W W W W W W W Cid W W W W W W W W W W W W Ci Ri W W Wi W W W W W Ri Wi W Ci W
A, D (Z331, 353, 355) A, O A, B, D A, O (V730) A, D A, O (V555) (V593) A, U A, O A, B, D A, O A, O A, D A, D (V208, 575, 581, 732) D (Z345) A, B, D A, D (V586; Z348) A, B, D A, O A, O A, D A, D A, D A-D A, O A, B, D A, B, D A, D A, D A, D A, O
154
ECONOMIC BOTANY
4 2, 4 5, 11 4, 11
[VOL. 55
Eliomurus tripsacoides Humb. & Bonpl. Enneapogon desvauxii P. Beauv. Eragrostis atrovirens Trin. Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Eragrostis intermedia A. Hitchc. Eragrostis lugens Nees Eragrostis maypurensis (Kunth) Steudel Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link Eragrostis pectinacea (Michaux) Nees Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Eragrostis swallenii A. Hitchc. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schultes Eriochloa nelsonii Scribner & Smith Erioneuron avenaceum (Kunth) Tateoka Festuca amplissima Rupr. ex Hemsley Festuca callosa (Piper) St. Yves* Festuca lugens (Fourn.) A. Hitchc. Grifthsochloa multida (Grifths) Pierce Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Hilaria cenchroides Kunth Hordeum vulgaris L. Ichnanthus pallens (Swallen) Munro ex Benth. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) A. Hitchc. Lasiacis nigra Davidse Lasiacis ruscifolia (Kunth) A. Hitchc. Leersia hexandra Sw. Leptochloa dubia (Kunth) Nees Leptochloa liformis (Lam.) P. Beauv. Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) A. Hitchc. Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) A. Hitchc. Lolium perenne L. Lycurus phleoides Kunth Metcala mexicana (Scribner) Conert Microchloa kunthii Desv. Colitas Zacate ladera Pasto Pasto Amorseco Pasto Zacate llanero Amorseco lloro n Pasto Zacate de agua Pasto Amorseco piloso Pasto Pasto Pasto Falso tridente Zacate criollo Zacate Pasto Pasto Zacate colorado Zacate grama Cebada Pasto Carricillo Carricillo Carricillo Lambedor Zacate gigante Zacate salado Zacate Zacate Pasto ingle s Zacate lobero Zacate avenaceo Pasto 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 6 W W Wi Wi Wi Wi W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Cid W W W W W W W W W Ci W W W
A, B, D (V78) (V189, 393, 735) A, O (V558, 687) A, D (Z357) A, B, D A, B, D A, B, D (V95, 561, 590; Z346) A, B, D A (Z330) A, D (V970, 997; Z340) A, B A A, D A (V215, 251, 537, 592) A, B, D A, C, D A A, B, D A, D A, B, D A, D A, B, D A, B, D A, D A, D A, B, D (Z349) (V846, 975, 981; Z333) A, D
2001]
4, 5, 11
11 11
11
155
Muhlenbergia ciliata (Kunth) Kunth Muhlenbergia depauperata Scribner Muhlenbergia distans Swallen Muhlenbergia distichophylla (Presl) Kunth Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey Muhlenbergia rma Beal Muhlenbergia glabrata (Kunth) Kunth Muhlenbergia implicata (Kunth) Kunth Muhlenbergia longiligula A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia macrotis (Piper) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia macroura (Kunth) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth Muhlenbergia montana (Kunth) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia pubescens (Kunth) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia repens (Presl) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia rigida (Kunth) Kunth Muhlenbergia robusta (Fourn.) A. Hitchc. Muhlenbergia spiciformis Trin. Muhlenbergia tenella (Kunth) Trin. Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (Kunth) Kunth Muhlenbergia vaginata Swallen Muhlenbergia versicolor Swallen Nasella lepida (A. Hitchc.) Barkworth Nasella linearifolia (Fourn.) Pohl Nasella mucronata (Kunth) Barkworth Nasella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth Opizia stolonifera Presl Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Otatea acuminata (Munro) Caldero n & Soderstrom Panicum bulbosum Kunth Panicum decolorans Kunth Panicum ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Panicum hallii Vasey Panicum hirticaule Presl Panicum millaceum L.
