Lesson 12 The effects of the Color and Keying groups

In this lesson you will learn to:

Touch up the colors of a video sequence or an animation. Handle the effects of the Keying group.

Unless indicated otherwise, all images in this lesson have only one layer.

Color channels

Color channels
Based on the additive color principle, all colors are a mi ture of red, green and !lue "more or less dar#$ in e act proportions. The color of a pi el therefore has a dar#er or lighter Red component, a dar#er or lighter Green component, a dar#er or lighter Blue component and a last component which indicates the pi el transparency level. This last component is referred to as Alpha component.

The effects in the Color menu

*et+s ta#e a loo# at the image opposite: the various colors were spread and mi ed on a wooden palette. ,ll colors of the chromatic circle are present on this palette "red, orange, yellow, green, !lue, purple$. This image will allow us to study all the color modifications availa!le in T-.aint ,nimation. To do this, load the pro/ect 0 palette 1.

The Color > Black & White converter effect

The Black & White Converter effect has three parameters that may !e loc#ed using an animation #ey. By default, it transforms the images !y deleting the color data. %e therefore o!tain the same effect as photos ta#en with a !lac# and white film. Increasing the value of the Red parameter will ma#e the red pi els of the original image lighter when changing over to gray. &educing the value will ma#e them dar#er "see ne t page$. The same principle applies to the Green and Blue parameters.

Default settings

Parameter Red at value 0

Parameter Red at value 255

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

Below, a 2oom on the red area of the image :

Default settings

Parameter Red (value 0)

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Parameter Red (value 255)

The Color > Color Adjust effect

%e+ll #eep the image from the !eginning of this chapter and study the Color Adjust effect shown opposite in detail. This effect uses the traditional notions of color modification for drawing and photo touch)up software pac#ages:

3 The Brightness parameter is used to increase or decrease the glo!al !rightness of the current image or video "use negative values to decrease !rightness$. In other words, all the pi els present are either changed over to the !lac# color or the white color.

!rightness " #5$

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!rightness % #5$

3 The Contrast parameter, if increased, will accentuate the luminosity differences !etween the light and dar# areas. %hen decreased, it will reduce them. , setting close to '445 will only ma#e the primary colors appear, as well as !lac# and white. , setting close to '445 will ma#e the image or footage almost entirely gray.

Contrast " #5$

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Contrast & #5$

3 The Saturation parameter accentuates or reduces color vivacity. , setting close to '445 will reduce the num!er of pi els close to the gray colors while reviving the colors, a setting close to '445 will produce a gray drawing.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

'aturation " #5$

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'aturation & #5$

3 The Gamma setting is often used for photo touch)up !ut also ena!les lightening or dar#ening an image without leaving the impression that a dar# or light sheen was placed over it. Its value may vary !etween 4.4' and 7.

(amma ) 2

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(amma ) 0*5

,t first sight, the Gamma parameter seems to have the same effects as the Brightness parameter. This is true, with the difference that the Brightness parameter affects all pi els on the screen whereas the Gamma parameter affects the light and dar# pi els only marginally. Below you will find an e ample of the difference !etween a gamma reduction and a reduction of the !rightness : &educing the Gamma !y half only slightly affects the pi els ma#ing up the paint and the !ac#ground: the latter remain !right and clear. 8odifying the Luminosity to 745 gives the same pi els a dar#er hue.

riginal image ((amma )1)

(amma ) 0*5

Luminosit+ % 50$

3 The Angle parameter ena!les rotation of colors at the angle of your choice around the color wheel "see !elow$. 9or e ample: going from angle 4: to the angle ;4: will transform the orange colors in the image to green, !lue to purple,<etc.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

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Rotation of colors of ,0-

The color .heel

3 The Rotation parameter reflects the num!er of turns around the color wheel !efore arriving at the chosen angle. This allows you to ma#e the colors vary in a time cycle, which is sometimes useful for colored logos. In the e ample !elow, we start with a !lue T-.aint logo "&>4, ?>4, B>(77$, placed on each image of an animation layer comprising forty)eight images.

,n animation #ey is placed at the first image of the layer, loc#ing the value 0 4 1 for the Rotation parameter. , second #ey is placed at the last image of the layer, loc#ing the value 0 ( 1 for the Rotation parameter. %hen the 9@ stac# is applied, you see the following result:

The logo changes color in cycles, going twice in a row through the colors of the color wheel.

