REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Singular: Plural: myself ourselves yourself (one person) yourselves (more than one person) himself

/ herself / itself themselves

We use them when the subject and object are the same: Steve cut himself while he was shaving this morning. (Steve = subject / himself = object.) Julie had a great vacation. She enjoyed herself very much. (said to one person) Do you sometimes talk to yourself? (said to more than one person) If you want more to eat, help yourselves. Compare: Its not our fault. You cant blame us. Its our own fault. We should blame ourselves. Note that we do not use the reflexive pronouns after bring / take something with...: It might rain. Ill take an umbrella with me. We do not use the reflexive pronouns after concentrate / fell / relax / meet: You have to try and concentrate. Do you feel nervous? Yes, I cant relax. What time should we meet? Study the difference between selves and each other: Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves. (= Tom and Ann looked at Tom and Ann) BUT; Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other. You can use one another instead of each other: How long have you and Bill known one another? (OR known each other) Sue and Ann dont like each other. (OR dont like one another) We also use the reflexive pronouns in another way. For example: Who repaired your bicycle for you? Nobody. I did it myself. I repaired it myself = I repaired it, not anybody else. Here, myself is used to emphasize I (it makes it stronger). Im not going to do it for you. You can do it yourself. Lets paint the house ourselves. It will be much cheaper. The movie itself wasnt very good, but I liked the music. I dont think Sue will get the job. Sue herself doesnt think shell get it. (OR Sue doesnt think shell get it herself.)

A friend of mine, a friend of Toms, a friend of my sisters, etc. Im going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of mine is getting married. We went on a trip with some friends of ours. Michael had an argument with a neighbour of his. That was a good idea of yours to go swimming this afternoon. That woman over there is a friend of my sisters. My / your / his / her / its / our / their + own... = something that is only mine / yours, etc, not shared or borrowed: I dont want to share a room with anybody. I want my own room. Its a shame that the apartment doesnt have its own parking space. Its my own fault that I dont have any money. I buy too many things I dont need. Why do you want to borrow my car? Why dont you use your own? You can use ...own... to say that you do something yourself instead of somebody else doing it for you. For example: Bill usually cuts his own hair. (= he cuts it himself; he doesnt go to a barber) Id like to have a garden so that I could grow my own vegetables. (= grow them myself instead of buying them in stores) On my own / on your own, etc, means independently: Are your children living on their own? (= living in their own place and supporting themselves) Michelle travelled around Japan on her own. (= nobody helped her) I can do that job on my own. (= I dont need anyones help) By myself / by yourself / by themselves, etc. = alone, without other people: Did you go to Hawaii by yourself? No, I went with a friend. Jack was sitting by himself in a corner of the cafe. Student drivers are not allowed to drive by themselves. BUT By myself is not exactly the same as on my own: I live by myself. (= I live alone) He lives on his own with a roommate. (= independently, but not alone)

THERE AND IT Theres a new restaurant on Main Street. Yes, I know. I went there last night. Its very good. We use there when we talk about something for the first time, to say that is exists. The trip took a long time. There was a lot of traffic. Things are more expensive now. There has been a big increase in the cost of living. We use it when we talk about a particular thing, place, fact, situation, etc. (there are exceptions below) I wasnt expecting them to come. It was a complete surprise. (It = that they came) Compare: I dont like this town. Theres nothing to do here. Its a boring place. Note that there can also mean to/at/in that place The new restaurant is very good. I went there last night. (there = to the restaurant) When we got to the party, there were already a lot of people there. (there = at the party) You can say there will be, there must be, there used to be, etc. Will there be many people at the party? Is there a flight to Miami this evening? There might be. Ill call the airport. If people drove more carefully, there wouldnt be so many accidents. You can also say there must have been, there should have been, etc. There was a light on. There must have been somebody at home. Compare there and it: They live on a busy street. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic. They live on a busy main street. It must be very noisy. There used to be a cinema on Main Street, but it closed a few years ago. That building is now a supermarket. It used to be a cinema. You can also say there is sure/certain/likely to be something There is sure to be a flight to Miami this evening. We also use it in sentences like these: Its dangerous to walk in the street. (It = to walk in the street) It is unusual to say To walk in the street is dangerous. Normally we begin with It: It didnt take us long to get here. (It = to get here) Its too bad (that) Sandra cant come to the party. (It = that Sandra cant come) Lets go. Its not worth waiting any longer. (It = waiting any longer) We use it to talk about distance, time, and weather: Its a long way from here to the airport. What day is it today? Its been a long time since I last saw you. It was windy. (BUT There was a cold wind.)