Zacato n Zacato n Zacato n Zacato n Cola de rato n Zacate Liendrilla lisa Zacate Liendrilla lengualarga Zacate Zacato n Zacato n Zacato n Zacate lanudo Liendrilla aparejo Grama Zacate de escobillas Zacato n Zacato n Zacate espinilla Zacato n Zacato n Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto Pasto de conejo Pasto Pasto Otate Pasto Pasto Pasto Panizo aserr n Panozo cauch n Mijo
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1, 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 5, 1 1 1 1 1 1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W, C W W W W W W W W Cid
A, D A A A, B, D A, B A A, D (Z351) A, D A, D (Z377) A A, D A, D A, B, D A, D A, B, D A A A, B, D A A (Z337) (Z376) A A A, B, D A, D A A, C A, D A A, D A, D A, D A, D
156
4 4
4 4
6, 15
ECONOMIC BOTANY
4, 5, 11, 13
2, 4 2
[VOL. 55
Panicum obtusum Kunth Panicum virgatum L. Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.) Kuntze Paspalum botterii (Fourn.) Chase Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Paspalum distichum L. Paspalum humboldtianum Flu gge Paspalum langei (Fourn.) Nash Paspalum lividum Trin. Paspalum notatum Flu gge Paspalum publiforum Rupr. ex Fourn. Pennisetum crinitum (Kunth) Sprengel Pennisetum distachyum (Fourn.) Rupr. Phalaris canariensis L. Phalaris sp. Piptochaetium angustifolium (A. Hitchc.) Valencia & Costas Piptochaetium virescens (Kunth) Parodi Poa annua L. Polypogon interruptus Kunth Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Pringleochloa stolonifera (Fourn.) Scribner* Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. Sacharum ofcinarum L. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston Schizachyrium tenerum Nees Setaria adhaerans (Forsskal) Chiov. Setaria grisebachii Fourn. Setario leucopila (Scribner & Merr.) Schumann Setaria liebmanii Fourn. Setaria macrostachya Kunth Setaria parviora (Poiret) Kergue len Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Setariopsis latiglumis (Vasey) Scribner Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 2 2, 4 9
Zacate gramilla Zacate Zacate Zacate Zacate grama Grama dulce Zacate Camalote moreno Camalote palido Pasto bah a Camote velludo Pasto Zacate Alpiste Pasto Pasto Flechilla verdosa Pastillo de invierno Zacate natal Pasto Zacate Pasto Senegal Can a de azu car Pasto Pasto Zacate peludo Zacate Zacate tempranero Cola de zorra Zacate tempranero Zacate Zacate Pasto Zacate indio Sorgo Zacate Nilo
1, 1, 1 1 1, 1, 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 2, 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1, 1 1 1 1, 1, 1,
W W W W W W W W W W, C W W W Cid W W W Ci W W W Ri Cid W W W W W W W W Wi W W Cid Cid
A, B, D A, D A A, D A, B, D A, B, D A, D A, D A, D A, B, D A, D A, D A A, B, D (V189) A A, D A, B, D A, D A (V733) (V79, 255) A, C, D, U A A, D (V576) (V734) A, D A, D, U A, B, D, U A A, D A A, D A, C, D A, B, D
2001]
5, 11
11
Cresta de gallo Zacate Zacato n pulguero Liendrilla Zacate Zacate de agua Zacato n piramidal Zacate Zacate Flechilla erecta Flechilla grande Zacate Barba larga Zacate Zacate Zacate maicero Zacate Zacate Zacate Trigo Maiz Zacate 2, 4, 16 2, 4 Cuetla 11 4, 10 1, 4 3 Flor de tigre Cuachalala Cochinilla Boto n pegajoso 2, 6 4 14 1, 4 W W W W, R W W W W A, F A, B, U (V221) (V531) A, B, C A, F
