ABSTRACT

During the past few decades, the electronics industry has shown great progress in automatic control systems .Same as the automatic barrier control system. The manual handling of any system has less accuracy as compare to the microcontroller based control systems. The project is basically gave an initial theme that how we can approach to an automatic barrier control system using 805 microcontroller. The main theme of this project is to design and implement an automatic control barrier. !n automatic control barrier has much application in toll pla"as as well as in security systems and industries. #t gives a basic idea how to operate automatic gates using microcontrollers. The project $%#D T&'' ('!)! using at 8*+5 microcontroller is an interesting project which uses 8*+5 microcontroller a sits brain . !n efficient utili"ation of communication lin, between $% -odems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle authentication and automated toll collection on the highways is proposed. The system is implemented to automatically register vehicles getting on or off a motorway or highway, cutting the amount of time for paying toll in large .ueues. The detailed monthly bills will be sent to the customer at the end of the month. The customers could register and get a transmitter module and thereafter would not need to stop at toll booth whenever they get on or off the motorway. The implementation is divided into the design of two modules/ the 0ehicle -odule 1!ctive Tag2 and the 3ase -odule. The two modules communicate via $% modem connected to each module. These $% modules communicate over the #S- %re.uency $ange of *04 / *48 -5". The 0ehicle module revolves around !tmel 805 microcontroller. This module contains an '+D panel 1 6742, ,eypad 18792 and an $% modem interfaced to the microcontroller through -a:/494 chip. -icrocontroller contains user/specific data associated with vehicle, such as the $egistration ;umber, <ngine ;umber and owners information along with the billing address. The base module comes with a user/interface that allows the administrator to monitor the current activities in the range, including the vehicles in range, their status, and the detailed information about any registered vehicle. -oreover both, base and vehicle module can communicate with each other through chat session.

COMPONENTS LIST:
SEMI CONDUCTORS:

IC-1 ICIC-! RESISTOR: R1 CAPACITORS : C1 C *C! C, MOTOR CR-STAL OSCILLATOR 0E-PAD R1ID READER LCD DISPLA-

: 89c51 microcontroller : L 9!D :M"#- !

: 1$% o&m'

:1$micro("r")' :!!+( :1$ micro("r")

:11.$59 m&/

CIRCUIT DIA2RAM:

INTERNAL 3OR0IN2:
#n $%#D based toll pla"a system a vehicle arrive in toll pla"a range antenna send signals to tag and activate the tag, tag send bac, information to antenna. !s data receive to antenna it sends to central server database. Server chec,s information of account consumer=driver, if account subtract from account and driver will pass the toll pla"a. ! transaction message also sends to consumer=driver that how much ta: is paid and remaining balance of account. (assing of vehicle and transaction of ta: is completed for low balance. The speed limit for passing from toll pla"a is not constant on every toll pla"a because some companies are set speed limit 86,ilometers per hour 15 mph2 and some companies set speed limit to 88 ,ilo meters per hour or low 8,ilometers per hour. 0ideo cameras are installed on the toll pla"a for the observation that any consumer can not pass without having tag in vehicle. !ny consumer=driver pass from toll pla"a then camera capture picture of number plate and send abuse notice to the owner of vehicle through the email. highlights the above discussed procedures with specific tag, camera and gate positions.

$%#D can provide an effective deterrent against car theft. ! solution for this type # characteri"ed by the following> !ttaching a tag to vehicle to be monitored for theft. $eading the tag #D at the vulnerable points 1for e:ample, at e:it points, during starting of the ignition of an automobile, and so on2.!n application for this is automotive anti/theft immobili"ation. #n this commercially deployed solution ,an embedded reader located inside the car 1for e:ample ,in the steering wheel2 becomes activated when a driver turns the

ignition ,ey. This reader then attempts to read the valid uni.ue code from a tag in its vicinity.

5!$D?!$< D<S+$#(T#&;> DESCRIPTION:

Toll pla"a system interfaced with $%#D. <ach user holds a uni.ue #D for his vehicle. ?hen the user scans his tag while passing through the pla"a, a certain amount is deducted from his account. ! user may also recharge his account in case of insufficient balance. The project has been developed by interfacing $%#D with !T8*+5 . The relevant messages are also displayed on a 6:4 '+D.

Introduction to RFID(urpose of $adio fre.uency #dentification and Detection system is to facilitate data transmission through the portable device ,nown as tag that is read with the help of $%#D reader@ and process it as per the needs of an application. #nformation transmitted with the help of tag offers location or identification along with other specifics of product tagged A purchase date, color, and price. Typical $%#D tag includes microchip with radio antenna, mounted on substrate. The $%#D tags are configured to respond and receive signals from an $%#D transceiver. This allows tags to be read from a distance, unli,e other forms of authentication technology. The $%#D system has gained wide acceptance in businesses, and is gradually replacing the barcode system.

