Aqueous Solutions

Tuesday March 22 and Wednesday March 23 I. Solution Types of Mixtures Table 3, pg 404 A. Homogenous - all samples are identical. B. Particle size is less than nm! cannot "e filtered or settle out. #. #an "e solid $metal alloys% "ronze! steel! sterling sil&er'! li(uid $salt )ater'! or gas $air' *. T)o parts to a solution . Sol&ent - does the dissol&ing $example% )ater - the uni&ersal sol&ent' +. Solute - the su"stance "eing dissol&ed ,. Solu"le - a"le to "e dissol&ed. II. Suspensions A. Heterogeneous - all samples are not identical B. Solute particle size is larger than ...nm #. Particles are large enough to "e filtered out $coffee grounds' *. Particles settle out after mixture stands undistur"ed $sand in "each )ater' ,. Scatter &isi"le light. /i0e sun through dust in the air of a room. III. #olloids A. Heterogeneous - all samples are not identical B. Solute particles are of medium size! "et)een nm and ...nm. #. #loudy loo0ing. ,xamples% glues! gelatins! paints! smo0e! muddy )ater *. #an 12T "e filtered and )ill 12T settle out. ,. Tyndall ,ffect - transparent particles 3 nm scatter &isi"le light in all directions. . Bro)nian Motion - chaotic mo&ement of solute particles. +. /i0e headlights in the fog 4. Solution particles are too small. Suspensions are not transparent. 5. Helps distinguish "et)een a solution and a colloid $pg5.5' I6. 7hen t)o li(uids try to mix.... A. Misci"le - t)o li(uids that can dissol&e each other. ,xample% )ater and alcohol . 8/i0e dissol&es li0e9 +. Polar sol&ents dissol&e polar and ionic solutes $charges attract'. Hydrogen "onds : dipole interactions pull apart charged solute ions Exceptions: 7ater )ill not dissol&e BaS25 or #a#24 "ecause the ionic "onds holding the molecule together are stronger than the hydrogen "onds trying to pull them apart. 4. 1onpolar sol&ents dissol&e nonpolar solutes. /ondon dispersion forces ,xample% 1ail polish remo&er dissol&es Styrofoam. Some nonpolar su"stances% gasoline! oil! fat! grease B. Immisci"le - t)o li(uids that cannot dissol&e each other. ,xample% )ater and oil . 1eed an emulsifying agent! li0e soap! to help mix immisci"le solutions. ,x% mayonnaise $oil and &inegar )ith egg yol0;lecithin is emulsifying agent' +. ,mulsions are a type colloid - T)o li(uids that normally )ill not mix. 4. Sol&ent < the greater percentage : Solute < the lo)er percentage

6. ,lectrolytes - compounds that conduct an electric current )hen in solution. A. 1ecessary for life - conduct continuous flo) of energy throughout "ody. B. Strength depends on different degrees of ionization! 12T concentration of solute. B. Strong ,lectrolytes - ionic compounds% charged ions separate completely )hen dissol&ed in )ater $a(ueous' or molten $melted'. #. 7ea0 ,lectrolytes - a(ueous polar compounds% only a fraction of solute exists as ions )hen dissol&ed in )ater - most ions remain "ound in compound *. 1onelectrolytes - nonpolar molecules . organic compounds such as alcohols and sugars +. compounds usually contain car"on. 4. glucose and glycerol! methane! grease! gasoline 6I. =ate of *issolution - ho) fast a solute goes into solution. A. Agitation - sha0e! mix! stir - get fresh solute in contact )ith sol&ent. . 2nly increases ho) fast! 12T ho) much solute goes into solution. 8Sha0e it.9 B. Temperature - inc. temp! increase energy! increase force : fre(uency of collisions. . Increases ho) fast A1* ho) much solute a solution can hold. 8Ba0e it.9 #. Particle Size - the smaller the particle size! the greater the surface area of the particle exposed to the sol&ent. Sugar cu"e &erses granules. . 2nly increases ho) fast 12T ho) much solute goes into solution. 8Brea0 it.9 6II. Solu"ility - ho) much solute goes into solution (Figure 15, pg 414) A. Saturated solution - maximum solute in a gi&en (uantity of sol&ent at constant temp. . At e(uili"rium. Appears clear>> +. ,(uili"rium - rate of dissolution $dissol&ing' < rate of crystallization 4. ?ormulas a. solu"ility < xg solute @ ..g sol&ent (Table 4 on pg 410) ". mass solute < solu"ility of solute x mass of sol&ent ,xample% Ho) much A#l can "e dissol&ed in 4B.g of H+2 at B.C#D B. Ensaturated solution - less than the maximum solute in a gi&en amount of sol&ent at constant temp. . Appears clear. #. Supersaturated solution - more solute than it can theoretically hold at gi&en temp. . Add solute )hen solution is hot and set aside to cool undistur"ed. +. 1o un-dissol&ed solute - appears clear>>>> 4. #rystallization of excess solute can "e initiated "y a single 8seed9 crystal. ,xample% Seeding rain clouds )ith AgI causes )ater &apor to condense and drop Fuestions% 7hat could you do to ma0e a saturated solution unsaturatedD 7hat could you do to ma0e an unsaturated solution saturatedD 6III. ?actors that affect solu"ility $ho) much solute is a"le to "e dissol&ed'% A. Temperature . Solid as solutes - increase temp! energy! and collisions! increases solu"ility ,xample% Hot Tea and Sugar +. Gas as solutes - increase temp! energy! a"ility to escape! decreases solu"ility. ,xample % Thermal Pollution - increase temp! increases 2+ escaping into the air! increases death in la0e. ,xample +% 2pen Soda - increase temp! car"on dioxide escapes faster! and soda goes flat faster.