1, 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1, 1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Cid Cd W
(Z343) A A, D A, B, D A A, B, D A, D A, D A A, D A, B, D (Z352, 375) A, B, D (V394, 555) A A, B, D A (V537) A A, C, D, U A, C, D, U A, D
157
Sporobolus airoides (G. Torrey) G. Torrey Sporobolus atrovirens (Kunth) Kunth Sporobolus buckleyi Vasey Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth Sporobolus pulvinatus Swallen Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) A. Hitchc. Sporobolus trichodes A. Hitchc. Stipa constricta A. Hitchc. Stipa editorum Fourn. Stipa eminens Cav. Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pavo n) Kunth Trachypogon secundus (Presl) Scribner Tragus berteronianus Schultes Tridens grandiora Vasey Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L Tripsacum zopilotense Hdez.-X & Randolph Tripsacum sp. Trisetum irazuense (Kuntze) A. Hitchc. Triticum aestivum L. Zea mays L. Zeugites americana Willd. Hernandiaceae Gyrocarpus mocinoii Espejo Hippocrateaceae Hippocratea celastroides Kunth Hydrophyllaceae Nama dichotomum (Ruiz & Pavo n) Choisy Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pavo n) Kunth Iridaceae Tigridia pavonia (L. f.) DC. Julianiaceae Juliania adstringens (Schldl.) Schldl. Krameriaceae Krameria cytisoides Cav. Krameria sp.
(V775, 897, 955) (V290)
158
Yita ndiqui Te de monte Te de monte Laurel Aguacate Chondata Palo de pulque Tehuiztle Cucharillo Guajillo Huizache 2, 4, 6, 17 2, 4, 10, 11 W Cd
4 4 4 4
W W W W
(V321, 844) A, C A, O A, O (V814, 841) A, C, O
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Cubata blanca Quebracho Huamuche
Lamiaceae Salvia aspera Mart. & Gal. Salvia sessei Benth. Satureja mexicana (Benth.) Briq. Satureja oaxacana (Fern.) Standley Lauraceae Litsea glaucescens Kunth Persea americana Miller Leguminosae Acacia acatlensis Benth. Acacia angustissima (Miller) Kuntze* Acacia bilimekii Macbr. Acacia cochliacantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Acacia compacta Rose Acacia constricta Benth. Acacia coulteri Benth. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Acacia mammifera Schldl. Acacia pennatula (Schldl. & Cham.) Benth. Acacia plurijaga (Standley) Britton & Rose Acacia pringlei Rose Acacia schaffneri (S. Watson) F. J. Herm. Acacia sericea Mart. & Gal.* Acacia subangulata Rose Acacia tequilana S. Watson Acacia velvae L. Aeschynomene compacta Rose Aeschynomene purpusii Brandegee Aeschynomene villosa Poiret Arachis hypogaea L. Bauhinia deserti (Britton & Rose) Lundell Bauhinia divaricata L. Bauhinia sp. Brogniartia oligosperma Baillon Brogniartia sp. Cacahuate Pata de chivo Pata de cabra Pata de chivo Tortolillo 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 1 1, 1, 1, 1 1 1 2, 3 W 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 W 3, 11 W 3, 15 W 3 W 2, 3, 15 W 3, 11 W 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19 W 3 W 3 W 3, 4, 5, 11, 15 W 5 W 3, 13 W 3 W 3 W 3 W 3 W 3 W W W W 2, 3, 12, 15 Cid W 3 4, 6, 8, 17 Ci W W W
[VOL. 55
A, O (V960) A, C, T (V4, 461) (V674) (V180) A, O (V106, 261, 415) A, O A, O A, C, T, O F A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O (V431, 450) (V259) A, O A, C, U (V505, 1038) A, B, U (V317) (V291, 403) (V265)
2001]
Cacalaco Ixcamelillo Cacique Frijol Burrita roja Guaje de rato n Ejote de monte Manteco Cascabel Chipilin Chipilin Cascabel