'ow fre.uency $%#D wor, at 45 B5" fre.uency with radio waves. There is a coil inside the $%#D tag and when it is influenced by a magnetic field, it sends a 4 byte identity code to $%#D reader for further processing. The $%#D tag is used as a uni.ue identity for account of a particular user. ?hen a vehicle drives through the toll pla"a, its driver is prompted to scan his $%#D tag. #f the identity 1serial number of the tag, i.e., 4 byte data2 is matched with the one already stored in the system, the toll amount is deducted from his account. !fter this, the vehicle gets immediate access to drive through. This $%#D based toll system also has some additional features. ! new user can register him with the system. !lso an old user can recharge his account balance. The amount for recharge can be

entered in the system through a numeric ,eypad interfaced with !T8*+5 . #n beginning, the user is prompted to scan his tag or #D. The serial code of the tag is identified by the reader module and is sent to !T8*+5 for comparison with stored data. #f the #D is matched by the microcontroller, the toll amount 1in this case $s. 02 is deducted from userCs balance and user gets to drive through the pla"a. &n the contrary, if the tag is not identified, a message 1D?rong #DC2 is displayed on 'D+ screen. ! new user needs to press the DEC switch to register himself after which his identity is verified with $%#D tag. The new record is then stored by the microcontroller to grant future access. The system also shows D<rrorC if the tags do not match during verification. #f balance in userCs account becomes less than $s.90, a warning message D'ow balanceC is displayed on '+D. #n this case the user still gets the access through the system. The system also prompts the driver to recharge the account. #f balance reaches below $s. 0, D#nsufficient balanceC is indicated on '+D screen. The user does not get access until he adds more balance to his account. The recharge amount is entered by using a ,eypad. 3ac, space can be used while entering the amount by pressing DEC button on ,eypad. #t also has a safety feature that if different tags are scanned through the reader at the time of registration, '+D displays Dyou have shown different #DC. ?hen an $%#D tag comes in this range, the reader detects it and sends a uni.ue code of the tag serially. This serial code, consisting of 4 bytes, is received by the microcontroller. This code is the #D for the user and is stored as an array in the microcontroller. #f the #D is matched with this code stored in array of microcontroller, the user is granted access though the toll pla"a. %or more details on wor,ing and connections of the $%#D, refer $%#D interfacing through serial interrupt.

INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLLER4AT89C5155

MICROCONTROLLER:

4MICRO

! microcontroller consists of a powerful +(F tightly coupled with memory, various #=& interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller ,data ac.uisition on to a single silicon chip. #f a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for e:ternal memory such as $!-,$&-,<$&- and peripherals .3ut controller is to provide all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a microcontroller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. #ntel has introduced a family of -icrocontrollers called CRITERIA 1OR C6OOSIN2 A MICROCONTROLLER The basic criteria for choosing a microcontroller suitable for the application are> 2 The first and foremost criterion is that it must meet the tas, at hand efficiently and cost effectively. #n analy"ing the needs of a microcontroller/based project, it is seen whether an 8/ bit, 6/bit or 94/bit microcontroller can best handle the computing needs of the tas, most effectively. !mong the other considerations in this category are> i. S+ee): The highest speed that the microcontroller supports. ii. P"c%"7in7: #t may be a 80/pin D#( 1dual inline pac,age2 or a G%( 1.uad flat pac,age2, or some other pac,aging format. This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end product. iii. Po8er con'9m+tion: This is especially critical for battery/ powered products. iv. The number of #=& pins and the timer on the chip. v. 5ow easy it is to upgrade to higher Aperformance or lower consumption versions. vi. Co't +er 9nit> This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a microcontroller is used. the -+S/5

42 The second criterion in choosing a microcontroller is how easy it is to develop products around it. Bey considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, compiler, technical support.

92 The third criterion in choosing a microcontroller is its ready availability in needed .uantities both now and in the future. +urrently of the leading 8/bit microcontrollers, the 805 family has the larest number of diversified suppliers. 3y supplier is meant a producer besides the originator of the microcontroller. #n the case of the 805 , this has originated by #ntel several companies also currently producing the 805 . Thus the microcontroller !T8*+5 , satisfying the criterion necessary for the proposed application is chosen for the tas,.

MICROCONTROLLER FIGURE

FEATURES: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of I -System !epro"rammable #lash Memory

$ % dura ce& 1'((( )rite*%rase Cycles #ully Static +peratio & ( ,- to .4 M, /hree-le0el Pro"ram Memory 1oc2 1.3 4 3-bit I ter al !5M 6. Pro"rammable I*+ 1i es /wo 17-bit /imer*Cou ters Si4 I terrupt Sources Pro"rammable Serial Cha el

1ow-power Idle a d Power-dow Modes

8%SC!IP/I+9 The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomp ter with !" b#tes of $lash programmable an% erasable rea% onl# memor# &'()OM*+ The %e,ice is man fact re% sing Atmel-s high-%ensit# non ,olatile memor# technolog# an% is compatible with the in% str#-stan%ar% MCS-51 instr ction set an% pin o t+ The on-chip $lash allows the program memor# to be reprogramme% in-s#stem or b# a con,entional .on ,olatile memor# programmer+ /# combining a ,ersatile 8-bit C'0 with $lash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerf l microcomp ter which pro,i%es a highl#-fle1ible an% cost-effecti,e sol tion to man# embe%%e% control applications

BLOC0 DIA2RAM:

(#;D#!H$!->

PORT $: (ort 0 is an 8/bit open/drain bi/directional #=& port. !s an output port, each pin can sin, eight TT' inputs. ?hen sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. (ort 0 may also be configured to be the multiple:ed low order address=data bus during accesses to e:ternal

program and data memory. #n this mode (0 has internal pull ups. (ort 0alsoreceivesthecodebytesduring%lashprogramming,and outputs the code bytes during program verification. <:ternal pull ups are re.uired during program verification.