The Color > Color Eraser effect

*et+s assume that we want to delete the green and !lue colors in our image. This is easily done using the Color raser effect. By erasing the color we understand erasing the data relative to the color composing the pi els and not modifying the opacity of the pi els. In other words, we unsaturate the pi els with a precise hue.

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/mage .ith green and 0lue hues erased

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

Atart !y selecting a color in the green area of the image in the Color !o of the panel a!ove. .art of the green pi els will then !e unsaturated and turn to gray. To o!tain a !etter finish, you may increase or decrease the tolerance or softness thresholds. To select the pi els according to their hues, the color !ar of the panel as well as the = mini)sliders will help you.

non)unsaturated hues,

progressively unsaturated hues,

completely unsaturated hues,

The !nvert !utton is used to invert the final result: saturated pi els !ecome unsaturated and vice)versa. If necessary, the popup menu "isplay ena!les recovery of source image viewing.

The Color > Tint Replacer effect

The #int Replacer effect is !ased on the same principle as the Color Braser effect, with the difference that you do not unsaturate the colors . Indeed, using Ahifting values ena!les progressive modification of the hue, saturation and luminosity of the chosen tint range. Cou may thus easily toggle one color range to another. The Ahifting values are calculated as !eing 0 gap 1 in the H.A.* system !etween the two colors of the panel "!lue and yellow in this e ample$.

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range tint changed to red tint

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

The Color > Color replacer effect

This effect allows you to modify a color in an easy way, /ust !y choosing the Source color "the color you want to change$ and the "estination color "the one you want to o!tain$. If the change does not fit e actly your needs, you may use the parameters #olerance and So$tness. This effect is really useful to change a drawing with simple colors.

riginal image

1odified image

The Color > Curves effect

Bach pi el on the screen is defined !y its components: 3 The so)called R%G%B%A generates the color of a pi el with four components: red, green, !lue and alpha. In this system, the values of the four components vary !etween 4 and (77. 3 The &%S%L%' system generates the color of a pi el using four other components: hue, saturation, luminosity, opacity. In this system, the values of saturation and luminosity may vary !etween 4 and (77, the hue may have a value !etween 4 and 67; "thus the previously used concepts of angle and color wheel$. Inversely, any pi el on the screen may !e !ro#en down in each of the two coordinate systems. 8odifying the color of a pi el therefore means you modify the values of its components. The Curves effect ena!les precise management of these modifications: the (ode popup menu offers a choice !etween the two systems descri!ed a!ove. *et+s go, for e ample, into the &%S%L%' system and ta#e a loo# at our image. Ee t to the name of each component we find a miniature profile, compara!le to those we encountered when studying the drawing tools and acceleration of an effect. Clic# on the luminosity miniature profile to call up the edit profile window.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

The options proposed are traditional: flip the curve along the 0 @ 1 or 0 C 1 a es, use pre)defined curves, save the settings, modify interpolation of the points<

Eow we /ust have to study the meaning of the curve: 3 The hori2ontal a is represents all luminosity values that may !e contained in a pi el on the screen "values !etween 4 and (77$ 3 The vertical a is "also #nown as L)#: *oo# Up Ta!le$ represents all luminosity values of the pi els once the Curve effect has !een applied. *et+s ta#e the curves !elow as e amples: 3 In this e ample: the luminosity of every pi el is divided !y two after application of the effect "for e ample, a luminosity value of 74 changes to (7 after application of the effect$. 3 In this e ample, the luminosity of every pi el remains unchanged. 3 In this last e ample, any pi el with a luminosity value !etween appro imately D= and ';( will turn !lac#, the others remain unchanged. %e have /ust studied the luminosity curve in detail. Eow it+s up to you to wor# with the other curves and use them to the advantage of your pro/ects.

The Color > Histogra

effect

%e have /ust seen that it is possi!le to wor# on pi els using curves. T-.aint ,nimation also offers the possi!ility to wor# on the colors on a more 0statistic level1 than#s to the &istogram effect. The first function of the histogram is to provide information a!out the distri!ution of colors on the screen. *et+s ta#e for e ample the images !elow and select the (aster ta* in the first row of ta!s and Luminosity in the second. %e will o!tain the following graphs :

The Log !o ena!les use of a logarithmic scale instead of a proportional scale. 9or the moment, pay attention that this !o is not chec#ed < 3 The more dar# pi els the image on the screen contains, the more dense the graph is to the left "this is the case for our red planet$.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