Caesalpinia cacalaco Kunth Caesalpinia melanadenia (Rose) Standley* Caesalpinia velutina (Britton & Rose) Standley Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Can ia secundiora (Ortega) Yakovlev Calliandra sp. Calliandra sp. Calliandropsis nervosus (Britton & Rose) H. Hern. & Guinet Canavalia villosa Benth. Cercidium praecox (Ruiz & Pavo n) Harms Conzattia multiora (Robinson) Standley Crotalaria incana L. Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. Crotalaria pumila Ortega Crotalaria sagittalis L. Crotalaria sp. Dalea bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
11 1, 3 3, 5 2, 6 4, 11 1 1, 2 1 2, 4 1, 3, 4, 12 2, 3 1 1, 2, 15 1, 2, 15 1 1 1
W W W Cid W W W W W W W W, R W, R, M W, R, M W, R W, R W
Framboya n Guaje de rato n Guaje de rato n Palo dulce Guanacastle Color n Color n Primavera Campeche An il
Dalea caeciliae Harms. Dalea carthogenensis (Jacq.) Macbr. Dalea greggii A. Gray Dalea sp. Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. Desmodium sericophyllum Schldl. Desmanthus painteri (Britton & Rose) Standley Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Erythrina americana Miller Erythrina coralloides DC. Galactia brachystachys Benth. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steudel Havardia acatlensis (Benth.) Britton & Rose Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst Indigofera conzattii Rose* Indigofera suffruticosa Miller
1 1 1 1 6 1, 2 1, 3 1, 2 1, 3, 4, 5 2, 5 2, 4, 6, 7, 11 2, 6, 7 1 2, 10 4 14 1 4, 14
W W W W Cid W W W W W Ci Ci W W, C W Ci W W
A, B (V523) F A, U A, Q (V166, 272) (V300) (V289, 836, 969) A, C, U (V20, 38) A, O, U (V197) A, G (V104, 426) A, C (V258) (V819, 823, 831, 875, 964) (V525, 963) A, O A, O (V404) A, B A, C A, C A, C (V282, 402, 550, 945) A, B A, C, O A, H, O (V136) A, C, O (V316, 520) A, B (V29) A, B, C
160
Guaje zacatzin Guaje Guaje colorado Guaje rojo Guaje Guaje verde Guaje 3, 4, 11, 15, 21 3 1, 2, 4, 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15 R, M, Cd W, M, Cd
2 2 2 1, 2, 15 1, 2 W, M, C W, M, C W, M, C Cd W A, B A, B A, B A, I (V843)
(V182, 421, 473) A, C, O
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Tepeguaje Tlahuitole Tepeguaje
1, 2 1, 2, 1, 2, 15 15 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3 1 5, 11 3, 4, 5, 6, 11
W Cd W W W W W W W
A, I A, C, O, U (V260, 475) A, O A, O (V11, 122, 404, 462) (V123, 155, 474) (V482) A, C
Carretilla Alfalfa Vergonzosa Cumito Un a de gato Garabatillo Garabato Un a de gato J cama Frijol ayocote Frijol Ejote de monte Ch charo Guamu chil
3 3, 5 3 3 3 3, 5 4 4 2
[VOL. 55
Inga eriocarpa Benth. Inga paterno Harms. Inga vera Willd. Leucaena confertiora Za rate ssp. adenotheloidea Leucaena diversifolia (Schldl.) Benth. ssp. stenocarpa (Urban) Za rate Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sesse ex DC.) Benth. ssp. esculenta Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sesse ex DC.) Benth. ssp. paniculata (Britton & Rose) Za rate Leucaena lanceolata S. Watson Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Leucaena sp. Lupinus leptophyllus Schldl. & Cham. Lupinus uncinatus Schldl. Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth) Benth. Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) Macbr. Lysiloma sp. Macroptilium atropurpureum (Sesse & Macin o ex DC.) Urban Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago sativa L. Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Mimosa luisana Brandegee Mimosa sp. Mimosa sp. Mimosa sp Mimosa sp. Nissolia microptera Poiret Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban Phaseolus coccineus L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Phaseolus sp. Pisum sativum L. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Pithecellobium sp. 1 1, 4 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 2, 2, 1, 1 2 1, 3 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 21 W Cid W W W W W W W W, Cd W, Cd W, Cd W Cid Cd W