PORT1: (ort is an 8/bit bi/directional #=& port with internal pull ups. The (ort output buffers can sin,=source four TT' inputs. ?hen s are written to (ort pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. !s inputs, (ort pins that are e:ternally being pulled low will source current 1##'2 because of the internal pull ups .(ort also receives the low/order address bytes during %lash programming and verification

PORT : (ort 4 is an 8/bit bi/directional #=& port with internal pull ups. The (ort 4 output buffers can sin,=source four TT' inputs. ?hen s are written to (ort 4 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. !s inputs (ort 4 pins that are e:ternally being pulled low will source current 1##'2 because of the internal pull ups .(ort 4 emits the high/order address byte during fetches from e:ternal program memory and during accesses to e:ternal data memory that use 6/bit addresses 1-&0I JD(T$2. #n this application, it uses strong internal pull up s when emitting s. During accesses to e:ternal data memory that use 8/bit addresses 1-&0I J $#2, (ort 4 emits the contents of the (4 Special %unction $egister .(ort 4 also receives the high/order address bits and some control signals during %lash programming and verification

PORT!: (ort 9 is an 8/bit bi/directional #=& port with internal pullups. The (ort 9 output buffers can sin,=source four TT' inputs. ?hen s are written to (ort 9 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. !s inputs, (ort 9 pins that are e:ternally being pulled low will source current 1##'2 because of the pullups.

(ort 9 also serves the functions of various special features of the !T8*+5 as listed below> (ort 9 also receives some control signals for %lash programming and verification. RST $eset input. ! high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE:PRO2 !ddress 'atch <nable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to e:ternal memory. This pin is also the program pulse input 1($&H2 during %lash programming. #n normal operation !'< is emitted at a constant rate of =6 the oscillator fre.uency, and may be used for e:ternal timing or cloc,ing purposes. ;ote, however, that one !'< Port Pin Altern"te 19nction' (9.0 $ID 1serial input port2 (9. TID 1serial output port2 (9.4 #;T0 1e:ternal interrupt 02 (9.9 #;T 1e:ternal interrupt 2 (9.8 T0 1timer 0 e:ternal input2 (9.5 T 1timer e:ternal input2 (9.6 ?$ 1e:ternal data memory write strobe2 (9.K $D 1e:ternal data memory read strobe2 AT89C51 pulse is s,ipped during each access to e:ternal Data -emory. #f desired, !'< operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of S%$ location 8<5. ?ith the bit set, !'< is active only during a -&0I or -&0+ instruction. &therwise, the pin is wea,ly pulled high. Setting the !'</disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in e:ternal e:ecution mode. PSEN (rogram Store <nable is the read strobe to e:ternal program memory. ?hen the !T8*+5 is e:ecuting code from e:ternal program memory, (S<; is activated twice each machine cycle, e:cept that two (S<; activations are s,ipped during each access to e:ternal data memory. EA:;PP <:ternal !ccess <nable. <! must be strapped to H;D in order to enable the device to fetch code from e:ternal program memory locations starting at 00005 up to %%%%5. ;ote, however, that if loc, bit is programmed, <! will be internally latched on reset. <! should be strapped to 0++ for internal program e:ecutions.

This pin also receives the 4/volt programming enable voltage 10((2 during %lash programming, for parts that re.uire 4/volt 0((. <TAL1 #nput to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal cloc, operating circuit. <TAL &utput from the inverting oscillator amplifier. O'cill"tor C&"r"cteri'tic' IT!' and IT!'4 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on/chip oscillator, as shown in %igure . <ither a .uart" crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an e:ternal cloc, source, IT!'4 should be left unconnected while IT!' is driven as shown in %igure 4. There are no re.uirements on the duty cycle of the e:ternal cloc, signal, since the input to the internal cloc,ing circuitry is through a divide/by/two flip/flop, but minimum and ma:imum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

K805 $egulator Description>The K805 voltage regulators employ built/in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe/operating area protection which ma,es them virtually immune to damage from output overloads. K805 is a three/terminal positive voltage regulator.