B. Pressure - increase pressure increase solu"ility of a gas> . HenryHs /a) - solu"ility of gas is directly proportional to pressure a"o&e li(uid. ,xample% Sealed co0e! lots of pressure! 0eeps gas in $solu"le'. 2pen soda! less pressure! gas escapes $less solu"le a. ,ffer&escence% the (uic0 release of gas particles from a solution b. ?ormula% S < S+ P P+ ,xample% Scu"a di&ing "ends% 1itrogen gas )as a"sor"ed "y the "lood at deep ocean pressure. Fuestion% If the solu"ility of the gas in )ater is ..II g@/ at 4B.0Pa! )hat is its solu"ility! in g@/ at .. 0PaD $Temp. is constant at +B#.' IJ. 7ater of Hydration - the )ater in a solid crystal A. Hydrate - crystal compounds containing )ater - loo0s dry ,xample% #uS25-BH+2 < molecule #uS25 is connected to Bmolecules H+2 B. Anhydrous - dry! no )ater in crystal! dehydrated! po)dery #. ,fflorescent - the process of losing )ater! "ecoming dry. ,xample% 7intergreen #erts - "ite )ith mouth open in dar0 closet! see spar0s. *. Hygroscopic - compound a"sor"s )ater from air - may dissol&e at =T ,xample% 1a2H - seal container tight to a&oid ruining. J. Molar enthalpy of dissolution - amount of energy released or gained "y solute as it dissol&es. A. KHsol $solution' (Table 5, pg 41 )

Thursday March 24 and Friday March 25 JII. #oncentration - measurement of ho) much solute is in a gi&en amount of sol&ent. A. *iluted Solution - small amount of solute! less dense! (ualitati&e description B. #oncentrated Solution - large amount of solute! more dense! (ualitati&e description #. Molarity - M - num"er of moles of solute dissol&ed in / of solution molar concentration - (uantitati&e description. . ?ormula% Molarity $M' < num"er of moles of solute num"er of liters of solution +. 12T,% /iters of solution is different from liters of sol&ent. ,xample% M < molar solution < mole solute liter of solution ,xample% Ho) many moles of H#l are in a sample of B..ml of + M H#lD Fuestion% If you added more sol&ent $)ater' to the a"o&e example! ho) many moles of H#l )ould "e leftD

*. Ma0ing *ilutions - moles of solute "efore dilution e(uals the moles of solute after . *ilution only changes the sol&ent amount. +. ?ormulas% M $molarity' < mol $moles' 6 $liters' mol < M x 6 M 6 < M+6+ ,xample % 7hat is the molarity of a solution made "y dissol&ing L.g 1a124 in enough )ater to ma0e B..ml solutionD ,xample +% Ho) )ould you prepare ..ml of ..5.M MgS25 from stoc0 solution of +..M MgS25D ,. Molality $not molarity this time' - &aria"le Gree0 letter mu < M . a )ay to express the solute to sol&ent ratio! molal concentration +. num"er of moles of solute dissol&ed in 0g of sol&ent 4. ?ormula% molality < mole solute Ag sol&ent ,x% +N < + molal solution < + mole solute < + mole solute 0g sol&ent ...g sol&ent 1ote% =emem"er the follo)ing con&ersion% g H+2 < ml H+2 and 0g < ...g ,xample% Ho) many grams of AI must you dissol&e in B..g of )ater to produce a ...L molal AI solutionD ,xample% #alculate the molality of a solution prepared "y dissol&ing .g of 1a#l in L..g of )ater. JIII. Solu"ility =ules page 54I

Monday March 28 and Tuesday March 29 JI6. #olligati&e Properties of Solutions - depends on the num"er of particles dissol&ed in a gi&en mass of sol&ent - #oncentration A. 6apor Pressure /o)ering . Sol&ent particles are held do)n "y the solute particles. +. 1o need to ha&e a lot of pressure pushing do)n on the surface of the sol&ent. 4. The more solute added to sol&ent! the lo)er the &apor pressure needs to "e to pre&ent the sol&ent from e&aporating. 5. The greater the num"er of particles! the more the &apor pressure decreases. ,xample% Bmol of 1a#l $+x particles )hen dissol&ed' &erses Bmol of #a#l+ $4x particles )hen dissol&ed'; the same num"er of compound moles of #a#l+ lo)ers the &apor pressure more than 1a#l. B. Boiling-Point ,le&ation - more solute holds onto more sol&ent . sol&ent re(uires more energy to "rea0 free from the li(uid phase +. "oiling point must "e higher to o"tain the greater (uantity of energy. 4. ?ormula KT" < $0"'$molality' 0" is a gi&en constant found on pg44! 2ld BP O KT" < 1e) BP $ele&ated' #. ?reezing-Point *epression - solute disrupts structured pattern of pure frozen sol&ent . ma0es it harder to freeze! sol&ent must lose more energy prior to solidifying +. Therefore! the ?P )ill "e lo)er than normal. 4. ,xample% sprin0le salt on an icy )et side)al0 - the salt ma0es it more difficult for the ice $)ater' to stay frozen $freeze' - the ?P is lo)er "ecause more energy must "e lost prior to the )ater "eing a"le to solidify. 5. ?ormula KTf < $0f'$molality' 0f is a gi&en constant found on pg44! 2ld ?P O KTf < 1e) ?P $depressed' *. Molar Mass - use changes in BP and ?P to determine the molar mass . Add 0no)n mass of solute to a 0no) mass of sol&ent +. /oo0 up the 0" and 0f constants 4. Measure the changes in BP and ?P 5. #alculate the molar mass ,xample% A solution of I.B.g of a non&olatile compound in ++.L.g of )ater "oils at ...IPC# at IL.mmHg. 7hat is the molar mass of the soluteD Assume that the solute exists as molecules! not ions.