A, O A, O A, C (V5, 127) (V162) (V463) (V299) (V127) V322) A, C, O, U A, C, H, O, U A, C, O (V111) A, O A, C, O, U (V464)
2001]
Mezquite
1, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13
W W, M, C
(V132) (V36)
Rompebotas Tecuahuitl Palo de jicote Tamarindo Barbasco cimarro n
1, 4 1 1, 3 1, 3 1 2, 4, 15, 18 10 1 W W W W W Cid W W W W, M, Cd W, R W W W 2, 4 4 2, 4, 8, 12 6, 12 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 20, 21 4 2, 4, 17 1, 4, 10 2 2 1, 3
(V273) (V225, 835) (V124, 315) (V10) (V276) A, C, U A, B (V527, 900, 1004) A, C (V126, 192, 499) (V12, 131, 134, 205) (V817, 912) A, B (V191, 266, 498)
Pa jaro vachiquichi Nanche Calandria Nanche de monte Nanche de monte Palito blanco Alache Algodo n Malva Barbarisco Cedro Cedrillo Tapaqueso Moral Higuera Amate 1, 1, 1, 1 4, 6 1,
R, M W Cd W R W, C W, R 4, 5, 6, 11 5 4, 5, 10 4 14 2 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 13, 18 Ci W Ci W W Cid W
A, C (V89) A, U (V60) (V54) A, N A, B, C, U A, A, A, A, O B C, U C F A, B, C (V486)
161
Pithecellobium sp. Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnston Senna apiculata (Mart. & Gal.) Irwin & Barneby Senna unijuga (Rose) Irwin & Barneby Senna sp. Senna sp. Senna sp. Tamarindus indicus L. Tephrosia nicaraguensis Oersted ex Benth. & Oersted Zapoteca formosa (Kunth) H. Hern. Lythraceae Cuphea wrightii A. Gray Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. Echinopterys eglandulosa (Adr. Juss.) Small Malpighia galeottiana Adr. Juss. Malpighia mexicana Adr. Juss. Mascagnia parvifolia Griseb. Malvaceae Anoda cristata (L.) Schldl. Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth Gossypium hirsutum L. Herissantia crispa (L.) Briz. Malva parviora L. Robinsonella chiangii Fryxell Sida rhombifolia L. Meliaceae Cedrela odorata L. Cedrela oaxacensis (DC.) Rose Trichilia havanensis Jacq. Trichilia hirta L. Moraceae Chlorophora mollis Fern. Ficus carica L. Ficus cotinifolia Kunth
162
Hule Amate Amate Amate amarillo Amate Mora silvestre 6, 21 2 2 2, 4, 6, 11 2 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Ci W W W W W A, A, A, A, A, A, A, O Cid Wi, Cid Cid W W W Cid R W W, C 3, 5 3, 4, 5, 6, 21 3 3, 5 2 2, 5, 6, 11 5, 11 4 3, 4, 10, 11, 14 Granada corriente Toritos 2, 4 2, 4 W W W W, M W, M R W W R 1, 2, 4, 16 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 17, 21 2, 4, 5, 11, 21 5, 6 2, 3, 6, 11 3, 6 4, 6, 19 6 Pla tano Eucalipto Guayaba Pata de elefante Cucharilla Borracho Bugambilia Maravilla Fresnillo Fresno Peinecillo
B, C, U O O B, C, U O B, U
A, O A, C, H, U A, O (V441) A, O A, C, U A, C (V488) A, B, U A, B A, B, F (V853) A, C, U (V761) (V33) A, C, U A, H, U (V59, 133) ECONOMIC BOTANY
Coyul n de monte Palma Palma real Chicalote Jarilla real
[VOL. 55
Ficus elastica Roxb. Ficus goldmanii Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ficus microchlamys Standley Ficus petiolaris Kunth Ficus trigonata L. Morus celtidifolia Kunth Musaceae Musa paradisiaca L. Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Psidium guajava L. Nolinaceae Beaucarnea gracilis Lem. Dasylirion serratifolium Karw.* Nolina longifolia (Schultes) Hemsley Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Mirabilis jalapa L. Oleaceae Fraxinus purpusii Brandegee Fraxinum uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh. Opillaceae Agonandra obtusifolia Standley Agonandra racemosa (DC.) Standley Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. Palmae Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Martius Brahea nitida Andre Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Bocconia arborea S. Watson Passioraceae Passiora subpeltata Ortega Pedaliaceae Martynia annua L.