?ith ade.uate heatsin,ing, it can deliver in e:cess of 0.5! output current. Typical applications would include local 1on/card2

regulators which can eliminate the noise and degraded performance associated with single/point regulation. K805 regulator comes from the K8:: family of self/contained fi:ed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The K8:: family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which re.uire a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. ?hen specifying individual #+s within this family, the :: is replaced with a two/digit number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide 1for e:ample, the K805 voltage regulator has a 5 volt output, while the K8 4 produces 4 volts2. The K8:: line are positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of K*:: devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. K8:: and K*:: #+s can be used in combination to provide both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary. K805 #+s have three terminals and are most commonly found in the T&440 form factor, although smaller surface/mount and larger T&9 pac,ages are also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a ma:imum of 95 or 80 volts, and can typically provide up to around or .5 amps of current 1though smaller or larger pac,ages may have a lower or higher current rating2. The K805 series has several ,ey advantages over many other voltage regulator circuits which have resulted in its popularity> K805 series #+s do not re.uire any additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, ma,ing them easy to use, as well as economical, and also efficient uses of circuit board real estate. 3y contrast, most other voltage regulators re.uire several additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process. Some other designs 1such as a switching power supply2 can re.uire not only a large number of

components but also substantial engineering e:pertise to implement correctly as well. K805 series #+s have built/in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They also have protection against overheating and short/circuits, ma,ing them .uite robust in most applications. #n some cases, the current/limiting features of the K805 devices can provide protection not only for the K805 itself, but also for other parts of the circuit it is used in, preventing other components from being damaged as well. K805 0oltage $egulator (inout

K805 $egulator +ircuit

K805 0oltage $egulator (inout

-!I494> Description=ordering information The -!I494 is a dual driver=receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply T#!=<#!/494/%voltage levels from a single 5/0 supply. <ach receiver converts T#!=<#!/494/% inputs to 5/0 TT'=+-&S levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of .9 0, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 0, and can accept L90/0 inputs .<ach driver converts TT'=+-&S input levels into T#!=<#!/494/% levels. The driver, receiver, and voltage/generator functions are available as cells in the Te:as #nstruments 'in !S#+T- library. (#;D#!H$!->

%<!TF$<S> -eets or <:ceeds T#!=<#!/494/% and #TF $ecommendation 0.48 &perates %rom a Single 5/0 (ower Supply ?ith +harge/(ump +apacitors &perates Fp To 40 ,bit=s Two Drivers and Two $eceivers L90/0 #nput 'evels 'ow Supply +urrent . . . 8 m! Typical <SD (rotection <:ceeds N<SD 44 .0/M%

4000/0 5uman/3ody -odel 1!

8/!2

Fpgrade ?ith #mproved <SD 1 5/,0 53-2 and 0. /M% +harge/(ump +apacitors is !vailable ?ith the -!I404

A++lic"tion' O T#!=<#!/494/%, 3attery/(owered Systems, Terminals, -odems, and +omputers

MA< ! :

DC MOTOR>
!lmost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an electric motor. <lectric machines are a means of converting energy. -otors ta,e electrical energy and produce mechanical energy. <lectric motors are used to power hundreds of devices we use in everyday life. -otors come in various si"es .5uge motors that can ta,e loads of 000Cs of 5orsepower are typically used in the industry. Some e:amples of large motor applications include elevators, electric trains, hoists, and heavy metal rolling mills. <:amples of small motor applications include motors used in automobiles, robots, hand power tools and food blenders. -icro/ machines are electric machines with parts the si"e of red blood cells, and find many applications in medicine .<lectric motors are broadly classified into two different categories> D+ 1Direct +urrent2 and !+ 1!lternating +urrent2. ?ithin these categories are numerous types, each offering uni.ue abilities that suit them well for specific applications. #n most cases, regardless of type, electric motors consist of a stator 1stationary field2 and a rotor 1the rotating field or armature2 and operate through the interaction of magnetic flu: and

electric current to produce rotational speed and tor.ue. D+ motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from direct current There are different ,inds of D.+. motors, but they all wor, on the same principles #tCs important to understand motor characteristics so we can choose the right one for our application re.uirement.

Con'tr9ction
D+ motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. !pplying a voltage to the coils produces a tor.ue in the armature, resulting in motion. Stator The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor. The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. #n this case, a D+ coil 1field winding2 is wound around a magnetic material that forms part of the stator. Rotor The rotor is the inner part which rotates. The rotor is composed of windings 1called armature windings2 which are connected to the e:ternal circuit through a mechanical commutator. 3oth stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are separated by air/gap. Winding ! winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils. !rmature winding / The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced. %ield winding / The winding through which a current is passed to produce flu: 1for the electromagnet2 ?indings are usually made of copper ;"l9e o( Mec&"nic"l 1orce There are two conditions which are necessary to produce a force on the conductor. The conductor must be carrying current, and must be within a magnetic field. ?hen these two conditions e:ist, a force will be applied to the conductor, which will attempt to move the conductor in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. This is the basic theory by which all D+ motors operate. The force e:erted upon the conductor can be e:pressed as follows. F P B i l ;ewton 1 2

where 3 is the density of the magnetic field, l is the length of conductor, and i the value of current flowing in the conductor. The direction of motion can be found using %lemingCs 'eft 5and $ule

Flemings Left Hand Rule

The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field 1first / field2, which goes from the ;orth pole to the South pole. The second finger points in the direction of the current in the wire 1second / current2. The thumb then points in the direction the wire is thrust or pushed while in the magnetic field 1thumb / tor.ue or thrust2. Princi+le o( o+er"tion +onsider a coil in a magnetic field of flu: density B 1figure 82. ?hen the two ends of the coil are connected across a D+ voltage source, current # flows through it. ! force is e:erted on the coil as a result of the interaction of magnetic field and electric current. The force on the two sides of the coil is such that the coil starts to move in the direction of force.