3 The more light pi els the image on the screen contains, the more the graph is concentrated on the right "this is the case for the image of the tree$. 9or a luminosity value given in the a!scissa, the graph proportionally represents the quantity of pi els of the image having this luminosity value on the ordinates a is. The !lue curve represents the percentage of pi els having at least attained the luminosity value in the a!scissa, the vertical red line represents the pi els the luminosity of which is the most represented on the screen. The ta!s Red, Green, Blue and Alpha wor# according to the same principle and image analysis is reduced to the channels of the corresponding colors. The second function of the histogram, as you may have guessed already, is to modify the color properties of the image or video of the current layer "here again, the animation #eys loc# the parameters for a given position in the timeline$. To do this, we have to use the slider system of the histogram. Cou may use two, three or four of them. The latter ena!le re)cali!ration of the histogram !y stretching or contracting it. *et+s again ta#e a loo# at the pi el luminosity component. Below, you see the e ample of luminosity modification using the three sliders:

!efore application of the 34 stac5

'ettings

6fter application of the 34 stac5

The section of the histogram !etween the a!scissas (7 and '(G will !e contracted to fit !etween the a!scissas 4 and 7'. The section of the histogram !etween '(; and (77 will !e stretched to fit !etween a!scissas 7( and (77. This means that the dar# components of the pi els in the image will !e reinforced and contracted whereas the light components of the pi els in the image will !e redistri!uted, spread and therefore reduced. The ta!s Red7 Green7 Blue and Alpha ma#e the other graphs relative to the current image appear. Bach of them may !e modified independently of the others. The principle of contracting and stretching is the same, regardless of how many sliders are used. Hnly the num!er of contracted or stretched intervals changes.. The first row of ta!s contains four ta!s: 8aster, Ahadows, 8idTones and High*ights. 3 Clic#ing the Shado+s ta! limits the impact of the slider modifications to the dar# colors, gradually. 3 Clic#ing the (id#ones ta! limits the impact of the modifications to the medium tones and will reduce them progressively and finally cancel them out for the dar# and light colors.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

3 Clic#ing the &ighLights ta! limits the effects of the histogram modifications to light tones, the latter waning progressively then canceling out for the medium and dar# tones. 3 The (aster ta! affects all color ranges in the same way. *oo# at the following graphs for a !etter understanding:

>

Three curves are represented: 3 The !lac# curve represents the impact of the modifications in the histogram on the dar# tones "Shado+s ta!$ 3 The gray curve represents the impact of the modifications on the medium tones "(id#ones ta!$ 3 The white curve represents the impact of the modifications on the light tones "&ighLights ta!$ The tones concerned are located on the a!scissa. The impact power is represented on the ordinates a is "the higher the curve for a given range, the higher the influence of the histogram modification on this range$. The circled sliders in the graph opposite are used to move, contract or stretch the three curves and, consequently, modify the effect of the ta!s.

The Color > !liders effect

In addition to the effects affecting the color on a 0 geometric 1 and 0 statistic 1 level, there is a last color correction effect which is more complete and is applied using sliders "as the name implies <$. 3 It also has four ta!s: (aster, Shado+s, (id#ones and &ighLights which have the same tas# as those in the Histogram tool: used to choose whether you wish to wor# on lighter or dar#er color ranges. 3 The following four ta!s: Gamma, Contrast, Gain, Brightness control how the *UT curves will !e modified when a slider is moved. 3 The seven lines correspond to seven L)# curves "see a!ove$ which may !e modified: #emperature, (agenta, Luminosity, Red, Green, Blue and Alpha. %hen the Gamma ta! is selected, moving the slider to the right increases the height of the *.U.T curve "and therefore increases the values of #emperature, (agenta, Red, Green, ...$ for the range selected "Shado+s, (id#ones, &ighLights$. The ends of the curve are less affected !y the slider modifications "the modifications ta#e place progressively$.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

%hen the Contrast ta! is selected, moving the slider to the right increases the height of the *.U.T curve in its high sections and decreases the curve in its low sections for the chosen range. This means that the strong values of "#emperature, (agenta, Red,<$ will !e reinforced and the wea# values reduced for the range of your choice "moving the slider to the left produces the opposite effect$. The Gain ta! functions in roughly the same way as the Contrast ta!, !ut the ends of the curve are gradually less affected !y the slider modifications "the modifications of the values of #emperature, (agenta, Red,< are the same as with the ta! Contrast !ut wor# in a more su!tle and progressive manner$. The effects of the Brightness ta! are similar to the Gamma ta! !ut the modifications are not applied in a progressive fashion due to the identical attri!ution from one end of the curve to the other.