2001]
Amole Araucaria Ocote Ocote Ocote Hierba santa Espinosilla Cuame catl Alegr a montan era Quelite Lengua de vaca 2, 4, 6 1 2 1, 2, 4 2 4, 6 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6, 11 1, 2 2, 4, 6, 14 2, 4, 10 1, 5, 12 5, 12 Capulincillo Cholulo Manzanita Tejocote Nispero Durazno Capul n 2, 4 2 2, 4, 16 2 1, 4, 9 2, 4, 6, 19 Ci W, R W W R R W W W Ri W, R W, R Cid W W W W, M, Cd Cid Cid Cd 6 3, 4, 5, 13, 15 3, 4, 5, 13 3, 4, 5, 13 Ci W W W A, A, A, A, B, C, C, C,
1, 2, 4, 10
A, C, U O F, O, U F, O F A, C, H, O, U (V90, 222, 456) A, A, A, A, A, B, U C H H, U B A, C A, C (V64, 231) (V26) (V230) A, O (V297) (V3, 118) F A, A, A, A, H, U O O H, O
Canahuala
Verdolaga Quelite de mezquite Granada
Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca icosandra L. Pinaceae Araucaria imbricata Pav. Pinus montezumae Lamb. Pinus oocarpa Schiede. Pinus rudis Endl. Piperaceae Piper auritum Kunth Polemoniaceae Loeselia caerulea (Cav.) G. Don Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Rumex acetosella L. Rumex crispus L. Ruprechtia fusca Fern. Polypodiaceae Phelbodium aureum (L.) J. Smith Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaca pilosa L. Talinum sp. Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Rhamnaceae Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roemer & Schultes) Zucc. Ziziphus amolle (Sesse & Moc.) M.C. Johnston Ziziphus pedunculata (Brandegee) Standley Rosaceae Crataegus pubescens (Kunth) Steudel Eryobotria japonica Lindl. Prunus persica (L.) Sieber & Zucc. Prunus serotina Ehrh.
163
164
Erisipela Matamoscos Garan ona 4, 5, 10, 12, 17 4, 11, 19, 22 4 Cid Cid Cid Cid Cid Ci Ci Ci W W, C W A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, O O C,
4 10 4
W W W
A, C A, C F U U, O O
Zapote blanco Limo n Lima Toronja Naranja Ruda 4, 5, 11, 16 16 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6 6, 7, 11, 15 11, 15 7, 11, 15 7, 11, 15 Alamo Sauce Sauce lloro n Sauce blanco Sauz 4, 2, 3, 3, 3,
2, 2, 2, 2 2, 4,
O, U ECONOMIC BOTANY B, O, U B, U F, O B B (V813) A, C, U A, C
Silbato Yerba de golpe Tempequiztle Zapote de nin o Chicozapote Mamey Cosahuico 2 2 2 2 2
3, 4, 5, 10, 15 4, 5, 10, 11, 12 4
W, R W W Cid Cid Cid Cid Cid 1, 4 W 4 W
(V84) A, J J, O J, O A, B, F (V420) A, C
Doradilla Chaparro amargoso Floripondio Chile
[VOL. 55
4 4, 6 2, 4, 10, 22
W Ci W, R, Cd
A, B, F A, B A, O
Rubiaceae Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schldl. Galium mexicanum Kunth Hintonia latiora (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock Rutaceae Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus limetta Risso Citrus maxima (Burman) Merrill Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Ruta chalepensis L. Salicaceae Populus alba L. Salix bonplandiana Kunth Salix chilensis Mocin o Salix humboldtiana Willd. Salix nigra Marshall* Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindus saponaria L. Serjania racemosa Schuman Sapotaceae Bumelia laetevirens Hemsley Couepia polyandra (H.B.K.) Rose Manilkara achras (Miller) Fosberg Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronq. Sideroxilon capiri (DC.) Pittier Scrophulariaceae Castilleja sp. Selaginellaceae Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring Simaroubaceae Castela tortuosa Liebm. Solanaceae Brugmania sp. Capsicum annuum L.
2001]