Figure

#n an actual D+ motor, several such coils are wound on the rotor, all of which e:perience force, resulting in rotation. The greater the current in the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the faster the wire moves because of the greater force created. !t the same time this tor.ue is being produced, the conductors are moving in a magnetic field. !t different positions, the flu: lin,ed with it changes, which causes an emf to be induced 1e = df/dt2 as shown in figure . This voltage is in opposition to the voltage that causes current flow through the conductor and is referred to as a counter-voltage or back emf.

Induced voltage in the armature winding of DC motor The value of current flowing through the armature is dependent upon the difference between the applied voltage and this counter/ voltage. The current due to this counter/voltage tends to oppose the

very cause for its production according to 'en"Cs law. #t results in the rotor slowing down. <ventually, the rotor slows justenough so that the force created by the magnetic field 1 F = Bil2 e.uals the load force applied on the shaft. Then the system moves at constant velocity

R1ID READER:
BASIC R1 ID TECNOLO2- O;ER;IE3: $adio %re.uency #dentification 1$%#D2 is a generic term for non/contacting technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. There are several methods of identification, but the most common is to store a uni.ue serial number that identifies a person or object on a microchip that is attached to an antenna. The combined antenna and microchip are called an Q$%#D transponderQ or Q$%#D tagQ and wor, in combination with an Q$%#D readerQ 1sometimes called an Q$%#D interrogatorQ2. !n $%#D system consists of a reader and one or more tags. The readerRs antenna is used to transmit radio fre.uency 1$%2 energy. Depending on the tag type, the energy is QharvestedQ by the tagRs antenna and used to power up the internal circuitry of the tag. The tag will then modulate the electromagnetic waves generated by the reader in order to transmit its data bac, to the reader. The reader receives the modulated waves and converts them into digital data. #n the case of the (aralla: $%#D $eader -odule, correctly received digital data is sent serially through the S&FT pin. There are two major types of tag technologies. Q(assive tagsQ are tags that do not contain their own power source or transmitter. ?hen radio waves from the reader reach the chipCs antenna, the energy is converted by the antenna into electricity that can power up the microchip in the tag 1,nown as Qparasitic powerQ2. The tag is then able to send bac, any information stored on the tag by reflecting the electromagnetic waves as described above. Q!ctive tagsQ have their own power source and transmitter. The power source, usually a battery, is used to run the microchipRs circuitry and to broadcast a signal to a reader. Due to the fact that passive tags do not have their own transmitter and must reflect their signal to the reader, the reading distance is much shorter than with active tags. 5owever, active tags are typically larger, more e:pensive, and re.uire occasional service. The $%#D $eader -odule is designed specifically for low/fre.uency 1 45 ,5"2 passive tags. %re.uency refers to the si"e of the radio waves used to communicate between the $%#D system components. Nust as you tune your radio to different fre.uencies in order to hear different radio stations, $%#D tags and readers have to be tuned to the same fre.uency in order

to communicate effectively. $%#D systems typically use one of the following fre.uency ranges> low fre.uency 1or '%, around 45 ,5"2, high fre.uency 1or 5%, around 9.56 -5"2, ultra/high fre.uency 1or F5%, around 868 and *48 -5"2, or microwave 1around 4.85 and 5.8 H5"2. #t is generally safe to assume that a higher fre.uency e.uates to a faster data transfer rate and longer read ranges, but also more sensitivity to environmental factors such as li.uid and metal that can interfere with radio waves. There really is no such thing as a QtypicalQ $%#D tag. The read range of a tag ultimately depends on many factors> the fre.uency of $%#D system operation, the power of the reader, and interference from other $% devices. 3alancing a number of engineering trade/offs 1antenna si"e v. reading distance v. power v. manufacturing cost2, the (aralla: $%#D $eader -oduleRs antenna was designed with a specific inductance and QGQ factor for 45 ,5" $%#D operation at a tag read distance of up to ST / 9T inches.

RFID tag.
$%#D tag, usually ,nown as transponder, acts as a transmitter as well as a receiver in the $%#D system. The three basic components of he $%#D tag are an antenna, a microchip 1memory2 and the encapsulating material.