The Color > !can Cleaner effect

This effect is used to clean up a scanned image drawn !y hand. *et+s ta#e a loo# at the s#etches !elow "the original ones is on the left$.

22

"'$

22

"($

This effect will not only ma#e the light pi els of the image transparent and color the remaining pi els !lac# "'$ !ut will also remove unwanted pencil mar#s "($

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

The diagram !elow illustrates the role of the profile curve present in this effect :

The Colors > "ine colori#e effect

This effect allows you to colori2e the lines of your drawings, following the colors filled on the other layers. Three parameters can !e managed : J Radius "which allow you to choose the spread of uour colori2e effect, following the line+s thic#ness$.

3rom left to right 8 Radius to 07 57 10 and 15*

- Couleur Source "that will define the color reference to colori2e your line$. *et+s ta#e this image, composed of several layers "!elow and a!ove the layer lines$.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

The Color source mode K.oregroundL : as a part of the her! layer is a!ove the line layer, the lines of the feet !ecame green.

The Color Source mode KBac#groundL : colors from the layer !elow is used as a reference to colori2e the drawing lines.

The Color Source mode K"isplayL : all colors visi!le have an influence on the drawing lines.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects in the Color menu

J Render mode: this paramater will allow you to choose the spread of the effect, following the (anhattan mode "rectangular spread$ or uclidian mode "circular spread$.

riginal image

$anhattan 1ode

Euclidian 1ode

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects in the Color menu

The Color 2 9:pand mode

This effect is used to e pand a span of colors, !ut it will respect the notions of color gradient and smooth on your image.

The options Radius and Render mode are identical to the options met with the Line colori/e effect.

T.o s;uares .ith a color gradient and a smal smooth on the 0orders

The E%pand effect applied .ith a radius of 107 in Euclidian

ode

The Colors > & age !ource effect

It is necessary to #now a few effects of the Styli/e group "li#e "rop Shado+, Add Border or Lumi0, ...$ in order to master the !mage Source effect perfectly. Ao it will !e studied at the end of lesson '7.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects of the Meying menu

The effects of the Keying menu

The Keying menu contains all effects which are used to ma#e a color on the screen transparent. These effects are sometimes called cut)out and incrustation effects.

The Keying > "u a Keyer effect

The Luma Keyer effect is used to render pi els transparent according to their luminosity. %hen you have scanned an image on a white !ac#ground you o!tain a completely opaque layer. %ith the Luma Keyer effect is is therefore possi!le to ma#e the white pi els of this image transparent:

2 *et+s ta#e a loo# at the drawing on real paper a!ove. ,pplication of the Luma Keyer effect set with correct parameters will render the light pi els transparent "independent of their hue and saturation$, progressively increase the opacity of the medium tone pi els and leave the dar# pi els intact. This gives us the image shown to the right. ,t this point, it is possi!le to re)color the image, if desired : simply place a layer under the image o!tained and spread the colors of your choice on it "see e ample opposite$. Cou may also use the shape floodfill tools studied in lesson D.

These are the functions of the Keying 1 Luma Keyer effect: 3 The "isplay popup menu is used to choose !etween viewing the source image and viewing the result. 3 The color !o is used to choose the color the luminosity of which you wish to render transparent directly on the screen. 3 The !uttons 2 and N are used to ad/ust the tolerance and softness of pi el cut)out. 3 The mini)sliders allow ad/ustment of the following, depending on the luminosity and with the help of the diagram !elow: The type of pi els which remain opaque Those which are progressively made transparent Those which will !e completely transparent

It is recommended to com!ine the Luma Keyer effect in a multiple 9@ stac# with the Colors 1 &istogram or the Colors 1 Slider effects to !e a!le to precisely ad/ust pi el transparency "use the parameters relative to the alpha component$ and remove the gray aspect "light$ of semi)transparent pi els.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects of the Meying menu

The effects Keying 1 Luma Keyer and Colors 1 Scan Cleaner change the opacity of the pi els differently : the Luma Keyer doesn+t remove the unwanted pencil mar#s. The Scan Cleaner change the color of the pi els, and the Luma Keyer doesn+t.

The Keying > Color Keyer effect

The Color Keyer effect uses the same principle as the Luma Keyer effect. It deletes the selected color on the image or video footage of your choice. It is no longer required to concentrate on pi el luminosity !ut on the entire color. Two types of parameters may !e loc#ed with a #ey: #olerance and Smooth. In the 9@ stac# a!ove we see: the higher the value of the #olerance parameter, the more colors close to 0 !lue 1 will !e deleted. The higher the value of the Smooth parameter, the less a!rupt the transition !etween opaque and transparent pi els will !e.