Chile Dama de noche Toloache Toloache Toloache Jaltomate Jitomate Gigante Tabaco Tomate verde Matapulgas Tomate de coyote Lechetomatl Canicas Coyotomate Yerbamora Chichi de perra Cuagulote Tapaculo Ahuehuete 2 2, 4, 6 4, 10 4 4 1, 2 2, 4, 6 3, 4, 10, 16 4, 10, 20 1, 2, 4 10 1 4 2, 4 12 2, 4 2, 4, 10 4, 10 2 Cid Ci R R R R, M Cd Ri Cid R, M, Cd W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W, R W W 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21 4 4, 5, 15 3 Damiana Tule Tztzanaco Acebuche Pie de paloma Yerba de mariposa 4 11, 14 2, 11 2 2, 4, 5, 8 4 W, C W W W W W W W, R A, C, U A, C A, C, U (V481) (V868) A, O A, B, U A, B A, B, U A, C
F A, F, U A, C (V31, 39) (V533) (V76) A, C, O, U A, C, O, U A, B, C, O, U (V14) A, C (V274) (V338) (V52) (V842) A, C, G, U A, C, H, U A, B, U (V177, 319)
165
Capsicum baccatum L. Cestrum nocturnum L. Datura stramonium L. Datura sp. Datura sp. Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J. Gentry Lycopersicon esculentum Miller Nicotiana glauca Graham Nicotiana tabacum L. Physalis philadelphica Lam. Physalis nicandroides Schldl. Physalis sp. Physalis sp. Solanum americanum Miller Solanum lanceolatum Cav. Solanum mitlense Dunal Solanum nigrescens Mart. & Gal. Solanum rostratum Dunal Solanum sp. Sterculiaceae Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Waltheria americana L. Taxodiaceae Taxodium mucronatum Ten. Tiliaceae Heliocarpus sp. Turneraceae Turnera diffusa Willd. Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. Ulmaceae Celtis caudata Planchon Celtis pallida Torrey Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Verbenaceae Lantana achyranthifolia Desf.
166
Cinco negritos Salverreal Cinco negritos Conf turilla blanca Cinco negritos Yerbabuena de monte Ore gano Coyotomate 2, 3, 4 2, 4 Parra de monte Palma real Tush-kju 6 6 4, 12 W
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4 1, 1,
2, 4, 6 4 4 4 4
R R
W, W, W W W, W W, W,
R R R
A, C, O, U A, C (V924) A, B, U (V48, 185, 216, 304) (V332) (V93, 125, 449, 564) A, C, U A, B, U W, C W, C S S
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Lantana camara L. Lantana hispida Kunth Lantana involucrata L. Lantana velutina Mart. & Gal. Lantana sp. Lantana sp. Lippia graveolens Kunth Vitex mollis Kunth Vitaceae Cissus sycioides L. Zamiaceae Dioon caputoi De Luca Dioon rzedowskii De Luca
* Species Endemic to the Tehuaca n Valley. 1 Key to Uses: 1 fodder; 2 edible; 3 rewood; 4 medicinal; 5 wood and construction; 6 ornamental; 7 living fences; 8 bres; 9 alcoholic beverages; 10 poisons; 11 handicrafts; 12 soap; 13 resins and latex; 14 colorants; 15 control of soils; 16 stimulant; 17 meliferous; 18 glue; 19 aromatizing; 20 ceremonial; 21 shade; 22 food preservative. 2 Key ot Cultural Status: W wild; Wi wild introduced (escaped); R ruderal and weed; Ri ruderal and weed introduced; M managed in situ; C cultivated; Ci cultivated introduced (symbol d indicates that the species presents signs of domestication). 3 Key to References: A Da vila et al. 1993; B Mart nez 1994; C Casas, Viveros and Caballero 1994; D Mej a and Da vila 1992; E Casas et al. in press; F Miranda 1948; G Va zquez 1986; H Villa rate 1994; J Smith 1965; K Arias, Gama and Guzma n 1997; (L) Lira & Soto collection numbers MEXU, N Fryxell 1993; (O) direct observations by the authors without voucher Kamel 1991; I Za llez and Sousa 1993; S Medina and Da vila 1997; T Rico and Rodriguez 1998; U Banco de Informacio n etnobota nica de Plantas Mexicanas, BADEPLAM; (V) Valiente-Banuet et al. collection specimen; Q Te vila et al. collection numbers. numbers MEXU; Z Da
[VOL. 55

