Properties of Paper Basis Weight (GSM) Brightness, Whiteness and Colour Bulk Dimensional Stability Folding Endurance (Double

Folds) Formation Gloss Machine and Cross Direction Moisture !acity "orosity Si#ing $ Cobb Smoothness Sti%%ness Stretch (Elongation) &earing 'esistance &em!erature and (umidity) Conditioning o% "a!er &hickness Wa* "ick +o, (Sur%ace Strength) Wire side and Felt side

Basis Weight (GSM) &he -eight or substance !er unit area is ob.iously %undamental in !a!er and !a!er board !roducts, &he Basis -eight o% !a!er is the -eight !er unit area, &his can be e*!ressed as the -eight in grams !er s/uare metre (GSM or g$M0), !ounds !er 1222 s/, %t, or -eight in kgs or !ounds !er ream (322 sheets) o% a s!eci%ic si#e, 'E4M WE5G(& is a common term to signi%y the -eight o% a lot or batch o% !a!er, Control o% basis -eight is im!ortant as all other !ro!erties are a%%ected, 6ariations in moisture content in !a!er a%%ects the grammage,

Brightness, Whiteness and Colour Brightness is de%ined as the !ercentage re%lectance o% blue light only at a -a.elength o% 738 nm, Whiteness re%ers to the e*tent that !a!er di%%usely re%lects light o% all -a.e lengths throughout the .isible s!ectrum, Whiteness is an a!!earance term, Colour is an aesthetic .alue, Colour may a!!ear di%%erent -hen .ie-ed under a di%%erent light source, Brightness is an arbitrarily de%ined, but care%ully standardised, blue re%lectance that is used throughout the !ul! and !a!er industry %or the control o% mill !rocesses and in certain ty!es o% research and de.elo!ment !rograms, Brightness is not -hiteness, (o-e.er, the brightness .alues o% the !ul!s and !igments going into the !a!er !ro.ide an e*cellent measure o% the ma*imum -hiteness that can be achie.ed -ith !ro!er tinting, &he colour o% !a!er, like o% other materials, de!ends in a com!licated -ay on the characteristics o% the obser.er and a number o% !hysical %actors such as the s!ectral energy distribution o% the illuminant, the geometry o% illuminating and .ie-ing, the nature and e*tent o% the surround and the o!tical characteristics o% the !a!er itsel%,

Bulk Bulk is a term used to indicate .olume or thickness in relation to -eight, 5t is the reci!rocal o% density (-eight !er unit .olume), 5t is calculated %rom cali!er and basis -eight, Sheet bulk relates to all other sheet !ro!erties, Decrease the bulk or in other -ords increase the density, and the sheet gets smoother, glossier, less o!a/ue, darker, lo-er in strength etc,

Dimensional Stability 4n im!ortant conse/uence o% the absor!tion and de9absor!tion o% moisture by !a!er is the change in dimension that usually accom!anies changes in moisture content, Such changes in dimension may seriously a%%ect register in !rinting !rocesses and inter%ere -ith the use o% such items as tabulating cards, :ne.en dimensional changes cause undesirable cockling and curling, Dimensional changes in !a!er originate in the s-elling and contraction o% the indi.idual %ibres, 5t has been obser.ed that cellulosic %ibres s-ell in diameter %rom 13 to 02; in !assing %rom the dry condition to the %ibre saturation !oint, 5t is im!ossible to be !recise about the degree o% this s-elling because !a!er9making

%ibres di%%er considerably in this !ro!erty, and because the irregular cross9section o% %ibres creates di%%iculty in de%ining diameter, Change that occurs in the dimensions o% !a!er -ith .ariation in the moisture content is an im!ortant consideration in the use o% !a!er, 4ll !a!ers e*!and -ith increased moisture content and contract -ith decreased moisture content, but the rate and e*tent o% changes .ary -ith di%%erent !a!ers,

olding !nduran"e (Double olds) Folding endurance is the !a!er<s ca!ability o% -ithstanding multi!le %olds be%ore it breaks, 5t is de%ined as the number o% double %olds that a stri! o% 13 mm -ide and 122 mm length can -ithstand under a s!eci%ied load be%ore it breaks, 5t is im!ortant %or !rinting grades -here the !a!er is sub=ected to multi!le %olds like in books, ma!s, or !am!hlets, Fold test is also im!ortant %or carton, bo* boards, ammonia !rint !a!er, and co.er !a!er etc, Folding endurance is a re/uirement in Bond, >edger, Currency, Ma!, Blue "rint and 'ecord "a!ers,