#n a typical system, tags are attached to objects. <ach tag has a certain amount of internal memory 1<<($&-2 in which it stores information about the object, such as its uni.ue #D 1serial2 number, or in some cases more details including manufacture date and product composition. ?hen these tags pass through a field generated by a reader, they transmit this information bac, to the reader, thereby identifying the object. The antenna uses radio fre.uency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. ?hen activated, the tag transmits data bac, to the antenna. The data is used to notify a programmable logic controller that an action should be ta,en. The action could be as simple as raising an access gate or as complicated as interfacing with a database to carry out a monetary transaction. 'ow/fre.uency 190/500 ,5"2 $%#D systems have a short transmission range 1generally less than .8 metres2. 5igh/fre.uency 1850/*50 -5" and 4.8/4.5 H5"2 $%#D systems offer a longer transmission range 1more than 4K metres2. #n general, the higher

the fre.uency, the more e:pensive the system. $%#D is sometimes called dedicated short/range communication

Comm9nic"tion+rotocol
The communication process between the reader and tag is managed and controlled by one of several protocols, such as the #S& 56*9 and #S& 8000/9 for 5%, or the #S& 8000/6 and <(+ 8000/6 for F5%. 3asically, when the reader is switched on, it starts emitting a signal at the selected fre.uency band 1typically 860/* 5 -5" for F5% or 9.56 -5" for 5%2. !ny corresponding tag in the vicinity of the reader will detect the signal and use the energy from it to wa,e up and supply operating power to its internal circuits. &nce the tag has encoded the signal as valid, it replies to the reader, and indicates its presence by modulating 1affecting2 the reader field. !nti/collision. #f many tags are present, they will all reply at the same time. !t the reader end, this is seen as signal collision and an indication of multiple tags. The reader manages this problem by using an anti/collision algorithm that allows tags to be sorted and individually selected. There are many different types of algorithms 1binary tree, aloha, etc2 which are defined as part of the protocol standards.The number of tags that can be identified depends on the fre.uency and protocol used, and can typically range from 50 tags=s for 5% to 400 tags=s for F5%. &nce a tag is selected, the reader is able to perform a number of operations such as reading the tags. This process continues under control of the anti/collision algorithm until all the tags have been selected. #nductively coupled $%#D tags. These original tags were comple: systems of metal coils, antennae and glass. #nductively coupled $%#D tags were powered by a magnetic field generated by the $%#D reader. <lectrical current has an electrical component and a magnetic component, i.e., it is electromagnetic. The name Dinductively coupledC comes from the magnetic field inducted by a current in the wire. +apacitively coupled tags. These tags were created to lower the technologyCs cost. These were disposable tags

that could be applied to less e:pensive merchandise and made as universal as bar codes. +apacitively coupled tags used conductive carbon in, instead of metal coils to transmit data. The in, was printed on paper labels and Scanned -otorolaCs 3iStati: $%#D tags. These were the frontrunners in this technology. They used a silicon chip that was only 9 milli metres wide and stored *6 bits of information. This technology didnCt catch on with retailers, and 3iStati: was shut down in 400 . #nductively coupled and capacitively coupled $%#D tags arenCt used as commonly today because these are e:pensive and bul,y. ;ewer innovations in the $%#D industry include active, semi/active and passive $%#D tags. These tags can store up to 4 ,ilobytes of data and are composed of a micro/chip, antenna and, in the case of active and semi/passive tags, a battery. The tagCs components are enclosed within plastic, silicon or sometimes glass. Table # gives the performance overview of the different/fre.uency passive tags. Tag #cs $%#D tag #+s are designed and manufactured using some of the most advanced and smallest/geometry silicon processes available. The result is impressive, when you consider that the si"e of a F5% tag chip is around 0.9 mm4. #n terms of computational power, $%#D tags are .uite dumb, containing only basic logic and state machines capable of decoding simple instructions. This does not mean that they are simple to design. #n fact, very real challenges e:ist such as achieving very low power consumption, managing noisy $% signals and ,eeping within strict emission regulations. &ther important circuits allow the chip to transfer power from the reader signal field, and convert it via a rectifier into a supply voltage. The chip cloc, is also normally e:tracted from the reader signal.

Fig. 3: HF (13.56MHz) tag Fig. !: "HF (#6$%&3$MHz) tag examp e examp e The amount of data stored on a tag depends on the chip specifications, and can range from just simple identifier numbers of around *6 bits to more information about the product containing up to 94 ,bits. 5owever, greater data capacity and storage 1memory si"e2 leads to larger chip si"es and hence more e:pensive tags. #n ***, the !FT&/#D +enter 1now <(+ Hlobal2 based at the -assachusetts #nstitute of Technology in the FS, together with a number of leading companies, developed the idea of a uni.ue electronic identifier code called the electronic product code 1<(+2. The <(+ is similar in concept to the universal product code used in barcodes today.