Hpposite, most of the !luish colors of the s#y and cloud !ecome transparent. The green and dar# colors of the tree are further away from !lue and therefore opaque.

%ith the !nvert parameter, the effect can #eep the color chosen in the Color parameter whereas to remove it.

The opposite image shows the result when the !nvert parameter is chec#ed.

These two #eying effects may, of course, !y applied to a complete footage, which ma#es wor# easier when using a scanner with loader or a recorded video sequence.

*et+s ta#e another concrete situation :

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects of the Meying menu

The character near!y was shot in front of a !lue screen. %e are going to e plain how to remove this !lue !ac#ground and to replace it !y another !ac#ground. It+s a technique often used for animation : weather reports are shot with a single)colored !ac#ground which is removed and replaced !y a weather chart. *et+s go !ac# to our character : the purpose is to ma#e transparent all the !lue pi els and to display a new !ac#ground on another layer. To do so, let+s load a landscape !ac#ground near!y and put it as an ,nimation layer, under the layer containing the character. The !lue color is called key color "that+s why the effect is called #eying$. Cou should have a timeline loo#ing li#e this :

Eow select the Color Keyer effect in the .3 stack. Choose a !lue pi el from the !ac#ground and ad/ust the tolerance and so$tness parameters. ,pply the effect to the whole image sequence, and here it goes, the !lue !ac#ground has disappeared and is replaced !y the landscape. The same method is also used to create a weather report "see !elow$

There are other #eying effects, more comple , which have to !e used in some specific situations.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects of the Meying menu

The Keying > Chro a Keyer effect

The Keying 1 Chroma Keyer effect is used to ma#e pi els transparent depending on their tint and saturation.

The panel and the !uttons of this effect loo# very similar to the ones of the effect Color O Color raser% That+s why we will not e plain each parameters in details... *et+s ta#e for e ample the video sequence a!ove with orange and red flowers. The !ac#ground of this sequence is a !lue)gray shutter "more or less dar# !lue)gray tints$. If you use the Keying 1 Color Keyer effect !y selecting one of the dar# shutter colors, it will not remove all the shutter pi els !ut it will remove some pi els of the flower+s stal# too. "see !elow "'$$ If you use the Keying 1 Color Keyer effect !y selecting one of the light shutter colors, it will remove all the pi els of the shutter !ut it will remove the light pi els of the flower+s too. "see !elow "($$

"'$ The Keying 1 Chroma Keyer effect will help us to o!tain !etter results.

"($

The results a!ove, o!tained after the use of the Keying 1 Color Keyer effect, are imperfect.

3 The #int parameter !ar will ma#e transparent the !lue pi els in a wide range : light !lue or dar# !lue will not change the result. The orange)red pi els of the flowers and the green pi els of the stal# will stay unchanged.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects of the Meying menu

3 The Saturation parameter !ar permits to ma#e green pi els more or less transparent depending on their saturation. ,s a consequence, we will !e a!le to ma#e transparent all the !lue)gray pi els. Here is the result : we finally succeed to #eep the pi els of the flowers visi!le and ma#e the pi els of the shutter transparent.

22 To finish our wor#, we can easily add a landscape on a layer and put it !ehind the flowers layer. "see the timeline !elow$

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*et+s go !ac# to our !lue)screened character : ,lthough we used the Keying 1 Color Keyer effect with the our !lue)screened character in the last chapter, you certainly guess that it is also possi!le to use the Keying 1 Chroma Keyer effect% %hen characters are shot with !lue screen, there are sometimes some undesired light effects, especially little !lue reflections colori2ing some part of the image "see image !elow on the left$. It is of course possi!le to remove the !lue tint to these pi els !y ma#ing them grey. That+s the function of sliders and !uttons from the Spill Removal section of the panel.

OO

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects of the Meying menu

The Keying > Alpha Control effect

*et+s ta#e !ac# the e ample of our flowers. The Keying 1 Chroma Keyer has !een already applied and the landscape !ac#ground is visi!le !ehind the flowers. If you loo# at it in detail, you will see that some imperfections remain : a !lac# !orderline, more or less visi!le, is still remaining, small lines or points are not fully transparent and stand out from white clouds. The Alpha Control effect can fi these errors.