ormation Formation is an indicator o% ho- the %ibres and %illers are distributed in the sheet, Formation !lays an im!ortant role as most o% the !a!er !ro!erties de!end on it, "a!er that is !oorly %ormed -ill ha.e -eak, thin s!ots and thick s!ots, &hese -ill a%%ect !ro!erties like cali!er, o!acity, strength etc, "a!er %ormation also a%%ects the coating ca!abilities and !rinting characteristics o% the !a!er,

Formasi merupakan indikator bagaimana serat dan pengisi didistribusikan di lembaran. Pembentukan memainkan peran penting karena sebagian besar sifat kertas bergantung padanya. Kertas yang buruk terbentuk akan memiliki lemah, bercak tipis dan bercak tebal. Ini akan mempengaruhi sifat seperti caliper, opacity, kekuatan dll pembentukan Kertas juga mempengaruhi kemampuan lapisan dan karakteristik pencetakan kertas.

Gloss 5t is the s!ecularly and di%%usely re%lected light com!onent measurement against a kno-n standard, Gloss is im!ortant %or !rinting such things as maga#ine ad.ertisements, &he le.el o% gloss desired is .ery de!endent on the end use o% the !a!er, Gloss and smoothness are di%%erent !ro!erties and are not de!endent on each other,

Ma"hine and Cross Dire"tion "a!er has a de%inite grain direction due to greater orientation o% %ibres in the direction o% tra.el o% the !a!er machine, &his grain direction is kno-n as machine direction, &he cross direction is the direction o% !a!er at right angles to the machine direction, Some o% the !ro!erties .ary -ith the MD and CD and hence the .alues are re!orted in both the directions, While sheeting the !a!er, machine and cross direction are to be ke!t in mind and the sheet cutting to be done to suit the end use re/uirements, E*am!les) 1, 4ll !rinting !a!ers are to be cut in long grain (&he biggest dimension in the grain direction), 0, Book !a!ers %old better and the book stays o!en better i% the sheets are out so that the machine direction runs u! and do-n the !ages, ?, Wra! around labels %or metal cans and bottles are to be cut -ith the machine direction .ertical to obtain greater %le*ibility about the can, >ong grain and Short grain ) &he sheet is in long grain i% the larger dimension is !arallel to grain (MD) direction, &he sheet is said to be in short grain i% the larger dimension is !arallel to cross direction (CD),

Moisture Most !hysical !ro!erties o% !a!er undergo change as a result o% .ariations in moisture content, Water has the e%%ect o% !lasticising the cellulose %ibre and o% rela*ing and -eakening the inter%ibre bonding, &he electrical resistance and the dielectric constant o% !a!er both .ary -ith moisture content, &he absor!tion and re%lectance o% certain bands o% in%rared and micro-a.e radiation by !a!er are a%%ected by its moisture content, &he amount o% -ater !resent in a sheet o% !a!er is usually e*!ressed as a !ercent, &he amount o% -ater !lays an im!ortant role in calendaring, !rinting and con.erting !rocess, Moisture

control is also signi%icant to the economic as!ect o% !a!er making, "oor moisture control can ad.ersely a%%ect many !a!er !ro!erties,

#pa"ity !acity is the measure o% ho- much light is ke!t a-ay %rom !assing through a sheet, 4 !er%ectly o!a/ue !a!er is the one that is absolutely im!er.ious to the !assage o% all .isible light, 5t is the ratio o% di%%used re%lectance and the re%lectance o% single sheet backed by a black body, !acity is im!ortant in "rinting "a!ers, Book "a!ers, etc,

Porosity Because !a!er is com!osed o% a randomly %elted layer o% %ibre, it %ollo-s that the structure has a .arying degree o% !orosity, &hus, the ability o% %luids, both li/uid and gaseous, to !enetrate the structure o% !a!er becomes a !ro!erty that is both highly signi%icant to the use o% !a!er, "a!er is a highly !orous material and contains as such as 82; air, "orosity is a highly critical %actor in "rinting "a!ers >aminating "a!er, Filter "a!er, Cigarette "a!er, Bag "a!er, 4ntitarnish "a!er and >abel "a!er, "orosity is the measurement o% the total connecting air .oids, both .ertical and hori#ontal, that e*ists in a sheet, "orosity o% sheet is an indication o% absor!ti.ity or the ability o% the sheets to acce!t ink or -ater, "orosity can also be a %actor in a .acuum %eeding o!eration on a !rinting !ress,