SOME / ANY In general we use some (also something/someone/somebody) in anything/anyone/anybody) in negative sentences. Compare: We bought some flowers. We didnt buy any flowers. He is busy. He has got some work to do. He is lazy. He never does any work. Im hungry. I want something to eat. Im not hungry. I dont want anything to eat. We use any in the following sentences because the meaning is negative: She went out without any money. (= She didnt take any money with her.) He refused to eat anything. (= He didnt eat anything.) Hardly anybody passed the examination. (= almost nobody passed) In most questions we use any. BUT: We use some in questions when we expect the answer to be yes , and also when we offer or ask for things: Do you have any luggage? Has anyone seen my bag? BUT, Whats wrong? Do you have something in your eye? (It seems like you have something in your eye, and I expect you to answer yes.) Would you like something to eat? Can I have some sugar, please? positive sentences, and any (also

We often use any after if: If there are any letters for me, can you forward them to this address? Let me know if you need anything. The following sentences have the idea of if: Im sorry for any trouble Ive caused. (= if I have caused any trouble) Anyone who wants to take them should give me their name today. (= if there is anyone) We also use any with the meaning it doesnt matter which: You can catch any bus. They all go downtown. Sing a song. Which song should I sing? Any song. I dont care. Lets go out somewhere. Where shall we go? Anywhere. It doesnt matter. We left the door unlocked. Anybody could have come in. Come and see me anytime you want. REMEMBER: Somebody, someone, anybody and anyone- are singular words. BUT: we often use they, them, their after this words: Someone is here to see you. Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (= his or her umbrella) If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (= he or she can)

NO and NONE No (no + noun) = not a or not any We had to walk home because there was no bus. I cant talk to you now. I have no time. There were no stores open. No news is good news. (You can use no + noun at the beginning of a sentence.) None (without a noun). We can also use none of. After none of + plural the verb can be plural or singular: How much money do you have? None. All the tickets have been sold. There are none left. This money is all yours. None of it is mine. None of the stores were (OR was) open.

NOTHING NOBODY / NO ONE NOWHERE You can use these words at the beginning of a sentence or alone. You can also use these words after a verb: Nobody came to visit me while I was in the hospital. What happened? Nothing. We had nothing to eat. The house is empty. There is no on living there. Nothing / nobody, etc. = not + anything / anybody, etc. (We dont use a negative verb.) I said nothing. Nobody tells me anything. I didnt say anything. She didnt tell anybody about her plans. Sometimes any/anything/anybody, etc. (without not) means It doesnt matter which/what/who. Compare : There was no bus, so we walked home. You can catch any bus. They all go downtown. The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed After nobody / no one you can use they/them/their: Nobody called, did they? The party was a disaster. No one enjoyed themselves. No one in the class did their homework.

MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY

Much / little + uncountable nouns = much time, much luck, little energy, little money, etc. Many / few + plural nouns = many friends, many people, few cars, few countries, etc. A lot of / lots of / plenty of + uncountable / plural nouns = a lot of luck, a lot of friends, lots of time, lots of people, plenty of money, plenty of ideas, etc. (plenty = more than enough) Much is unusual in positive sentences. We use many, a lot (of) and lots of in all kinds of sentences: He doesnt go out much. He doesnt go out a lot. Many people drive too fast. A lot of / Lots of people drive too fast. Do you know many people? Do you know a lot of / lots of people? Little / few (without a): are negative ideas (= not much / not many) We had to make a quick decision. There was little time to think. Dave has few friends at the company now that Jason and Bruce have quit. Very little / very few / only a little / only a few: have negative meaning. There was very little time to think. Dave has very few friends at the company. We have to hurry. We only have a little time. The town was very small. There were only a few hours. A little / a few: are more positive. (a little = some, or a small amount) (a few = some, a small number) Lets go and get something to drink. Weve got a little time before the train leaves. I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends, and we get together pretty often.

ALL / MOST / SOME / ANY / MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW / NO + NOUN: All cars have wheels. Most tourists dont visit this part of town. Some cars can go faster than others. Many people drive too fast. (on a sign) NO CARS (= no cars allowed)

ALL / MOST / SOME / ANY / MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW / NONE / HALF + OF + the/that/these/those/my, etc: Some of the people I work with are very friendly. None of this money is mine. Have you read any of these books? You dont need of after all/half. So we can say: All my friends live in Los Angeles. OR All of my friends live in Los Angeles. Half this money is mine. OR Half of this money is mine. Compare these sentences: All flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general) All (of) the flowers in this garden are beautiful. (= a particular group of flowers) Most problems have a solution. (= most problems in general) We were able to solve most of the problems we had. (= a particular group of problems)

ALL / MOST / SOME / ANY / MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW / NONE / HALF + OF + IT / US / YOU / THEM: How many of these people do you know? None of them. / A few of them. Do any of you want to come to a party tonight? Do you like this music? Some of it. / Not all of it.