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Here is how the effect appears in the 9@ Atac# : 3 Cou can first notice the presence of a histogram, a tool you are now familiar with. This one represents the quantity of pi els displayed on screen depending on their luma "in percentage$. 3 In the !ottom of the panel, there are some numeric fields and mini)sliders at your disposal :

The Shrink parameter can trim the opaque pi els of the image. That is the !est to remove the !lac# !orders around the flowers. The rode parameter erase progressively the opaque pi els of the image !y starting from its !orders. It permits to soften the transition !etween transparent pi els and opaque ones, and even to improve the superimposition effect. Both Blur parameters can reduce and soften the shapes !orders !etween opaque pi els and transparent ones. The Gain parameter permits to turn opaque and to dar#en pi els which are almost transparent. This is very useful to stand out the little imperfections, especially the ones that have not !een fully removed when using some Keying effects. Hn the opposite, the Li$t parameter can turn opaque the pi els which are almost transparent.

<se of the Erode parameter

<se of the !hrink parameter

<se of the 'ain parameter set to 1000$

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects of the Meying menu

The Keying > Advanced Keyer effect

The Advanced Keyer is the most comple and the most powerful Keying tool in T-.aint ,nimation .rofessional Bdition. B perienced users often use it for very accurate #eyings. %e have already seen that each color can !e !ro#en up in various ways depending on the color system "&?B,, HA*H, CU-$ while each system defines color channels. "the CU- system is used !y the ETAC and .,* video formats$ The Advanced Keyer effect permits to cut)out on each color channel which allows you to do very accurate #eyings. "see !elow$

3 The Key ta! lets you ad/ust the #eyer in the different color systems. 3 The 8atte ta! has the same function as the previously descri!ed Keying 1 Alpha Control effect so you can /ust ad/ust the cutout process !etter. 3 9inally, the Spill Removal ta! is also availa!le and wor#s the same as the Keying 1 Chroma Keyer one.

%or#ing with the &ue and Saturation component of the HA*H system is the same than wor#ing with the Keying 1 Chroma Keyer effect. %or#ing with the Luma component of the HA*H system is the same as wor#ing with the Keying 1 Luma Keyer effect.

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The effects of the Color and Keying groups

The effects of the Meying menu

The Keying > Cross Keyer effect

The Keying 1 Cross Keyer effect wor#s in a different way than the other #eying effects : It doesn+t require to select a range of colors in a color system li#e &?B, TA*, CU-, etc ... In this effect, you only need to define a first region whose colors will !e #ept, and another region whose colors will !ecome transparent. Aelecting those two regions can !e easily done than#s to the two dedicated Region !uttons : 3 To select the colors you want to #eep after applying the 9@, /ust use the left mouse !utton on the Keep !utton. ,fter this you will !e a!le to select an area directly on the HUP. "your cursor will !e changed into a lasso$ 3 To select the colors which will !ecome transparent, you can use the same method with the "rop !utton. %hen selecting a new area on the HUP : 3 Use the left mouse !utton to add it to the previously selected area. 3 Use the right mouse !utton to su!tract it from the previously selected area. To visuali2e the render of this effect, use the right mouse !utton on the current activated !utton "Keep or "rop$. Hf course, the result depends on the two areas you have /ust selected. In the e ample !elow : Hn the left image : there are two areas located on the s#y and on the pathway. They indicate the colors "red and cyan$ that will !e #ept on the whole picture. Hn the right image : there is one area located on the grass and on the trees. It indicates the colors "orange and green$ that will !e dropped. The picture in the right shows the result after applying the effect :

2
=eep region Drop region 3inal result

3 The s+ap keep and drop regions !utton allows to swap the Keep and "rop regions. It is then possi!le to o!tain the opposite result.

The effects of the Color and Keying groups

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The effects of the Meying menu

3 The (i0 parameter allows to e tend or restrict the num!er of colors located in the transparent area of the resulting image.

1i: ) 0$

1i: ) 50$

1i: ) 100$

3 The dge parameter allows to ad/ust the mi ing level !etween the transparent and opaque pi els. The lower the value will !e, the less the two regions will differentiate. The higher the value will !e, the sharper the edges will appear.

9dge ) 0$

9dge ) 50$

9dge ) 100$

3 The Spill Removal parameter has the same function as the Spill Removal parameters encountered in the effect Keying 1 Chroma Keyer : it unsaturates the undesired light reflections. In the e ample !elow, we 2oomed on the frontier !etween the grass and the pathway.

'ource /mage

'pill Removal ) 0$

'pill Removal ) 100$

'()(=

The effects of the Color and Keying groups