Si$ing % Cobb Because !a!er is com!osed o% a randomly %elted layer o% %ibre, it<s structure has a .arying degree o% !orosity, &hus, the ability o% %luids, both li/uid and gaseous, to !enetrate the structure o% !a!er becomes a !ro!erty that is both highly signi%icant to the use o% !a!er, &he need to limit the s!reading o% ink resulted in @si#ing@ the !a!er -ith gelatinous .egetable materials -hich had the e%%ect o% sealing or %illing the sur%ace !ores, >ater, the term @si#ing@ -as a!!lied to the treatment o% !a!er stock !rior to the %ormation o% the sheet, -ith -ater9re!ellent materials such as rosin or -a*, 'esistance to-ards the !enetration o% a/ueous solution $ -ater is measured by Si#ing or Cobb .alues,

Smoothness Smoothness is concerned -ith the sur%ace contour o% !a!er, 5t is the %latness o% the sur%ace under testing conditions -hich considers roughness, li.eliness, and com!ressibility, 5n most o% the uses o% !a!er, the character o% the sur%ace is o% great im!ortance, 5t is common to say that !a!er has a @smooth@ or a @rough@ te*ture, &he terms @%inish@ and @!attern@ are %re/uently used in describing the contour or a!!earance o% !a!er sur%aces, Smoothness in im!ortant %or -riting, -here it a%%ects the ease o% tra.el o% the !en o.er the !a!er sur%ace, Finish is im!ortant in bag !a!er as it is related to the tendency o% the bag to slide -hen stacked, Smoothness o% the !a!er -ill o%ten determine -hether or not it can be success%ully !rinted, Smoothness also gi.es eye a!!eal as a rough !a!er is unattracti.e,

Stiffness Sti%%ness is the measure o% %orce re/uired to bend a !a!er through a s!eci%ied angle, Sti%%ness is an im!ortant !ro!erty %or bo* boards, corrugating medium and to certain e*tent %or !rinting !a!ers also, 4 lim!y and %limsy !a!er can cause %eeding and deli.ery !roblems in larger sheet !resses, 4 sheet that is too sti%% -ill cause !roblems in co!ier machines -here it must tra.erse o.er, under, and around %eed rollers, Bond !a!ers also re/uire certain sti%%ness to be %lat in ty!e-riters etc,

Stret"h (!longation) Stretch is the amount o% distortion -hich !a!er undergoes under tensile stress, Stretchlelongation is usually e*!ressed, as !ercent stretch to ru!ture, Stretch can be related to the !a!er<s ability to con%orm and maintain con%ormance to a !articular contour, e,g, Co!ier !a!er, multicolor o%%set !rinting !a!ers, li/uids !acking cartons base !a!ers etc, 5t is an im!ortant !ro!erty in sack kra%t !a!ers -hich are used %or cement bags etc, Stretch is higher in cross direction than machine direction,

&earing 'esistan"e &earing resistance indicates the beha.iour o% !a!er in .arious end use situationsA such as e.aluating -eb runnability, controlling the /uality o% ne-s!rint and characterising the toughness o% !ackaging !a!ers -here the ability to absorb shocks is essential, %ibre length and inter%ibre bonding are both im!ortant %actors in tearing strength, &he %act that longer %ibres im!ro.e tear strength is -ell recognised, &he e*!lanation is straight %or-ardA longer %ibres tend to distribute the stress o.er a greater area, o.er more %ibres and more bonds, -hile short %ibres allo- the stress to be concentrated in a smaller area,

&emperature and (umidity) Conditioning of Paper Conditioning o% !a!er is also o% im!ortance in many !rinting and con.erting o!erations, 5n addition to the e%%ect o% moisture content on !hysical !ro!erties, it also determines the build u! o% static o% the !a!er sheet sub=ected to !ressure and to %riction, &he tendency %or !a!er to de.elo! static becomes greater -ith increasing dryness, Cellulosic %ibres are hygrosco!ic i,e, they are ca!able o% absorbing -ater %rom the surrounding atmos!here, &he amount o% absorbed -ater de!ends on the humidity and the tem!erature o% the air in contact -ith the !a!er, (ence, changes in tem!erature and humidity, e.en slight changes, can o%ten a%%ect the test results, So, it is necessary to maintain standard conditions o% humidity and tem!erature %or conditioning,