5aving just a simple code of up to 456 bits would lead to smaller chip si"e and hence lower tag costs, which is recognised as the ,ey factor for widespread adoption of $%#D in the supply chain. Tags that store just an #D number are often called licence plate tags. T"7 cl"''e' &ne of the main ways of categorising $%#D tags is by their capability to read and write data. This leads to the following four classes> ' a(( $ 1read/only, factory/programmed2. These are the simplest type of tags, where the data, which is usually a simple #D number 1<(+2, is written only once into the tag during manufacture. The memory is then disabled from any further updates. +lass 0 is also used to define a category of tags called electronic article surveillance or anti/theft devices, which have no #D and announce their presence only when passing through an antenna field. ' a(( 1 1write/once read/only, factory/ or user/programmed2. #n this case, the tag is manufactured with no data written into the memory. Data can then either be written by the tag manufacturer or by the user one time. %ollowing this no further writes are allowed and the tag can only be read. Tags of this type usually act as simple identifiers. ' a(( ) 1read/write2. These are the most fle:ible type of tags, where users have access to read and write data into the tagCs memory. They are typically used as data loggers and therefore contain larger memory space than what is needed for just a simple #D number. ' a(( 3 1read/write with on/board sensors2. These tags contain on/ board sensors for recording parameters li,e temperature, pressure and motion by writing into the tagCs memory. !s sensor readings must be ta,en in the absence of a reader, the tags are either semi/ passive or active.

' a(( ! 1read/write with integrated transmitters2. These are li,e miniature radio devices which can communicate with other tags and devices without the presence of a reader. This means that they are completely active with their own battery power source. Selectin7 " t"7 +hoosing the right tag for a particular $%#D application is an important consideration, and should ta,e into ac/count many of the factors listed below> . Si"e and form factorUwhere does the tag have to fitV 4. 5ow close will the tags be to each otherV 9. DurabilityUdoes the tag need to have a strong outer protection against regular wear and tearV 8. #s the tag reusableV 5. $esistance to harsh 1corrosive, steamy, etc2 environments 6. (olarisationUthe tagCs orientation with respect to the reader field K. <:posure to different temperature ranges 8. +ommunication distance *. #nfluence of materials such as metals and li.uids 0. <nvironment 1electrical noise, other radio devices and e.uipment2 . &perating fre.uency 1'%, 5% or F5%2 4. Supported communication standards and protocols 1#S&, <(+2 9. $egional 1FS, <uropean and !sian2 regulations 8. ?ill the tag need to store more than just an #D number li,e an <(+V 5. !nti/collisionUhow many tags in the field must be detected at the same time and how .uic,lyV 6. 5ow fast will the tags move through the reader fieldV K. $eader supportUwhich reader products are able to read the tagV 8. Does the tag need to have securityV

6o8 t"7' comm9nic"te #n order to receive energy and communicate with a reader, passive tags use one of the two following methods shown in %ig. 6. These are near/field, which employs inductive coupling of the tag to the magnetic field circulating around the reader antenna 1li,e a

transformer2, and far/field, which uses techni.ues similar to radar 1bac,scatter reflection2 by coupling with the electric field. The near/field is generally used by $%#D systems operating in the '% and 5% bands, and the far field is used for longer/read/range F5% and microwave $%#D systems. The theoretical boundary between the two fields depends on the fre.uency used, and is in fact directly proportional to l=4p, where ClC is wavelength. This gives, for e:ample, around 9.5 metres for a 5% system and 5 cm for F5%, both of which are further reduced when other factors are ta,en into account.

Fig. *: HF tag orientation +it, di--erent antenna .on-iguration( T"7 orient"tion 4+ol"ri'"tion5 5ow tags are placed with respect to the polarisation of the readerCs field can have a significant impact on the communication distance for both 5% and F5% tags. This can result in a 50 per cent reduction of the operating range and, in the case of the tag being displaced by *0W 1see %ig. K2, inability to read the tag. The optimal orientation of 5% tags is when the two antenna coils 1reader and tag2 are parallel to each other as shown in %ig. K. F5% tags are even more sensitive to polarisation due to the directional

nature of the dipole fields. The problem of polarisation can be overcome to a large e:tent by different techni.ues implemented either at the reader or tag as shown in Table #0. LCD> Basics of 1C8 8isplays&The li.uid/crystal display has the distinct advantage of having a low power consumption than the '<D. #t is typically of the order of microwatts for the display in comparison to the some order of milliwatts for '<Ds. 'ow power consumption re.uirement has made it compatible with -&S integrated logic circuit. #ts other advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbac,s of '+Ds are additional re.uirement of light source, a limited temperature range of operation 1between 0 and 60W +2, low reliability, short operating life, poor visibility in low ambient lighting, slow speed and the need for an ac drive. Basic structure of an LCD ! li.uid crystal cell consists of a thin layer 1about 0 u m2 of a li.uid crystal sandwiched between two glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on their inside faces. ?ith both glass sheets transparent, the cell is ,nown as transmittive type cell ?hen one glass is transparent and the other has a reflective coating, the cell is called reflective type The '+D does not produce any illumination of its own. #t, in fact, depends entirely on illumination falling on it from an e:ternal source for its visual effect Ma2i " of 1C8 Though the ma,ing of '+D is rather simple there are certain facts that should be noted while ma,ing it. The basic structure of an '+D should be controllably changed with respect to the applied electric current. The light that is used on the '+D can be polari"ed. 'i.uid crystals should be able to both transmit and change polari"ed light. There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity. To ma,e an '+D, you need to ta,e two polari"ed glass pieces. The glass which does not have a polari"ed film on it must be rubbed with a special polymer which creates microscopic grooves in the surface. #t must also be noted that the grooves are on the same direction as the polari"ing film. Then, all you need to do is to add a coating of nematic li.uid crystals to one of the filters. The grooves will cause the first layer of molecules to align with the filterCs