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PLANT RESOURCES VALLEY, MEXICO1

domestication; ethnobotany; Tehuaca n-Cuicatla n Valley; Mixtec; Popoloca; Nahua.

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

492 243 242 151 95 91 66 63 48 35 27 19 19 13 12 11 11 11 4 5 8 3

TABLE 2. NUMBER OF N VALLEY. CUICATLA

Total number of species in the region1

% of plant species in the region1

Number of useful species

% of useful plant species

Number of vegetation types as dominants2

345 290 215 106 95 76 74 60 56 55 49 47 43 42 41 25

AS COMPARED TO OTHER REGIONS OF

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF EACH

Wild Weeds and ruderal Domesticated Total

681 109 7061

6814 1094 86 8084

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY TEHUACA

AS COMPARED TO OTHER REGIONS OF

Tehuaca n Valley 808 10 000 0.08

Sierra Norte de Puebla 720 13 000 0.06

Mart nez et al. (1995)

Tzeltal region of Tenejapa 645

Berlin, Breedlove and Raven (1974)

Pen nsula de Yucata n 1000 430

140 056 11 000

Flores (1999) Casas, Viveros and Caballero (1994)

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA 141

3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12 13 4, 11 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 16 11, 16

(V902) (V116, 410) A, C, U (V186) A, B (V35) O O A, C, U (V283) A, B, U (V737) A, F, U A, C, F, U A, B A, O A, O A, O ECONOMIC BOTANY

Hiedra Carnero Flor de tigre Talayote Combe Tilahpi

(V83) A, C (V423, 886) A, B (V344) (V580) A, C, U (V424, 526) A, C

Sa bila Estaate Chamiso 4, 11 2, 4, 6 4

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

1 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 1, 1, 1, W Ri W W, W, W, W, R W, W W W, W, W, R R R W W W W, M Cid Ci W W, R W, M W, M W, R W W W Ri, M Cid A, C A, O A, U

(V9) A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O A, O (V21) (V22) A, O

Copal Palo mulato Copal

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, Nopal de cruz Pitayo viejo 2, 7 1, 2, 3

A, O A, F, G, U A, C A, O (V72) (V241) (V228) V51, 235, 516)

Epazote Huauhtzontli Epazote de coyote Chahuasquelite Palito chino

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA 147

(V7, 175, 457) A, C A, B, C (V61) (V237)

Cid Cd Cd W, R, M Cid Cid W, R, M W W W, Cd W, R, M W W, M W, M W W W W W W W W W W

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

A, O A, B, F, U A, B, C, F A A, B A A A, C, F A A A, B F A, C A, B A, B F A, C A, B A, B, C, U A (V987) A, O A, B, C (V117) (V280, 311) A, O, U A, O

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA 151

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

A, D A A A, B, D A, B A A, D (Z351) A, D A, D (Z377) A A, D A, D A, B, D A, D A, B, D A A A, B, D A A (Z337) (Z376) A A A, B, D A, D A A, C A, D A A, D A, D A, D A, D

W W W W W W W W W W, C W W W Cid W W W Ci W W W Ri Cid W W W W W W W W Wi W W Cid Cid

A, B, D A, D A A, D A, B, D A, B, D A, D A, D A, D A, B, D A, D A, D A A, B, D (V189) A A, D A, B, D A, D A (V733) (V79, 255) A, C, D, U A A, D (V576) (V734) A, D A, D, U A, B, D, U A A, D A A, D A, C, D A, B, D

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA

(Z343) A A, D A, B, D A A, B, D A, D A, D A A, D A, B, D (Z352, 375) A, B, D (V394, 555) A A, B, D A (V537) A A, C, D, U A, C, D, U A, D

(V775, 897, 955) (V290)

(V321, 844) A, C A, O A, O (V814, 841) A, C, O

Cubata blanca Quebracho Huamuche

N-CUICATLA N VALLEY CASAS ET AL.: PLANT RESOURCES OF THE TEHUACA 159

(V182, 421, 473) A, C, O

Tepeguaje Tlahuitole Tepeguaje