&hi"kness &hickness or Cali!er o% !a!er is measured -ith a micrometre as the !er!endicular distance bet-een t-o circular, !lane, !arallel sur%aces under a !ressure o% 1 kg,$ CM 0, Cali!er is a critical measurement o% uni%ormity, 6ariations in cali!er, can a%%ect se.eral basic !ro!erties including strength, o!tical and roll /uality, &hickness is im!ortant in %illing cards, !rinting !a!ers, condenser !a!er, saturating !a!ers etc,

Wa* Pi"k +o, (Surfa"e Strength) &his indicates the sur%ace strength o% the !a!er, &his test is im!ortant %or all uncoated !rinting !a!ers,

Wire side and elt side 4lso re%erred as -ire side and to! side, &he side -hich is in contact -ith the !a!er machine -ire during !a!er manu%acture is called the -ire side, &he other side is to! side, Certain !ro!erties di%%er bet-een -ire and %elt side and it is customary to measure these !ro!erties on both the sides, 5n case o% !a!er to be !rinted on one side only, best results are obtained by !rinting on %elt side, "ostage stam!s are !rinted on -ire side and then gummed on %elt side, -here the smoothness is hel!%ul %or attaining an e.en a!!lication,

Here the drainage time of pulp is discussed in reference to market pulp and/or unrefined pulp. The drainage time of pulp or freeness or slo ness of pulp is modified to ha!e some desired properties in the paper, here that is not discussed. "rainage of unrefined pulp hich is measured as freeness can gi!e an indication on # $% Fiber &ength of pulp, as long fiber pulps ha!e more freeness compared to short fiber pulps, '% "amage to fiber during pulping, bleaching or drying as short fibers or fines produced during pulping operation, reduces pulp freeness, (% )efining energy re*uired to achie!e certain slo ness during stock preparation. The standard procedure of measuring pulp drainage is laid out in T+PPI T''$, T'',, I-. /'0,1$ and I-. /'0,1' 2erikut aktu drainase pulp dibahas dalam referensi untuk pulp pasar dan / atau pulp tidak dimurnikan. 3aktu drainase pulp atau freeness atau kelambatan pulp dimodifikasi untuk memiliki beberapa sifat yang diinginkan di koran, di sini yang tidak dibahas.

"rainase pulp tidak dimurnikan yang diukur sebagai freeness dapat memberikan indikasi pada# $% Panjang -erat pulp, seperti pulp serat panjang memiliki freeness lebih dibandingkan dengan pulp serat pendek, '% Kerusakan pada serat selama pulping, bleaching atau pengeringan sebagai serat pendek atau denda yang dihasilkan selama operasi pulping, mengurangi freeness pulp, (% energi )efining diperlukan untuk mencapai kelambatan tertentu selama persiapan saham. Prosedur standar drainase pulp ukur diletakkan di T+PPI T''$, T'', I-. /'0,1$ dan I-. /'0,1'

Pulp and paper testers include specialized sensors, instruments, COBB testers, and test equipment for evaluating the material properties and processability characteristics of pulp and paper. These properties and characteristics include consistency, freeness, contaminant analysis, densometry, porosity, smoothness, softness, fiber analysis, water absorption, wear or abrasion characteristics, and wettability. Pulp and paper testers often differ in terms of display type and special features. evices and systems may come equipped with an analog meter, computer interface, digital readout, integral software, or video display. Pulp and paper testers are used in consistency measurements and contamination analysis. Consistency is the amount !"# of dry solids or fibers in pulp or paper stoc$. %t determines how the pulp is formed and processed into paper. %f the pulp&s consistency is too thin or too thic$, the paper web will not form properly. Contamination analysis determines the amount of stic$les, dirt, inclusion, slag, shives, swarf, grinding debris, and other contaminants in a material. The amount of shives, dirt and stic$le in pulp or paper can influence processability, an important consideration when selecting pulp and paper testers. ensometers are pulp and paper testers used for measuring porosity, air'permeability or air resistance of sheet'li$e or bul$ materials such as paper, woven cloth, porous plastics, nonwovens, te(tiles, filtration media, and membranes. ensometers determine the time required to drive a fi(ed, $nown volume of air through a sample. )ome densometry instruments also provide smoothness and softness indications by measuring permeation. Pulp and paper testers for fiber analysis and flammability measurement are also available.