ALL / MOST / SOME / ANY / MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW / NONE (alone, without a noun) Some cars have four doors, and some have two. A few of the shops were open, but most (of them) were closed. Half (of) this money is mine, and half (of it) is yours.

BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER We use both/neither/either with a noun or alone: Both restaurants are very good. Neither restaurant is expensive. We can go to either restaurant. I dont care. I couldnt decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both. Is your friend British or American? Neither. She is Australian. Do you want tea or coffee? Either. I dont care. Both of /neither of / either of + the/these/my/Toms..., etc. You dont need of after both. Both of these restaurants are very good. Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive. I havent been to either of those restaurants. Both my parents are from Michigan. OR Both of my parents are from Michigan. Both of / neither of / either of + us/you/them. You must say both of before us/you/them. After neither of a singular or a plural verb is possible. (talking to two people) Can either of you speak Spanish? I asked two people the way to the station, but neither of them knew. Both of us were very tired. Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed. Both... and... Neither... nor... Either... or... Both Ann and Tome were late. I was both tired and hungry when I got home. Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party. She said she would contact me, but neither wrote nor called. Im not sure where hes from. He is either Spanish or Italian. Either you apologize, or Ill never speak to you again.

Compare: There are two good hotels in the town. You can stay at either of them. There are many good hotels in the town. You can stay at any of them. We tried two hotels. Neither of them had any rooms. / Both of them were full. We tried a lot of hotels. None of them had any rooms. / All of them were full.

ALL / EVERYBODY / EVERYONE We do not normally use all to mean everybody/everyone. But note that we say all of us/you/them: Everybody enjoyed the party. All of us enjoyed the party. ALL / EVERYTHING: sometimes you can use all or everything Ill do all I can to help. OR Ill do everything I can to help. You can say all I can / all you need, etc. But we do not normally use all alone: He thinks he knows everything. Our vacation was a disaster. Everything went wrong. We use all in the expression all about: They told us all about their vacation. We also use all (not everything) to mean the only thing/s: All Ive eaten today is a sandwich. (= the only thing Ive eaten today) Every/everybody/everyone/everything are singular words, so we use a singular verb: Every seat in the theatre was taken. Everyone has arrived. But we often use they/them/their after everybody/everyone: Everybody said they enjoyed themselves. (= he or she enjoyed himself or herself)

WHOLE = complete, entire. Most often we use it with singular nouns. We dont normally use it with uncountable nouns. Did you read the whole book? (= all the book, not just a part of it) She has lived her whole life in Chile. Jack was so hungry, he ate a whole package of cookies. (= a complete package) BUT: Ive spent all the money you gave me.

EVERY/ALL/WHOLE + TIME WORDS Every = to say how often something happens. Every Monday, every day, every ten minutes, etc. Ann gets paid every two weeks. All day / the whole day = the complete day from beginning to end: We spent all day / the whole day on the beach. He was very quiet. He didnt say a word all night / the whole night. Compare all the time and every time: They never go out. They are at home all the time. (= always) Every time I see you, you look different. (= each time, on every occasion)

EACH / EVERY They are similar in meaning. Often is possible to use each or every: Each time (or every time9 I see you, you look different. But each and every are not exactly the same: We use each when we think of things separately, one by one. Study each sentence carefully. (=study the sentences one by one) Each is more usual for a small number: There were four books on the table. Each book was a different colour. (in a card game) At the beginning of the game, each player has three cards.

We use every w hen we think of things as a group. The meaning is similar to all. Every sentence must have a verb. (= all sentences in general) Every is more usual for a large number: Carol loves reading. She has read every book in the library. (= all the books) I would like to visit every country in the world. (= all the countries)

Each (but not every) can be used for two things: In a soccer game, each team has 11 players. You can also use each in the middle or at the end of a sentence. The students were each given a book. (= Each student was given a book.) These oranges cost 50 cents each. You can use each with a noun: Each book / each student, etc. You can use each alone (without a noun): None of the rooms were the same. Each was different. (= each room) Or you can use each one: Each one was different. You can say each of (the/these..., etc.): Read each of these sentences carefully. Each of the books is a different colour. Each of them is a different colour. You can use every with a noun: Every book / every student, etc. You can say every one (but not every alone): Have you read all these books? Yes, every one.

You can say every one of...: Ive read every one of those books. Ive read every one of them.

EVERYONE / EVERY ONE Everyone (one word) is only for people (= everybody). Every one (two words) is for things or people and is similar to each one. Everyone enjoyed the party. (= Everybody...) He is invited to lots of parties, and he goes to every one. (= to every party)