orientation. !t right angle to the first piece, you must then add a second piece of glass along with the polari"ing film. Till the uppermost layer is at a *0/degree angle to the bottom, each successive layer of T; molecules will ,eep on twisting. The first filter will naturally be polari"ed as the light stri,es it at the beginning. Thus the light passes through each layer and is guided on to the ne:t with the help of molecules. ?hen this happens, the molecules tend to change the plane of vibration of the light to match their own angle. ?hen the light reaches the far side of the li.uid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules. The light is only allowed an entrance if the second polari"ed glass filter is same as the final layer. Ta,e a loo, at the figure below.

working of lcd The main principle behind li.uid crystal molecules is that when an electric current is applied to them, they tend to untwist. This causes a change in the light angle passing through them. This causes a change in the angle of the top polari"ing filter with respect to it. So little light is allowed to pass through that particular area of '+D. Thus that area becomes dar,er comparing to others. %or ma,ing an '+D screen, a reflective mirror has to be setup in the bac,. !n electrode plane made of indium/tin o:ide is ,ept on top and a glass with a polari"ing film is also added on the bottom side. The entire area of the '+D has to be covered by a common electrode and above it should be the li.uid crystal substance. ;e:t comes another piece of glass with an electrode in the shape of the

rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polari"ing film. #t must be noted that both of them are ,ept at right angles. ?hen there is no current, the light passes through the front of the '+D it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced bac,. !s the electrode is connected to a temporary battery the current from it will cause the li.uid crystals between the common/plane electrode and the electrode shaped li,e a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is bloc,ed from passing through. Thus that particular rectangular area appears blan,. LCD:

PINDIA2RAM:

0E-PAD:

DISCRIPTION: Beypad is a widely used input device with lots of application in our everyday life. %rom a simple telephone to ,eyboard of a computer, !T-, electronic loc,, etc., ,eypad is used to ta,e input from the user for further processing. #n this article we are interfacing ,eypad with the -+F !T8*+5 and displaying the corresponding number on '+D. This module can be further used in a number of systems to interfaced ,eypad with microcontroller and other processors to get desired output. The program to interface ,eypad with controller is written in + language which is very easy to understand.

Beypad is organi"ed as a matri: of switches in rows and column. The article uses a 8I9 matri: ,eypad and a 6:4 '+D for displaying the output of ,eypad. The circuit diagram shows the connection of ,eypad with the controller. (ort (4 of the microcontroller is used to send the data for displaying on the '+D. ( X , ( X4, ( X9 pins of microcontroller is connected to $S, $?, <; pins of '+D respectively. (ort (0 is used to scan input from the ,eypad 1refer circuit diagram for connection2. The concept of interfacing ,eypad with the -+F is simple. <very number is assigned two uni.ue parameters, i.e., row and column number 1n1$, +2 for e:ample 6 14, 922. 5ence every time a ,ey is pressed the number is identified by detecting the row and column number of the ,ey pressed. #nitially all the rows are set to "ero by the controller and the columns are scanned to chec, if any ,ey is pressed. #n case no ,ey is pressed the output of all the columns will be high.

?henever a ,ey is pressed the row and column corresponding to the ,ey will get short, resulting in the output of the corresponding

column goes to go low 1since we have made all the rows "ero2. This gives the column number of the pressed ,ey.

&nce the column number is detected, the controller setCs all the rows to high. ;ow one by one each row is set to "ero by controller and the earlier detected column is chec,ed if it becomes "ero. The row corresponding to which the column gets "ero is the row number of the digit.

The above process is very fast and even if the switch is pressed for a very small duration of time the controller can detect the ,ey which is pressed. The controller displays the number corresponding to the row and column on the '+D.

0E-PAD

<TAL: 1EATURES: IT!', .05*4-5), 8(%, S-D, 5+/8*S %re.uency> .05*4-5" %re.uency Tolerance >YL 90ppm 'oad +apacitance> 8p% %re.uency Stability >YL 90ppm &perating Temperature $ange>/40M+ to ZK0M+ +rystal -ounting Type >S-D +rystal +ase Type>5+8*=FS ;o. of (ins>4 Series29C

RESISTORS:1$0

0B resistors ma,e e:cellent pull/ups, pull/downs, and current limiters.

CAPACITORS:!!P1*1$MICRO1ARAD

99(% capacitor is used with reduce asymmetric noise.

crystal oscillator to balance and to

1$ MICRO1ARAD CAPACITOR:

. To ensure a valid reset the $ST pin must be held high long enough to allow the oscillator to start up plus two machine cycles.T !lthough, an 8.4B/ohm resistor and a 0/u% capacitor will ta,e care of the vast majority of the cases, you still need to chec, the data sheet for the 805 you are using.