)ome pulp and paper testers are used to measure freeness, gas and vapor permeability, and contact or wetting angles. *reeness or drainage rate is the speed at which water can be removed from pulp. The inverse is slowness. +ith pulp and paper testers, the degree of freeness or slowness is controlled by the amount of beating or refining applied to the pulp. ,as and vapor permeability is the ability, or measurement of a sample-s ability, to transmit vapors or gases. O(ygen transmission rate !OT.# and water vapor transmission rate !+/Tr# are important measurements. 0iquid permeability is the ability, or measurement of a sample-s ability, to transmit liquids. Contact or wetting angles measure wettability.

Pulp dan $ertas pengu1i termasu$ sensor $husus, instrumen, pengu1i COBB, dan alat u1i untu$ mengevaluasi sifat material dan $ara$teristi$ processability pulp dan $ertas. Properti ini dan $ara$teristi$ meliputi $onsistensi, freeness, analisis $ontaminan, densometry, porositas, $ehalusan, $elembutan, analisis serat, penyerapan air, $ara$teristi$ aus atau abrasi, dan $eterbasahan. Pulp dan $ertas pengu1i sering berbeda dalam 1enis tampilan dan fitur $husus. Perang$at dan sistem mung$in dileng$api dengan meter analog, antarmu$a $omputer, pembacaan digital, perang$at luna$ terpisah$an, atau layar video. Pulp dan $ertas pengu1i diguna$an dalam pengu$uran $onsistensi dan analisis $ontaminasi. 2onsistensi adalah 1umlah !"# dari padatan $ering atau serat pulp atau $ertas saham. 3al ini menentu$an bagaimana pulp dibentu$ dan diproses men1adi $ertas. 4i$a $onsistensi pulp yang terlalu tipis atau terlalu tebal, 1aringan $ertas tida$ a$an membentu$ dengan benar. 5nalisis 2ontaminasi menentu$an 1umlah stic$les, $otoran, in$lusi, tera$, shives, swarf, puing penggilingan, dan $ontaminan lainnya dalam suatu material. 4umlah shives, $otoran dan ragu'ragu dalam pulp atau $ertas dapat mempengaruhi processability, pertimbangan penting $eti$a memilih pulp dan $ertas pengu1i. ensometers adalah industri pulp dan $ertas pengu1i diguna$an untu$ mengu$ur porositas, permeabilitas udara atau hambatan udara dari bahan lembaran'seperti atau massal seperti $ertas, $ain tenunan, plasti$ berpori, bu$an tenunan, te$stil, media filtrasi, dan membran. ensometers menentu$an wa$tu yang diperlu$an untu$ mendorong volume, tetap di$enal udara melalui sampel. Beberapa instrumen densometry 1uga memberi$an $elancaran dan indi$asi $elembutan dengan mengu$ur permeasi. Pulp dan $ertas pengu1i untu$ analisis dan pengu$uran serat mudah terba$ar 1uga tersedia. Beberapa pengu1i pulp dan $ertas yang diguna$an untu$ mengu$ur freeness, gas dan permeabilitas uap, dan sudut $onta$ atau pembasahan. *reeness atau drainase rate adalah $ecepatan di mana air dapat dihilang$an dari pulp. 2ebali$annya adalah $elambatan. engan pengu1i pulp dan $ertas, dera1at freeness atau $elambatan di$endali$an oleh 1umlah mengalah$an atau memperbai$i diterap$an pada pulp. ,as dan permeabilitas uap adalah $emampuan, atau pengu$uran $emampuan sampel, untu$ mengirim$an uap atau gas. O$sigen la1u transmisi !OT.# dan uap air ting$at transmisi !+/T.# adalah pengu$uran penting. Permeabilitas cair adalah $emampuan, atau pengu$uran $emampuan sampel, untu$ mengirim$an cairan. 3ubungi atau pembasahan $eterbasahan sudut u$uran.